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Mattioli EJ, Cipriani B, Zerbetto F, Marforio TD, Calvaresi M. Interaction of Au(III) with amino acids: a vade mecum for medicinal chemistry and nanotechnology. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5162-5170. [PMID: 38687242 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00204k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Au(III) is highly reactive. At odds with its reduced counterpart, Au(I), it is hardly present in structural databases. And yet, it is the starting reactant to form gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) and the constitutive component of a new class of drugs. Its reactivity is a world apart from that of the iso-electronic Pt(II) species. Rather than DNA, it targets proteins. Its interaction with amino acid residues is manifold. It can strongly interact with the residue backbones, amino acid side chains and protein ends, it can form appropriate complexes whose stabilization energy reaches up to more than 40 kcal mol-1, it can affect the pKa of amino acid residues, and it can promote charge transfer from the residues to the amount that it is reduced. Here, quantum chemical calculations provide quantitative information on all the processes where Au(III) can be involved. A myriad of structural arrangements are examined in order to determine the strongest interactions and quantify the amount of charge transfer between protonated and deprotonated residues and Au(III). The calculated interaction energies of the amino acid side chains with Au(III) quantitatively reproduce the experimental tendency of Au(III) to interact with selenocysteine, cysteine and histidine and negatively charged amino acids such as Glu and Asp. Also, aromatic residues such as tyrosine and tryptophan strongly interact with Au(III). In proteins, basic pH plays a role in the deprotonation of cysteine, lysine and tyrosine and strongly increases the binding affinity of Au(III) toward these amino acids. The amino acid residues in the protein can also trigger the reduction of Au(III) ions. Sulfur-containing amino acids (cysteine and methionine) and selenocysteine provide almost one electron to Au(III) upon binding. Tyrosine also shows a considerable tendency to act as a reductant. Other amino acids, commonly identified in Au-protein adducts, such as Ser, Trp, Thr, Gln, Glu, Asn, Asp, Lys, Arg and His, possess a notable reducing power toward Au(III). These results and their discussion form a vade mecum that can find application in medicinal chemistry and nanotech applications of Au(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Jun Mattioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica ''G. Ciamician'', Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Cipriani
- Dipartimento di Chimica ''G. Ciamician'', Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica ''G. Ciamician'', Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Tainah Dorina Marforio
- Dipartimento di Chimica ''G. Ciamician'', Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica ''G. Ciamician'', Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Chormey DS, Zaman BT, Borahan Kustanto T, Erarpat Bodur S, Bodur S, Tekin Z, Nejati O, Bakırdere S. Biogenic synthesis of novel nanomaterials and their applications. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:19423-19447. [PMID: 38018389 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03843b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite the many benefits derived from the unique features and practicality of nanoparticles, the release of their toxic by-products or products from the synthesis stage into the environment could negatively impact natural resources and organisms. The physical and chemical methods for nanoparticle synthesis involve high energy consumption and the use of hazardous chemicals, respectively, going against the principles of green chemistry. Biological methods of synthesis that rely on extracts from a broad range of natural plants, and microorganisms, such as fungi, bacteria, algae, and yeast, have emerged as viable alternatives to the physical and chemical methods. Nanoparticles synthesized through biogenic pathways are particularly useful for biological applications that have high concerns about contamination. Herein, we review the physical and chemical methods of nanoparticle synthesis and present a detailed overview of the biogenic methods used for the synthesis of different nanoparticles. The major points discussed in this study are the following: (1) the fundamentals of the physical and chemical methods of nanoparticle syntheses, (2) the use of different biological precursors (microorganisms and plant extracts) to synthesize gold, silver, selenium, iron, and other metal nanoparticles, and (3) the applications of biogenic nanoparticles in diverse fields of study, including the environment, health, material science, and analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dotse Selali Chormey
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Türkiye.
- Neutec Pharmaceutical, Yıldız Technical University Teknopark, 34220, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Buse Tuğba Zaman
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Tülay Borahan Kustanto
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Türkiye.
- Neutec Pharmaceutical, Yıldız Technical University Teknopark, 34220, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sezin Erarpat Bodur
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Süleyman Bodur
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Türkiye.
- İstinye University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 34010 İstanbul, Türkiye
- İstinye University, Scientific and Technological Research Application and Research Center, 34010 İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Tekin
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Türkiye.
- Neutec Pharmaceutical, Yıldız Technical University Teknopark, 34220, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Omid Nejati
- İstinye University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, 34010, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Türkiye.
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No: 112, 06670, Çankaya, 06670, Ankara, Türkiye
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Zhang Q, Wang M, Hu X, Yan A, Ho PL, Li H, Sun H. Gold drugs as colistin adjuvants in the fight against MCR-1 producing bacteria. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:225-234. [PMID: 36662362 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01983-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and rapid spread of the mobile colistin resistance gene mcr-1 among bacterial species and hosts significantly challenge the efficacy of "last-line" antibiotic colistin. Previously, we reported silver nitrate and auranofin serve as colistin adjuvants for combating mcr-1-positive bacteria. Herein, we uncovered more gold-based drugs and nanoparticles, and found that they exhibited varying degree of synergisms with colistin on killing mcr-1-positive bacteria. However, pre-activation of the drugs by either glutathione or N-acetyl cysteine, thus releasing and accumulating gold ions, is perquisite for their abilities to substitute zinc cofactor from MCR-1 enzyme. X-ray crystallography and biophysical studies further supported the proposed mechanism. This study not only provides basis for combining gold-based drugs and colistin for combating mcr-1-positive bacterial infections, but also undoubtedly opens a new horizon for metabolism details of gold-based drugs in overcoming antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics On Health and Environment, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Minji Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuqiao Hu
- Department of Chemistry and CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics On Health and Environment, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aixin Yan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pak-Leung Ho
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Chemistry and CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics On Health and Environment, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hongzhe Sun
- Department of Chemistry and CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics On Health and Environment, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Cao J, Zhang S, Zhang J, Wang S, Jia W, Yan S, Wang Y, Zhang P, Chen HY, Huang S. A Single-Molecule Observation of Dichloroaurate(I) Binding to an Engineered Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) Nanopore. Anal Chem 2020; 93:1529-1536. [PMID: 33382590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gold(I) compounds are known to bind sulfur-containing proteins, forming the basis in the design of gold(I)-based drugs. However, the intrinsic molecular mechanism of the chemical reaction is easily hidden when monitored in ensemble. We have previously demonstrated that Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) can be engineered (MspA-M) to contain a specialized nanoreactor to probe chemical reactions involving tetrachloroaurate(III). Here, we provide further investigations of coordination interactions between dichloroaurate(I) and MspA-M. Gold compounds of different coordination geometry and valence states are as well probed and evaluated, demonstrating the generality of MspA-M. With single-molecule evidence, MspA-M demonstrates a preference for dichloroaurate(I) than tetrachloroaurate(III), an observation in a single molecule that has never been reported. By counting the maximum number of simultaneous ion bindings, the narrowly confined pore restriction also efficiently distinguishes dichloroaurate(I) and tetrachloroaurate(III) according to their differences in geometry or size. The above demonstration complemented a previous study by demonstrating other possible gold-based single-molecule chemical reactions observable by MspA. These observations bring insights in the understanding of gold-based coordination chemistry in a nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Shanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Jinyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Sha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Wendong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Shuanghong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Panke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
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5
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Vitali M, Casals E, Canals F, Colomé N, Puntes V. Simple spectroscopic determination of the hard protein corona composition in AuNPs: albumin at 75. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15832-15844. [PMID: 32692793 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the different spectroscopic profiles of nanoparticle hard protein corona formation using two model proteins, albumin and immunoglobulin. When compared to serum, this served for the analysis of the hard protein corona main components. To do that, we employed time-resolved UV-Visible light absorption spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential measurements during nanoparticle-protein incubation. Under the tested experimental conditions, the expected evolution from a non-stable (soft) to a stable (hard) protein corona was confirmed for serum and albumin. At the same time, immunoglobulin incubation inevitably failed to form a corona and led to nanoparticle aggregation. The formation profiles of the protein corona were similar in the case of albumin and serum, indicating the dominance of albumin coating the nanoparticle surface when exposed to plasma. This was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Chemical digestion of the nanoparticles bearing different protein coronas gave indications of the density of the different protein coatings. Overall, this study of the protein corona by determining the adsorption kinetics finger-print enables the development of precise nanotechnologies avoiding cumbersome processes and delaying proteomics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Vitali
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
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Kazimi SGT, Iqbal MS, Shaw CF. A Spectroscopic Study of Interaction of Auricyanide with n-Acetylcysteine. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 183:396-401. [PMID: 28913818 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of auricyanide, an important metabolite of anti-arthritic gold-based drug auranofin, was studied in vitro with a pharmacologically active ligand n-acetylcysteine with a view to understand reactivity of gold in vivo. Formation of reduction product aurocyanide occurred through mono- and di-n-acetylcysteine-substituted intermediates. The product and intermediates were identified and monitored spectrophotometrically and by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. This study suggests successive substitution with n-acetylcysteine through trans effect. At equimolar concentrations of auricyanide and n-acetylcysteine, only mono-substituted mixed-ligand complex was formed. Substitution of the data obtained to various kinetic models suggested that the reaction orders are 0.6 in terms of n-acetylcysteine, 1.5 in terms of auricyanide, and 2 overall. The intermediates detected in this work may help to synthesize more effective and less toxic gold drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed G T Kazimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad S Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan.
| | - C Frank Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790-4160, USA
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7
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A. Sulaiman AA, Omer KH, Kawde AN, M. Wazeer MI, Altaf M, Musa MM, Ahmad S, Isab AA. Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Studies of the Interaction of Some Gold(III) Complexes with Biologically Relevant Thiones. INT J CHEM KINET 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. A. Sulaiman
- Lab Technical Support Office (LTSO); King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid H. Omer
- Department of Chemistry; King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel-Nasser Kawde
- Department of Chemistry; King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - M. I. M. Wazeer
- Department of Chemistry; King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Altaf
- Center of Research Excellence in Nanotechnology; King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Musa M. Musa
- Department of Chemistry; King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences and Humanities; Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University; Al-Kharj 11942 Saudi Arabia
| | - Anvarhusein A. Isab
- Department of Chemistry; King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
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8
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Heinze K. Die Suche nach einkernigem Gold(II) und seine mögliche Rolle in Photokatalyse und Medizinalchemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heinze
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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9
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Heinze K. The Quest for Mononuclear Gold(II) and Its Potential Role in Photocatalysis and Drug Action. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16126-16134. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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10
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11
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Leung CH, Lin S, Zhong HJ, Ma DL. Metal complexes as potential modulators of inflammatory and autoimmune responses. Chem Sci 2015; 6:871-884. [PMID: 28660015 PMCID: PMC5472922 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03094j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the realm of inorganic medicinal chemistry has been dominated by the study of the anti-cancer properties of transition metal complexes, particularly those based on platinum or ruthenium. However, comparatively less attention has been focused on the development of metal complexes for the treatment of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. Metal complexes possess a number of advantages that render them as attractive alternatives to organic small molecules for the development of therapeutic agents. In this perspective, we highlight recent examples in the development of transition metal complexes as modulators of inflammatory and autoimmune responses. The studies presented here serve to highlight the potential of transition metal complexes in modulating inflammatory or immune pathways in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine , Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Macao , China .
| | - Sheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Hai-Jing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine , Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Macao , China .
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong , China .
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Seliman AA, Altaf M, Kawde AN, Wazeer MI, Isab AA. NMR and kinetic studies of the interactions of [Au(cis-DACH)Cl2]Cl and [Au(cis-DACH)2]Cl3 with potassium cyanide in aqueous solution. J COORD CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2014.971020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam A.A. Seliman
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Altaf
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel-Nasser Kawde
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed I.M. Wazeer
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anvarhusein A. Isab
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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Seifert O, Matussek A, Sjögren F, Geffers R, Anderson CD. Gene expression profiling of macrophages: implications for an immunosuppressive effect of dissolucytotic gold ions. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2012; 9:43. [PMID: 23140489 PMCID: PMC3526405 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-9-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Gold salts has previously been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis but have been replaced by biologicals such as TNF-α inhibitors. The mechanisms behind the anti-inflammatory effect of metallic gold ions are still unknown, however, recent data showed that charged gold atoms are released from pure metallic gold implants by macrophages via a dissolucytosis membrane, and that gold ions are taken up by local macrophages, mast cells and to some extent fibroblasts. These findings open the question of possible immunomodulatory effects of metallic gold and motivate efforts on a deeper understanding of the effect of metallic gold on key inflammatory cells as macrophages. Methods Human macrophage cells (cell line THP-1) were grown on gold foils and intracellular uptake was analysed by autometallography. The impact of phagocytised gold ions on viability of THP-1 cells was investigated by trypan blue staining and TUNEL assay. The global gene expression profile of THP-1 cells after incorporation of gold ions was studied using microarray analysis comprising approximately 20,000 genes. The gene expression data was confirmed by measurement of secreted proteins. Results Autometallography showed intracellular uptake of gold ions into THP-1 cells. No significant effect on viability of THP-1 cells was demonstrated. Our data revealed a unique gene expression signature of dissolucytotic THP-1 cells that had taken up gold ions. A large number of regulated genes were functionally related to immunomodulation. Gold ion uptake induced downregulation of genes involved in rheumatoid arthritis such as hepatocyte growth factor, tenascin-C, inhibitor of DNA binding 1 and 3 and matrix metalloproteinase 13. Conclusion The data obtained in this study offer new insights into the mode of action of gold ions and suggest for the investigation of effects on other key cells and a possible future role of metallic gold as implants in rheumatoid arthritis or other inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Seifert
- Division of Dermatology, Ryhov Hospital, S-55185, Jönköping, Sweden.
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Trávníček Z, Starha P, Vančo J, Silha T, Hošek J, Suchý P, Pražanová G. Anti-inflammatory active gold(I) complexes involving 6-substituted-purine derivatives. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4568-79. [PMID: 22541000 DOI: 10.1021/jm201416p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The gold(I) complexes of the general formula [Au(L(n))(PPh(3))]·xH(2)O (1-8; n = 1-8 and x = 0-1.5), where L(n) stands for a deprotonated form of the benzyl-substituted derivatives of 6-benzylaminopurine, were prepared, thoroughly characterized (elemental analyses, FT-IR, Raman and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, ESI+ mass spectrometry, conductivity, DFT calculations), and studied for their in vitro cytotoxicity and in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-activated macrophages (derived from THP-1 cell line) and using the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model on rats. The obtained results indicate that the representative complexes (1, 3, 6) exhibit a strong ability to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1 without influence on the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA in the LPS-activated macrophages. The complexes also significantly influence the formation of edema, caused by the intraplantar application of polysaccharide λ-carrageenan to rats in vivo. All the tested complexes showed similar or better biological effects as compared with Auranofin, but contrary to Auranofin they were found to be less cytotoxic in vitro. The obtained results clearly indicate that the gold(I) complexes behave as very effective anti-inflammatory agents and could prove to be useful for the treatment of difficult to treat inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Trávníček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17 listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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15
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Glišić BĐ, Rychlewska U, Djuran MI. Reactions and structural characterization of gold(III) complexes with amino acids, peptides and proteins. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:6887-901. [PMID: 22506275 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30169e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present review article highlights recent findings in the field of gold(III) complexes with amino acids, peptides and proteins. The first section of this article provides an overview of the gold(III) reactions with amino acids, such as glycine, alanine, histidine, cysteine and methionine. The second part of the review is mainly focused on the results achieved in the mechanistic studies of the reactions between gold(III) and different peptides and structural characterization of gold(III)-peptide complexes as the final products in these reactions. The last section of this article deals with the reactions of gold(III) complexes with proteins as primary targets for cytotoxic gold compounds. Systematic summaries of these results contribute to the future development of gold(III) complexes as potential antitumor agents and also have importance in relation to the severe toxicity of gold-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Đ Glišić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovića 12, P.O. Box 60, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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16
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Sucena SF, Paiva REF, Abbehausen C, Mattos IB, Lancellotti M, Formiga ALB, Corbi PP. Chemical, spectroscopic characterization, DFT studies and antibacterial activities in vitro of a new gold(I) complex with rimantadine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 89:114-118. [PMID: 22257715 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel gold(I) complex with rimantadine (RTD) was obtained and structurally characterized by a set of chemical and spectroscopic analysis. 1H, 13C and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopic measurements suggest coordination of the ligand to Au(I) through the N atom of the ethanamine group. Theoretical (DFT) calculations confirmed the IR assignments and permit proposing an optimized geometry for the complex. The gold(I)-rimantadine complex (Au-RTD) is soluble in methanol, ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide, acetone and acetonitrile. The preliminary kinetic studies based on UV-vis spectroscopic measurements indicate the stability of the compound in solution. Antibacterial activities of the complex were evaluated by an antibiogram assay. The Au-RTD complex showed an effective in vitro antibacterial activity against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen F Sucena
- Bioinorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Olivero-Verbel J, Caballero-Gallardo K, Marrugo Negrete J. Relationship between localization of gold mining areas and hair mercury levels in people from Bolivar, north of Colombia. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 144:118-32. [PMID: 21476008 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a heavy metal that, once in the environment, is bioaccumulated and biomagnified through food chain impacting ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate total Hg (T-Hg) concentrations in individuals along Cauca and Magdalena Rivers in Colombia, where most gold mining activities take place. A total of 1,328 hair samples were collected and analyzed for T-Hg using atomic absorption spectroscopy. T-Hg concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 20.14 μg/g. Greatest levels were detected in La Raya (5.27 ± 0.32 μg/g), Achi (2.44 ± 0.22 μg/g), and Montecristo (2.20 ± 0.20 μg/g), places that are located near gold mines. Concentrations decreased with the distance from main mining areas. Only 0.75% of the individuals had T-Hg levels above 10 μg/g. Men had significantly higher T-Hg levels than women, and correlation analysis revealed moderately weak but significant relationships between T-Hg and weight (R = 0.111, P < 0.001), stature (R = 0.111, P < 0.001), and age (R = 0.073, P = 0.007). However, T-Hg concentrations did not vary according to fish consumption frequency. Subjective health survey showed no Hg-related signs or symptoms within studied sample. However, studies are necessary to detect neurological damage linked to the metal. Changing technologies to Hg-free mining, monitoring, and educational programs are necessary to protect health of people living near Colombian rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Olivero-Verbel
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.
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Jungwirth U, Kowol CR, Keppler BK, Hartinger CG, Berger W, Heffeter P. Anticancer activity of metal complexes: involvement of redox processes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1085-127. [PMID: 21275772 PMCID: PMC3371750 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells require tight regulation of the intracellular redox balance and consequently of reactive oxygen species for proper redox signaling and maintenance of metal (e.g., of iron and copper) homeostasis. In several diseases, including cancer, this balance is disturbed. Therefore, anticancer drugs targeting the redox systems, for example, glutathione and thioredoxin, have entered focus of interest. Anticancer metal complexes (platinum, gold, arsenic, ruthenium, rhodium, copper, vanadium, cobalt, manganese, gadolinium, and molybdenum) have been shown to strongly interact with or even disturb cellular redox homeostasis. In this context, especially the hypothesis of "activation by reduction" as well as the "hard and soft acids and bases" theory with respect to coordination of metal ions to cellular ligands represent important concepts to understand the molecular modes of action of anticancer metal drugs. The aim of this review is to highlight specific interactions of metal-based anticancer drugs with the cellular redox homeostasis and to explain this behavior by considering chemical properties of the respective anticancer metal complexes currently either in (pre)clinical development or in daily clinical routine in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Jungwirth
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Al-Maythalony BA, Wazeer MI, Isab AA. Synthesis of aurocyanide and auricyanide complexes of phosphines, phosphine sulfides and phosphine selenides, and their characterization by IR, far-IR, UV solution, and solid-state NMR spectroscopic methods. J COORD CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2010.518759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bassem A. Al-Maythalony
- a Department of Chemistry , King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals , Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed I.M. Wazeer
- a Department of Chemistry , King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals , Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anvarhusein A. Isab
- a Department of Chemistry , King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals , Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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20
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1H, 13C NMR and UV spectroscopy studies of gold(III)-tetracyanide complex with l-cysteine, glutathione, captopril, l-methionine and dl-seleno-methionine in aqueous solution. Inorganica Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Angel LA, Majors LT, Dharmaratne AC, Dass A. Ion mobility mass spectrometry of Au25(SCH2CH2Ph)18 nanoclusters. ACS NANO 2010; 4:4691-700. [PMID: 20731448 DOI: 10.1021/nn1012447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) can separate ions based on their size, shape, and charge as well as mass-to-charge ratios. Here, we report experimental IM-MS and IM-MS/MS data of the Au(25)(SCH(2)CH(2)Ph)(18)(-) nanocluster. The IM-MS of Au(25)(SCH(2)CH(2)Ph)(18)(-) exhibits a narrow, symmetric drift time distribution that indicates the presence of only one structure. The IM-MS/MS readily distinguishes between the fragmentation of the outer protecting layer, made from six [-SR-Au-SR-Au-SR-] "staples' where R = CH(2)CH(2)Ph, and the Au(13) core. The fragmentation of the staples is characterized by the predominant loss of Au(4)(SR)(4) from the cluster and the formation of eight distinct bands. The consecutive eight bands contain an increasing variety of Au(l)S(m)R(n)(-) product ions due to the incremental fragmentation of the outer layer of Au(21)X(14)(-), where X = S or SCH(2)CH(2)Ph. The mobility of species in each individual band shows that the lower mass species exhibit greater collision cross sections, facilitating the identification of the Au(l)S(m)R(n)(-) products. Below the bands, in the region 1200-2800 m/z, product ions relating to the fragmentation of the Au(13) core can be observed. In the low mass 50-1200 m/z region, fragment ions such as Au(SR)(2)(-), Au(2)(SR)(3)(-), Au(3)(SR)(4)(-), and Au(4)(SR)(5)(-) are also observed, corresponding to the large fragments Au(25-x)(SR)(18-(x+1)). The study shows that most of the dominant large fragments are of the general type Au(21)X(14)(-/+), and Au(17)X(10)(-/+) with electron counts of 8 and 6 in negative and positive mode, respectively. This suggests that geometric factors may outweigh electronic factors in the selection of Au(25)(SR)(18) structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence A Angel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Texas 75429, USA.
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22
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Mei BC, Oh E, Susumu K, Farrell D, Mountziaris TJ, Mattoussi H. Effects of ligand coordination number and surface curvature on the stability of gold nanoparticles in aqueous solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:10604-11. [PMID: 19588955 DOI: 10.1021/la901423z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The colloidal stability of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) cap-exchanged with either monothiol- or dithiolane-terminated PEG-OCH(3) ligands was investigated. Three distinct aspects were explored: (1) effects of excess salt concentration; (2) ligation competition by dithiothreitol (DTT); and (3) resistance to sodium cyanide digestion. We found that overall ligands presenting higher coordination numbers (dithiolane) exhibit much better stability to excess added salt and against competition from DTT compared to their monodentate counterparts. Resistance to NaCN digestion indicated that there is a balance between coordination number and density of ligand packing on the NP surface. For smaller NPs, where a larger surface curvature reduces the ligand packing density, a higher coordination number is clearly beneficial. In comparison, a higher ligand density allowed by the smaller curvature for larger nanocrystals makes monothiol-PEG-capped NPs more resistant to cyanide digestion. The present study indicates that balance between the coordination number and surface packing density is crucial to enhancing the colloidal stability of AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing C Mei
- Division of Optical Sciences, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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Sen PK, Gani N, Midya JK, Pal B. Mechanism of oxidation of alanine by chloroaurate(III) complexes in acid medium: Kinetics of the rate processes. INT J CHEM KINET 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Metallic gold reduces TNFα expression, oxidative DNA damage and pro-apoptotic signals after experimental brain injury. Brain Res 2009; 1271:103-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Awaleh MO, Baril-Robert F, Reber C, Badia A, Brisse F. Gold(I)−Dithioether Supramolecular Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Luminescence. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:2964-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ic701275k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Osman Awaleh
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Scientifiques de Djibouti (CERD), B.P. 486, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti, and Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - François Baril-Robert
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Scientifiques de Djibouti (CERD), B.P. 486, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti, and Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Christian Reber
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Scientifiques de Djibouti (CERD), B.P. 486, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti, and Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Antonella Badia
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Scientifiques de Djibouti (CERD), B.P. 486, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti, and Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - François Brisse
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Scientifiques de Djibouti (CERD), B.P. 486, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti, and Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
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Yangyuoru PM, Webb JW, Shaw C. Proton-linked bi- and tri-metallic gold cyanide complexes observed by ESI-MS spectrometry. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:576-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sen PK, Gani N, Midya JK, Pal B. Kinetics and mechanism of the reduction of gold(III) by glycine in acetate buffer. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-007-9019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Glutathionato-S-Gold(III) complexes formed as intermediates in the reduction of auricyanide by glutathione. J Inorg Biochem 2007; 102:584-93. [PMID: 18255156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of auricyanide ([Au(CN)(4)](-), a potential gold(III) metabolite of antiarthritic gold(I) compounds), by glutathione (G(-)SH, an anionic biological reductant) proceeds through two intermediates (I(230) and I(290)) which have previously been identified by their UV-vis spectra, but not isolated. Negative-ion electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) has unambiguously identified them as [Au(CN)(3)(SG)](2-) and [Au(CN)(2)(SG)(2)](3-), respectively, and allowed their formation and decay to be monitored. The spectra also confirm that the products are aurocyanide ([Au(CN)(2)](-), a known metabolite of chrysotherapy agents) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG(2-)). The reactions are dependent on the presence or absence of buffering agents and the pH of the reaction media. The reaction can be driven to the first intermediate by using an excess of auricyanide or by running the reaction at low pH which prevents further reaction. At neutral pH and/or with excess of glutathione present, the reaction proceeds to the second intermediate, which is then reduced to aurocyanide. The monoanions, [Au(CN)(3)(SGH)](-) at m/z=581.2 and [Au(CN)(2)(SGH)(2)](-) at m/z=861.5 generate more intense signals than their respective dianions, [Au(CN)(3)(SG)](2-) at m/2=290.2 and [Au(CN)(2)(SG)(SGH)](2-)m/2=430.9, respectively, whereas the trianion [Au(CN)(2)(SG)(2)](3-) (m/3=281.2) was not observed. These studies demonstrate the value of ESI-MS methods for characterizing reactions of metallopharmaceuticals under biomimetic conditions and suggest that they will be useful for other systems which give strong ESI-MS signals.
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Isab AA, Wazeer MI, Fettouhi M, Al-Maythalony BA, Al-Arfaj AR, Al-Zamil NO. Solid state and solution NMR, X-ray and antimicrobial studies of 1:1 and 2:1 complexes of silver(I) cyanide with alkanediamine ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2007.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Larsen A, Stoltenberg M, Danscher G. In vitro liberation of charged gold atoms: autometallographic tracing of gold ions released by macrophages grown on metallic gold surfaces. Histochem Cell Biol 2007; 128:1-6. [PMID: 17549510 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-007-0295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that cultured macrophages are able to liberate gold ions from metallic gold surfaces, a process suggested to be called "dissolucytosis", in a way analogous to the release taking place when metallic implants are placed in a body. Using the ultra-sensitive autometallographic (AMG) technique, we demonstrate that murine macrophages grown on a surface of metallic gold liberate gold ions. Ultra-structural AMG reveals that the gold ions are located in an ultra-thin membrane-like structure, "the dissolution membrane", intervened between the macrophages and the metal surface. The presence of AMG silver enhanced gold nanoparticles in the dissolution membrane proves that the release of charged gold atoms takes place extracellularly. The dissolution membrane is most likely secreted and chemically controlled by the "dissolucytes", here macrophages, and the membrane is essential for the dissolution of metal implants and particles, which cannot be phagocytosed. Our findings support the notion that whenever a metallic gold surface is attacked by dissolucytes, gold ions are liberated and taken up by surrounding cells. As gold ions can suppress the inflammatory process, it is reasonable to expect that when dissolucytosis takes place in the living organism the liberated gold ions will cause local immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnete Larsen
- Neurobiology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Gao D, Tian Y, Liang F, Ding L, Bi S, Chen Y, Zhang H, Yu A. Investigation on the interaction between colloidal gold and human complement factor 4 at different pH by spectral methods. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2006; 47:71-7. [PMID: 16406519 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2005.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between colloidal gold and human complement factor 4 (human C4) at different pH was investigated by spectral methods, including absorption and resonance light-scattering spectrometry. According to the changes of color and absorption spectra of colloidal gold solution in presence of human C4, the interaction between colloidal gold and human C4 was quantitatively investigated using a semi-empirical "flocculation parameter". At the same time, the changes of resonance light-scattering spectra and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images indicate that the aggregation of colloidal gold happens by electrostatic interaction in presence of human C4 in the pH range 5-6. However, the colloidal gold solution remains stable at pH >6 and pH <5 due to the repulsive electrostatic interaction between colloidal gold and human C4. The flocculation parameter is directly proportional to the concentration of human C4 in the range from 9.7 to 233.0 microgl(-1). In addition, the interactions between the colloidal gold and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as well as human serum albumin (HSA) were also investigated using the same methods. It was found that there was no aggregation of colloidal gold in presence of BSA and HSA in the pH range 5-6. However, when the pH of solution is 4, the aggregation of colloidal gold happens. Because BSA and HSA have different structure, the intensity of aggregation of colloidal gold in presence of BSA is greater than that in presence of HSA at pH 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejiang Gao
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Isab AA, Ashraf W. Oxidation of diselenide bond with sodiumtetracloroaurate (III): Significance in chemotherapy. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2005.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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34
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Ahmad S. The chemistry of cyano complexes of gold(I) with emphasis on the ligand scrambling reactions. Coord Chem Rev 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2003.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Ahmad S, Isab AA, Perzanowski HP. Ligand scrambling reactions of cyano(thione)gold(I) complexes and determination of their equilibrium constants. CAN J CHEM 2002. [DOI: 10.1139/v02-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ligand scrambling reactions in cyano(thione)gold(I) complexes ([>C=S-Au-CN]) to form [Au(>C=S)2]+ and [Au(CN)2] species have been investigated for a series of thiones in DMSO using 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopy. Rapid approach to equilibrium occurred and resulted in distinct signals for the [>C=S-Au-CN] and [Au(CN)2] complexes, both in 13C and 15N NMR. Equilibrium constants (Keq) were determined for scrambling of all the complexes by integrating the CN resonances in the 13C NMR recorded at 298 K. The influence of various factors (initial concentration, ionic strength, temperature, and solvent polarity) on the Keq value was examined for a representative complex (ImtAuCN (Imt = Imidazolidine-2-thione)).Key words: cyanogold(I) complexes, thiones, ligand scrambling, NMR, Keq.
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