Synthesis, structures and antitumor activity of the first crown ester-linked bipyridyl platinum complexes

Further Approaches in the Design of Antitumor Agents with Response to Cell Resistance: Looking toward Aza Crown Ether-dtc Complexes

The dianionic aza crown ether-dtc N,N'-bis(dithiocarbamate)-1,10-diaza-18-crown-6 (L^2-) is a versatile ligand capable of yielding binuclear complexes with group 10 elements, also known as Ni-triade, [μ-(κ²-S,-S'-L)M₂(PPh₃)₄]Cl₂ (M = Pd (1), Pt (2)), [μ-(κ²-S,-S'-L)M₂(PPh₃)₄](BPh₄)₂ (M = Pd (3), Pt (4)), and μ-(κ-S,-S'-L)Ni₂(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ (5), and has proven to be an excellent option to the design of metal-based drugs able to provide multiple response to cell resistance. Palladium and platinum complexes, 1 and 2, were tested for cytotoxicity in the human cervix carcinoma cell line HeLa-229, the human ovarian carcinoma cell line A2780, and the cisplatin-resistant mutant A2780cis, finding significant activity toward all three cancer cell lines, with low micromolar IC₅₀ values, comparable to cisplatin. Markedly, against the cisplatin resistant cell line A2780cis, compound 2 exhibits better cytotoxic activity than the clinical drug (IC₅₀ = 2.3 ± 0.2 μM for 2 versus 3.6 ± 0.5 μM for cisplatin). Moreover, an enhancement of the antitumor response is achieved when adding an equimolar amount of alkali metal chloride (NaCl or KCl) to the medium, for instance, testing compound 1 against the cisplatin-resistant A2780cis cells, the IC₅₀ decreases from 9.3 ± 0.4 to 7.4 ± 0.3 and 5.4 ± 0.1 μM, respectively, after addition of the salt solution. For the platinum derivative 2, the IC₅₀ improves by ca. 40% reaching 1.3 ± 0.1 μM when potassium chloride is added. Likewise, the resistant factor found for 2 (RF = 1) confirms that this complex circumvents cisplatin-resistance in A2780cis and is improved with the addition of potassium chloride (RF = 0.65). The presence of the aza crown ether moiety as linker in the systems studied herein is a key point since, in addition to allowing and facilitating interaction with alkali metal ions, this unit is flexible enough to adapt to a variety of environments, as confirmed by the X-ray crystal structures described, where different conformations and ways to fold in are found. In order to gain insight into the electronic and structural facts involved in the interaction of complex 2 with the alkali metal ions, a DFT study was performed, and the description of the molecular electrostatic potentials (MEPs) is also presented.

(Cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylato-κ2O,O′)(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2N,N′)platinum(II) dihydrate

The title compound, [Pt(C₆H₆O₄)(C₁₂H₈N₂)]·2H₂O, which crystallizes as two independent formula units, has the metal atom in a square-planar geometry defined by two O atoms of the chelating cyclo­butane-1,1-di­carboxyl­ate dianion and two N atoms of the chelating 1,10-phenanthroline mol­ecule (r.m.s. deviations of the PtO₂N₂ units = 0.026 and 0.026 Å). Adjacent complex and water mol­ecules are connected through inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯O, C⋯O [shortest C⋯O distance = 3.140 (5) Å], π–π [shortest C⋯C distances = 3.234 (6) and 3.347 (6) Å] and Pt⋯π [shortest Pt⋯C distance = 3.358 (4) Å] inter­actions into a three-dimensional network.

In vitro biological evaluation of platinum(II) complexes with 1-(methoxy substituted benzyl) azetidine-3,3-dicarboxylato ligands

A number of platinum(II) complexes with ammine or 1R,2R-diaminocyclohexane as carrier ligands and 1-(methoxy-substituted benzyl) azetidine-3,3-dicarboxylate as leaving groups were synthesized and spectrally characterized. Biological evaluation in vitro showed that some of compounds showed positive antitumor activity. In particular, complex 3a, (1R,2R-diaminocyclohexane)[1-(3-methoxylbenzyl) azetidine-3,3-dicarboxylato)-O,O'] platinum(II), possessed a potent antitumor effect comparable to cisplatin and/or oxaliplatin, and very low toxicity in vivo. Preliminary antitumor mechanism of 3a has been investigated by cell apoptosis assays compared with cisplatin and oxaliplatin.

Biomedical potentials of crown ethers: prospective antitumor agents

Crown ethers are of enormous interest and importance in chemistry, biochemistry, materials science, catalysis, separation, transport and encapsulated processes, as well as in the design and synthesis of various synthetic systems with specific properties, diverse capabilities, and programmable functions. Classical crown ethers are macrocyclic polyethers that contain 3-20 oxygen atoms separated from each other by two or more carbon atoms. They are exceptionally versatile in selectively binding a range of metal ions and a variety of organic neutral and ionic species. Crown ethers are currently being studied and used in a variety of applications beyond their traditional place in chemistry. This review presents additional applications and the ever-increasing biomedical potentials of these intriguing compounds, with particular emphasis on the prospects of their relevance as anticancer agents. We believe that further research in this direction should be encouraged, as crown compounds could either induce toxicities that are different from those of conventional antitumor drugs, or complement drugs in current use, thereby providing a valuable adjunct to therapy.

Bioactive fragments synergically involved in the design of new generation Pt(ii) and Pd(ii)-based anticancer compounds

New Pt(ii) and Pd(ii) complexes with the metal center coordinated to two different chelating ligands, tropolone (trop) and dihexadecyl-2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylate bipyridine (bipy), [(bipy)M(trop)][CF(3)SO(3)], have been synthesized and their biological evaluation has been performed demonstrating a remarkable cytotoxic activity in vitro against the human prostate DU145 and hormone-sensitive LNCaP cells lines. Moreover, for the Pt(ii) derivative, the molecular structure has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and computational analysis on the hydrolysis reaction mechanisms have been performed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, in order to correlate molecular structure, biological activity and mechanism of action of this new class of complexes based on two different bioactive fragments.

Interaction of 2-aminopyrimidine with dichloro-[I-alkyl-2-(naphthylazo) imidazole]palladium(II) complexes: kinetic and mechanistic studies

BACKGROUND

The anticancer properties of cisplatin and palladium(II) complexes stem from the ability of the cis-MCl2 fragment to bind to DNA bases. However, cisplatin also interacts with non-cancer cells, mainly through bonding molecules containing -SH groups, resulting in nephrotoxicity. This has aroused interest in the design of palladium(II) complexes of improved activity and lower toxicity. The reaction of DNA bases with palladium(II) complexes with chelating N,N'donors of the cis-MCl2 configuration constitutes a model system that may help explore the mechanism of cisplatin's anticancer activity. Heterocyclic compounds are found widely in nature and are essential to many biochemical processes. Amongst these naturally occurring compounds, the most thoroughly studied is that of pyrimidine. This was one of the factors that encouraged this study into the kinetics and mechanism of the interaction of 2-aminopyrimidine (2-NH2-Pym) with dichloro-[1-alkyl-2-(alpha-naphthylazo)imidazole]palladium(II) [Pd(alpha-NaiR)Cl2, 1] and dichloro-[1-alkyl-2-(beta-naphthylazo)imidazole]palladium(II) [Pd(beta-NaiR)Cl2, 2] complexes where the alkyl R = Me (a), Et (b), or Bz (c).

RESULTS

2-NH2-Pym reacts with 1a, 1b, and 1c to yield [[1-alkyl-2-(alpha-naphthylazo)imidazole]bis(2-aminopyrimidine)]palladium(II) (3a, 3b, 3c) dichloride and with 2a, 2b, and 2c to yield [[1-alkyl-2-(beta-naphthylazo)imidazole]bis(2-aminopyrimidine)]palladium(II) (4a, 4b, 4c) dichloride in an acetonitrile (MeCN) medium. The products were characterized using spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, UV-Vis, NMR). The ligand substitution reactions follow second order kinetics - first order dependence on the concentration of the Pd(II) complex and 2-NH2-Pym. Addition of LiCl to the reaction does not influence its rate. The thermodynamic parameters (standard enthalpy of activation, Delta(double dagger)H degrees and standard entropy of activation, Delta(double dagger)S degrees) were determined from variable temperature kinetic studies. The magnitude of the second order rate constant, k2, at 298 K, was shown to increase thus: b

CONCLUSION

The kinetics of the reaction between Pd(II) complexes (1 and 2) and 2-NH2-Pym were examined spectrophotometrically at 530 nm in MeCN under pseudo-first-order conditions. The reaction rate is largely influenced by the pi-acidity of the chelating ligand, with substitution in the naphthyl azoimidazole backbone influencing the rate of the substitution process. The activation parameters, Delta(double dagger)H degrees and Delta(double dagger)S degrees, were determined and support the kinetic rate data.

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Affiliation(s)

Pradip Kumar Ghosh Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
Sushanta Saha Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
Ambikesh Mahapatra Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India

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Novel cisplatin-type platinum complexes and their cytotoxic activity

A series of novel cisplatin-type platinum complexes, formulated as [PtA2(OCOCH2OR)2] (A2 = two monoamines or one diamine, R is an alkyl group), were designed, characteristic of alkoxyacetate as carboxylato ligands. The pertinent compounds were prepared and characterized by elementary analyses, IR, 1H NMR, and ESI-MS spectra. The cytotoxic activities of compound 1a in vitro toward HL-60 human leukemia and BEL-7402 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines were pioneeringly studied. Then, compounds 1b-3d were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against Ramos human lymphoma, 3AO human ovarian carcinoma, and A549 human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Most of them showed better cytotoxic activity than carboplatin against above selected cell lines.

Potential new antitumor agents from an innovative combination of camphorato, a ramification of traditional Chinese medicine, with a platinum moiety

Eight new camphorato platinum complexes have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against HL-60 human leukemia, 3AO human ovarian carcinoma, BEL-7402 human hepatocarcinoma, and A549 human lung carcinoma cell lines. Most complexes showed good cytotoxic activity against the above-selected cell lines. Among the complexes, two compounds were assayed for their in vivo antitumor activity against LS-174T human colon carcinoma cells implanted in mice. One complex exhibited not only higher in vivo antitumor activity, but also less toxicity than oxaliplatin when it was administered intravenously at a dose of 6 mg/kg three times.