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Blumenröder S, Wilson D, Ndaboine E, Mirambo MM, Mushi MF, Bader O, Zimmermann O, Mshana SE, Groß U. Neonatal infection in Sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional pilot study on bacterial pathogens and maternal risk factors. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1171651. [PMID: 37180246 PMCID: PMC10167281 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1171651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although child morbidity and mortality could be reduced in Sub-Saharan Africa during the last years both remain high. Since neonatal infections play a major role, we conducted a cross-sectional pilot study in the lake region of Western Tanzania in order to analyze not only the prevalence of neonatal infection with its bacterial etiology including antimicrobial resistance pattern but also to detect potential maternal risk factors. Methods We screened 156 women for potential risk factors and examined their neonates for clinical signs of an infection including microbiological verification. All women were interviewed for medical history and their socio-economic background. High-vaginal swabs (HVS) of pregnant women and blood cultures of sick infants were investigated for bacterial pathogens using culture followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) or polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR)-based assays. Antimicrobial resistances were determined using a disk diffusion test and verified by VITEK 2. Maternal malaria, blood glucose, and hemoglobin levels were determined by rapid tests and helminth infections by stool microscopy. Results and discussion Our results showed a prevalence of 22% for neonatal infections. In total, 57% of them had culture-positive bloodstream infections with Gram-negative bacteria being the most prevalent. All these expressed resistance against ampicillin. The prevalence of maternal infection with helminths or Plasmodium was low, indicating that anti-worming strategies and intermittent preventive treatment of malaria for pregnant women (IPTp) are effective. The study identified maternal urinary tract infection (UTI) and an elevated blood glucose level as potential maternal risk factors for early neonatal infection, an elevated blood glucose level, and maternal anemia for a late-onset infection. Conclusion Our study, therefore, indicates that monitoring maternal UTI in the last trimester as well as levels of maternal hemoglobin and blood glucose might be important to predict and eventually manage neonatal infections. As Gram-negative bacteria with resistance to ampicillin were most prevalent in culture-proven neonatal sepsis, WHO recommendations for calculated antibiosis in the sick young infant should be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Blumenröder
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Damas Wilson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Edgard Ndaboine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Mariam M. Mirambo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Martha F. Mushi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Oliver Bader
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ortrud Zimmermann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephen E. Mshana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Uwe Groß
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Schoder D, Guldimann C, Märtlbauer E. Asymptomatic Carriage of Listeria monocytogenes by Animals and Humans and Its Impact on the Food Chain. Foods 2022; 11:3472. [PMID: 36360084 PMCID: PMC9654558 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and animals can become asymptomatic carriers of Listeria monocytogenes and introduce the pathogen into their environment with their feces. In turn, this environmental contamination can become the source of food- and feed-borne illnesses in humans and animals, with the food production chain representing a continuum between the farm environment and human populations that are susceptible to listeriosis. Here, we update a review from 2012 and summarize the current knowledge on the asymptomatic carrier statuses in humans and animals. The data on fecal shedding by species with an impact on the food chain are summarized, and the ways by which asymptomatic carriers contribute to the risk of listeriosis in humans and animals are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Schoder
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, Institute of Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Veterinarians without Borders Austria, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Guldimann
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Erwin Märtlbauer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Milk Hygiene, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
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3
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Lotoux A, Milohanic E, Bierne H. The Viable But Non-Culturable State of Listeria monocytogenes in the One-Health Continuum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:849915. [PMID: 35372114 PMCID: PMC8974916 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.849915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial species, including several pathogens, can enter a so-called “viable but non-culturable” (VBNC) state when subjected to stress. Bacteria in the VBNC state are metabolically active but have lost their ability to grow on standard culture media, which compromises their detection by conventional techniques based on bacterial division. Under certain conditions, VBNC bacteria can regain their growth capacity and, for pathogens, their virulence potential, through a process called resuscitation. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of the VBNC state of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), a Gram-positive pathogenic bacterium responsible for listeriosis, one of the most dangerous foodborne zoonosis. After a brief summary of characteristics of VBNC bacteria, we highlight work on VBNC Lm in the environment and in agricultural and food industry settings, with particular emphasis on the impact of antimicrobial treatments. We subsequently discuss recent data suggesting that Lm can enter the VBNC state in the host, raising the possibility that VBNC forms contribute to the asymptomatic carriage of this pathogen in wildlife, livestock and even humans. We also consider the resuscitation and virulence potential of VBNC Lm and the danger posed by these bacteria to at-risk individuals, particularly pregnant women. Overall, we put forth the hypothesis that VBNC forms contribute to adaptation, persistence, and transmission of Lm between different ecological niches in the One-Health continuum, and suggest that screening for healthy carriers, using alternative techniques to culture-based enrichment methods, should better prevent listeriosis risks.
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Hafner L, Pichon M, Burucoa C, Nusser SHA, Moura A, Garcia-Garcera M, Lecuit M. Listeria monocytogenes faecal carriage is common and depends on the gut microbiota. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6826. [PMID: 34819495 PMCID: PMC8613254 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27069-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria genus comprises two pathogenic species, L. monocytogenes (Lm) and L. ivanovii, and non-pathogenic species. All can thrive as saprophytes, whereas only pathogenic species cause systemic infections. Identifying Listeria species' respective biotopes is critical to understand the ecological contribution of Listeria virulence. In order to investigate the prevalence and abundance of Listeria species in various sources, we retrieved and analyzed 16S rRNA datasets from MG-RAST metagenomic database. 26% of datasets contain Listeria sensu stricto sequences, and Lm is the most prevalent species, most abundant in soil and host-associated environments, including 5% of human stools. Lm is also detected in 10% of human stool samples from an independent cohort of 900 healthy asymptomatic donors. A specific microbiota signature is associated with Lm faecal carriage, both in humans and experimentally inoculated mice, in which it precedes Lm faecal carriage. These results indicate that Lm faecal carriage is common and depends on the gut microbiota, and suggest that Lm faecal carriage is a crucial yet overlooked consequence of its virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hafner
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Pichon
- University Hospital of Poitiers, Infectious Agents Department, Bacteriology and Infection Control Laboratory, 86021, Poitiers, France
- Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, EA 4331, 86022, Poitiers, France
- Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Inserm U1070, 86022, Poitiers, France
| | - Christophe Burucoa
- University Hospital of Poitiers, Infectious Agents Department, Bacteriology and Infection Control Laboratory, 86021, Poitiers, France
- Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, EA 4331, 86022, Poitiers, France
- Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Inserm U1070, 86022, Poitiers, France
| | - Sophie H A Nusser
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Moura
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center Listeria, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Marc Garcia-Garcera
- University of Lausanne, Department of Fundamental Microbiology, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015, Paris, France.
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center Listeria, 75015, Paris, France.
- Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, APHP, Institut Imagine, 75006, Paris, France.
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Kreuzer M, Hardt WD. How Food Affects Colonization Resistance Against Enteropathogenic Bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 2020; 74:787-813. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020420-013457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Food has a major impact on all aspects of health. Recent data suggest that food composition can also affect susceptibility to infections by enteropathogenic bacteria. Here, we discuss how food may alter the microbiota as well as mucosal defenses and how this can affect infection. Salmonella Typhimurium diarrhea serves as a paradigm, and complementary evidence comes from other pathogens. We discuss the effects of food composition on colonization resistance, host defenses, and the infection process as well as the merits and limitations of mouse models and experimental foods, which are available to decipher the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kreuzer
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Allerberger F, Huhulescu S. Pregnancy related listeriosis: treatment and control. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:395-403. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1003809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Charlier C, Fevre C, Travier L, Cazenave B, Bracq-Dieye H, Podevin J, Assomany D, Guilbert L, Bossard C, Carpentier F, Cales V, Leclercq A, Lecuit M. Listeria monocytogenes-associated biliary tract infections: a study of 12 consecutive cases and review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e105. [PMID: 25319439 PMCID: PMC4616294 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, little is known regarding Listeria monocytogenes-associated biliary tract infection, a rare form of listeriosis.In this article, we will study 12 culture-proven cases reported to the French National Reference Center for Listeria from 1996 to 2013 and review the 8 previously published cases.Twenty cases were studied: 17 cholecystitis, 2 cholangitis, and 1 biliary cyst infection. Half were men with a median age of 69 years (32-85). Comorbidities were present in 80%, including cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes. Five patients received immunosuppressive therapy, including corticosteroids and anti-tumor necrosis factor biotherapies. Half were afebrile. Blood cultures were positive in 60% (3/5). Gallbladder histological lesions were analyzed in 3 patients and evidenced acute, chronic, or necrotic exacerbation of chronic infection. Genoserogroup of the 12 available strains were IVb (n=6), IIb (n=5), and IIa (n=1). Their survival in the bile was not enhanced when compared with isolates from other listeriosis cases. Adverse outcome was reported in 33% (5/15): 3 deaths, 1 recurrence; 75% of the patients with adverse outcome received inadequate antimicrobial therapy (P=0.033).Biliary tract listeriosis is a severe infection associated with high mortality in patients not treated with appropriate therapy. This study provides medical relevance to in vitro and animal studies that had shown Listeria monocytogenes ability to survive in bile and induce overt biliary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Charlier
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit (CC, CF, LT, ML); Institut Pasteur French National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center for Listeria (CC, BC, HBD, AL, ML); Inserm U1117 (CC, CF, LT, ML); Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut Imagine (CC, ML); Service de Chirurgie viscérale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes (JP); Service de Chirurgie viscérale et digestive, Centre Hospitalier de Roubaix (DA, LG); Service d'Anatomopathologie et Cytologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes (CB); Service d'Anatomopathologie et Cytologie, Centre Hospitalier de Roubaix (FC); and Service d'Anatomopathologie et Cytologie, Centre Hospitalier de Pau (VC)
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8
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9
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Wang HL, Ghanem KG, Wang P, Yang S, Li TS. Listeriosis at a tertiary care hospital in beijing, china: high prevalence of nonclustered healthcare-associated cases among adult patients. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 56:666-76. [PMID: 23175565 PMCID: PMC3563391 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-eight cases of listeriosis over a 12-year period from inpatients at a tertiary care hospital in China were reviewed. We found a high prevalence of healthcare-associated cases that did not cluster in time and space. Background. Listeriosis is an emerging infectious disease associated with high mortality. There are few published reports from East Asia and developing countries. Our goal was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients diagnosed with Listeria monocytogenes at a tertiary care hospital in Beijing, China. Methods. Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), an 1800-bed hospital, consists of 2 campuses that house different medical departments. We retrospectively reviewed all culture-proven cases of listeriosis occurring at PUMCH between 1999 and 2011. Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals are presented. Results. There were 38 patients with listeriosis: 5 neonatal, 8 maternal, and 25 nonmaternal. The median age of the adult nonmaternal patients was 47 (range, 18–79) years with a female predominance (72%). Forty percent (n = 10) had an underlying rheumatic disease. Forty-four percent of cases (n = 11) were healthcare-associated infections occurring a median of 20 (range, 3–44) days after hospital admission. Only 2 of the 11 healthcare-associated cases clustered in space and time. One healthcare-associated case occurred in a patient receiving KHI-272 therapy, an oral, irreversible dual EGFR/HER2 inhibitor. The neonatal and maternal listeriosis cases were similar to those reported in the literature. Conclusions. Nonclustered healthcare-associated cases of L. monocytogenes occurred at a large tertiary care hospital in Beijing, China. The source of these infections is unclear. Although rare, in the setting of immunosuppression, Listeria should be considered in the differential diagnosis of healthcare-associated infections, even in the absence of a point-source outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Ling Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Lamont RF, Sobel J, Mazaki-Tovi S, Kusanovic JP, Vaisbuch E, Kim SK, Uldbjerg N, Romero R. Listeriosis in human pregnancy: a systematic review. J Perinat Med 2011; 39:227-36. [PMID: 21517700 PMCID: PMC3593057 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2011.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Listeria is commonly found in processed and prepared foods and listeriosis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Preventative measures are well prescribed and monitoring and voluntary recall of contaminated products has resulted in a 44% reduction in the prevalence of perinatal listeriosis in the USA. Pregnant women are at high risk for listeriosis, but symptoms are non-specific and diagnosis is difficult. The intracellular life-cycle of Listeria protects the bacterium from host innate and adaptive immune responses. Antibiotic treatment requires agents able to penetrate, distribute, and remain stable within host cells. Prolonged use of high-dose ampicillin can significantly improve neonatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald F. Lamont
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jack Sobel
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Shali Mazaki-Tovi
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Edi Vaisbuch
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sun Kwon Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Niels Uldbjerg
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Lwin MM, Louvois JD, Hurley DR. Obstetric Short Communication Carriage of Listeria monocytogenes in pregnant women. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/01443619109013501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Eriksson PV, Thomas C, Manghi MA. Polyclonal antibody responses againstListeria monocytogenes4b surface proteins in asymptomatic human carriers. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09540109809354980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Kaur S, Malik SVS, Vaidya VM, Barbuddhe SB. Listeria monocytogenes in spontaneous abortions in humans and its detection by multiplex PCR. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 103:1889-96. [PMID: 17953598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess the extent of Listeria monocytogenes in causation of human spontaneous abortions by isolation methods and PCR analysis for the presence of virulence-associated genes. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 305 samples comprising blood, urine, placental bits, faecal and vaginal swabs were collected from 61 patients with spontaneous abortions. Listeria spp. were isolated from 10 samples collected from nine (14.8%) patients. Confirmation of these isolates was based on biochemical tests, haemolysis on blood agar, CAMP test, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) assay followed by in vivo pathogenicity tests and multiplex PCR to detect virulence-associated genes (prfA, plcA, hlyA, actA and iap). Three isolates were confirmed as L. monocytogenes. Of these, two isolates turned out to be pathogenic and found to posses all five genes. However, the remaining two haemolytic L. monocytogenes isolates lacking the plcA gene and activity in the PI-PLC assay were found to be nonpathogenic by in vivo tests. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of pathogenic L. monocytogenes in cases of spontaneous abortions was 3.3%. It seems that the plcA gene and its expression have an important role as essential virulence determinants in pathogenic Listeria spp. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The recovery of pathogenic L. monocytogenes isolates from cases of spontaneous abortion indicates the significance of listeric infection in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaur
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Schlech WF, Schlech WF, Haldane H, Mailman TL, Warhuus M, Crouse N, Haldane DJM. Does sporadic Listeria gastroenteritis exist? A 2-year population-based survey in Nova Scotia, Canada. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:778-84. [PMID: 16107973 DOI: 10.1086/432724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Febrile gastroenteritis due to Listeria monocytogenes (LM) has been primarily described in foodborne outbreaks. We decided to determine the incidence of sporadic, febrile gastroenteritis due to LM in a large, well-defined North American population over a 2-year period and to compare these cases to sporadic cases of Campylobacter and Salmonella infections occurring concurrently in the community. METHODS From 1 September 2002 through 31 August 2004, all stool specimens submitted for evaluation of diarrheal illness to a public health laboratory and to a children's hospital serving a population of approximately 350,000 were examined for the presence of Listeria species. Patients identified as having LM in their stool samples were matched with 2 temporally-matched patients with cultures positive for Campylobacter and Salmonella species. Patients with LM and control patients were contacted by telephone, and they answered a questionnaire that examined clinical features and risk factors for diarrheal illness. RESULTS A total of 7775 stool specimens were submitted during the period 1 September 2002-31 August 2004. Thirty-nine Listeria species were recovered. Seventeen of the species were LM, 13 were Listeria innocua, 3 were Listeria welshimeri, 1 was Listeria grayi, and 4 were other species. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis results demonstrated no temporal or other clusters, and no seasonality was noted for isolates of LM. Preexisting gastrointestinal problems were much more common in patients with LM (P=.001) than in patients with Campylobacter or Salmonella infections. CONCLUSIONS Sporadic gastroenteritis due to LM appears to be an uncommon illness, and routine screening of stool samples for LM remains unwarranted. Preexisting gastrointestinal disease may be a risk factor for infection of the gastrointestinal tract with LM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter F Schlech
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Sauders BD, Pettit D, Currie B, Suits P, Evans A, Stellrecht K, Dryja DM, Slate D, Wiedmann M. Low prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in human stool. J Food Prot 2005; 68:178-81. [PMID: 15690823 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-68.1.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that is found widely in the environment and in a variety of ready-to-eat foods, yet human invasive infection is relatively rare (five cases per million people annually in the United States). Despite wide exposure to this organism, little is known about the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in human stool, and it is not known whether human fecal dispersal contributes to human foodborne transmission. We cultured 827 stool specimens (well formed and loose-watery) from individuals from four large metropolitan areas of New York state for L. monocytogenes and found only 1 (0.12%) positive specimen. L. monocytogenes was also isolated from the blood of the person with the single positive specimen, and the two isolates were indistinguishable by molecular subtyping (both were ribotype DUP-1042B). This provides further evidence that human L. monocytogenes fecal carriage among persons with and without diarrheal disease is remarkably low. Unlike the case for other foodborne pathogens (e.g., Salmonella), human shedders probably do not contribute significantly to L. monocytogenes contamination of foods. However, we observed a single individual with invasive listeriosis that shed the pathogen in feces, indicating the potential for fecal dispersal of L. monocytogenes from persons with listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Sauders
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Borucki MK, Peppin JD, White D, Loge F, Call DR. Variation in biofilm formation among strains of Listeria monocytogenes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:7336-42. [PMID: 14660383 PMCID: PMC309931 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.12.7336-7342.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2003] [Accepted: 09/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of food by Listeria monocytogenes is thought to occur most frequently in food-processing environments where cells persist due to their ability to attach to stainless steel and other surfaces. Once attached these cells may produce multicellular biofilms that are resistant to disinfection and from which cells can become detached and contaminate food products. Because there is a correlation between virulence and serotype (and thus phylogenetic division) of L. monocytogenes, it is important to determine if there is a link between biofilm formation and disease incidence for L. monocytogenes. Eighty L. monocytogenes isolates were screened for biofilm formation to determine if there is a robust relationship between biofilm formation, phylogenic division, and persistence in the environment. Statistically significant differences were detected between phylogenetic divisions. Increased biofilm formation was observed in Division II strains (serotypes 1/2a and 1/2c), which are not normally associated with food-borne outbreaks. Differences in biofilm formation were also detected between persistent and nonpersistent strains isolated from bulk milk samples, with persistent strains showing increased biofilm formation relative to nonpersistent strains. There were no significant differences detected among serotypes. Exopolysaccharide production correlated with cell adherence for high-biofilm-producing strains. Scanning electron microscopy showed that a high-biofilm-forming strain produced a dense, three-dimensional structure, whereas a low-biofilm-forming strain produced a thin, patchy biofilm. These data are consistent with data on persistent strains forming biofilms but do not support a consistent relationship between enhanced biofilm formation and disease incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica K Borucki
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164.
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Mylonakis E, Paliou M, Hohmann EL, Calderwood SB, Wing EJ. Listeriosis during pregnancy: a case series and review of 222 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2002; 81:260-9. [PMID: 12169881 DOI: 10.1097/00005792-200207000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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18
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Listeriosis y gestación. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN GINECOLOGIA Y OBSTETRICIA 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0210-573x(02)77185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Listeriosis is an uncommon infection that has a unique predilection for pregnant women and may result in pregnancy loss. Contaminated food is the usual source of infection, and increased federal surveillance of foodstuffs is the most effective strategy for prevention of disease. Although dramatic epidemics have received the most publicity, more cases of perinatal listeriosis are isolated. If Listeria chorioamnionitis is diagnosed preterm, in contrast to other types of chorioamnionitis, in utero therapy with high-dose penicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is possible, and preterm delivery may be avoided. The clinical characteristics of neonatal listeriosis are similar to neonatal Group B Streptococcus sepsis, with early and late onset forms of disease. The epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of Listeria infection in pregnancy are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Silver
- Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence 02905, USA
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Rousset A, Lemaitre J, Delcourt A. Recherche de Listeria monocytogenes au niveau de différents sites (selles, sécrétions génitales et rhinopharyngées). Med Mal Infect 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(05)81348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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MacGowan AP, Bowker K, McLauchlin J, Bennett PM, Reeves DS. The occurrence and seasonal changes in the isolation of Listeria spp. in shop bought food stuffs, human faeces, sewage and soil from urban sources. Int J Food Microbiol 1994; 21:325-34. [PMID: 8043351 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(94)90062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Eight hundred and twenty-two shop-bought food specimens, 136 soil and 692 faecal specimens were cultured for Listeria spp. in a regular, year round survey. 19.7% (162/822) of the foods, 93.9% (108/115) of the sewage, 14.7% (20/136) soils and 1% (7/692) of faeces yielded Listeria spp. with 10.5% foods, 60.0% sewage, 0.7% soils and 0.6% faeces containing L. monocytogenes. No seasonal variation was noted in isolates from either sewage or foods, with L. monocytogenes and L. innocua being the commonest species in both L. ivanovii when isolated from foods was strongly associated with mutton. Poultry was most likely to contain L. monocytogenes (65.6%, 21/32) and in the greatest numbers. A high percentage of beef (34.6%, 9/26), lamb (40%, 8/20), pork (28.1%, 9/32) and sausages (34.7%, 8/23) also contained L. monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes was rarely isolated from paté (1/40) or soft cheeses (1/251), both of which have been involved with foodborne listeriosis outbreak in the UK. Listeria spp. were commonest in faeces and soils in July to September but the predominant species isolated were different with L. monocytogenes and L. innocua the commonest from faeces and L. ivanovii and L. seeligeri the most common from soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P MacGowan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Southmead Health Services NHS Trust, Bristol, England, UK
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Gray JW, Barrett JF, Pedler SJ, Lind T. Faecal carriage of listeria during pregnancy. BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1993; 100:873-4. [PMID: 8218017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1993.tb14324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J W Gray
- Department of Microbiology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Abstract
The gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is an ubiquitous, intracellular pathogen which has been implicated within the past decade as the causative organism in several outbreaks of foodborne disease. Listeriosis, with a mortality rate of about 24%, is found mainly among pregnant women, their fetuses, and immunocompromised persons, with symptoms of abortion, neonatal death, septicemia, and meningitis. Epidemiological investigations can make use of strain-typing procedures such as DNA restriction enzyme analysis or electrophoretic enzyme typing. The organism has a multifactorial virulence system, with the thiol-activated hemolysin, listeriolysin O, being identified as playing a crucial role in the organism's ability to multiply within host phagocytic cells and to spread from cell to cell. The organism occurs widely in food, with the highest incidences being found in meat, poultry, and seafood products. Improved methods for detecting and enumerating the organism in foodstuffs are now available, including those based on the use of monoclonal antibodies, DNA probes, or the polymerase chain reaction. As knowledge of the molecular and applied biology of L. monocytogenes increases, progress can be made in the prevention and control of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Farber
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
During the 1980s, investigation of several large epidemics of listeriosis confirmed that transmission of L. monocytogenes in food causes human disease. Progress in laboratory detection and subtyping of the organism has enhanced our ability to compare human and environmental isolates of L. monocytogenes. Transmission by foodborne organisms is now recognized as causing both epidemic and sporadic listeriosis. Continued study of dietary risk factors associated with listeriosis is needed in order to develop dietary recommendations for the expanding population at increased risk of disease. Current research application of new molecular methods to the study of L. monocytogenes may improve the ability to diagnose pregnancy-associated disease and permit the rapid detection and control of L. monocytogenes in the food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schuchat
- Meningitis and Special Pathogens Branch, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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Listeria faecal carriage by renal transplant recipients, haemodialysis patients and patients in general practice: its relation to season, drug therapy, foreign travel, animal exposure and diet. Epidemiol Infect 1991; 106:157-66. [PMID: 1993449 PMCID: PMC2271839 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800056521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
About 2.3% (16/700) of faecal specimens from renal transplant recipients and patients having home haemodialysis as well as patients attending their general practitioners with symptoms of gastroenteritis yielded Listeria species 40% of positive faeces contained more than one Listeria species or serovar. The proportion of positive specimens was similar in all three patient groups. Listeria were isolated from 5.6% (10/177) of renal transplant recipients on one or more occasions over the period of a year. The commonest species was L. monocytogenes and type 4b the commonest serovar. Carriage was more common in July and August than other times of year, and less than 28 weeks in duration. In renal transplant recipients carriage was positively related to treatment with ranitidine, consumption of more than three types of cheese in the previous 20 months, and consumption of English cheddar cheese more than once per week.
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Curtis G, Mitchell R, King AF, Griffin EJ. A selective differential medium for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes. Lett Appl Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1989.tb00231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Khouzam MN, Scott GM. Neonatal listeriosis: A model for potential prenatal diagnosis and treatment. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 1989. [DOI: 10.3109/01443618909151061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Foodborne disease has become a contemporary issue. Several large, well-publicized outbreaks of foodborne disease have heightened public awareness that harmful microorganisms may be present in food and that chronic as well as acute disease may be caused by foodborne microbes. The field of food microbiology has likewise experienced a resurgence of interest. New tools, such as recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid technology and monoclonal antibody production, used to elucidate microbial virulence factors have facilitated identification of disease-causing microbes once thought to be harmless and demonstrated the complexity of individual virulence mechanisms previously considered to be well understood. Foodborne pathogens are also causing disease via some surprising food vectors, such as chopped, bottled garlic and sauteed onions. In addition to acute gastrointestinal disturbances, certain microorganisms may, through complex interactions with the human immune response, cause chronic diseases that affect several major organ systems. These microbes are serving as models in studies of molecular mimicry and genetic interrelatedness of procaryotes and eucaryotes. Other recently recognized attributes of foodborne microorganisms, such as the heat shock phenomenon and the possible nonculturability of some bacteria, may affect their ability to cause disease in humans. Because foodborne disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, the study of these diseases and their causative microorganisms presents a unique challenge to many professionals in the subdisciplines of microbiology, epidemiology, and clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Archer
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204
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Abstract
Four cases of neonatal infection with Listeria monocytogenes are reported. Two of them resulted in neonatal death and two in long-term healthy survival. The literature on the subject is reviewed with particular reference to epidemiology, early recognition and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Smyth
- Department of Paediatrics, Ipswich Hospital, Suffolk, U.K
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Lamont
- Department of Bacteriology, Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, U.K
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