1
|
Ossandón JP, Zerr P, Shareef I, Kekunnaya R, Röder B. Active vision in sight recovery individuals with a history of long-lasting congenital blindness. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0051-22.2022. [PMID: 36163106 PMCID: PMC9532021 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0051-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
What we see is intimately linked to how we actively and systematically explore the world through eye movements. However, it is unknown to what degree visual experience during early development is necessary for such systematic visual exploration to emerge. The present study investigated visual exploration behavior in ten human participants whose sight had been restored only in childhood or adulthood, after a period of congenital blindness due to dense bilateral congenital cataracts. Participants freely explored real-world images while their eye movements were recorded. Despite severe residual visual impairments and gaze instability (nystagmus), visual exploration patterns were preserved in individuals with reversed congenital cataract. Modelling analyses indicated that similar to healthy controls, visual exploration in individuals with reversed congenital cataract was based on the low-level (luminance contrast) and high-level (object components) visual content of the images. Moreover, participants used visual short-term memory representations for narrowing down the exploration space. More systematic visual exploration in individuals with reversed congenital cataract was associated with better object recognition, suggesting that active vision might be a driving force for visual system development and recovery. The present results argue against a sensitive period for the development of neural mechanisms associated with visual exploration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHumans explore the visual world with systematic patterns of eye movements, but it is unknown whether early visual experience is necessary for the acquisition of visual exploration. Here, we show that sight recovery individuals who had been born blind demonstrate highly systematic eye movements while exploring real-world images, despite visual impairments and pervasive gaze instability. In fact, their eye movement patterns were predicted by those of normally sighted controls and models calculating eye movements based on low- and high-level visual features, and they moreover took memory information into account. Since object recognition performance was associated with systematic visual exploration it was concluded that eye movements might be a driving factor for the development of the visual system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José P Ossandón
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Zerr
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Idris Shareef
- Child Sight Institute, Jasti V Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramesh Kekunnaya
- Child Sight Institute, Jasti V Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Brigitte Röder
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
This chapter reviews literature on development of visual-spatial attention. A brief overview of brain mechanisms of visual perception is provided, followed by discussion of neural maturation in the prenatal period, infancy, and childhood. This is followed by sections on gaze control, eye movement systems, and orienting. The chapter concludes with consideration of development of space, objects, and scenes. Visual-spatial attention reflects an intricate set of motor, perceptual, and cognitive systems that work jointly and all develop in tandem.
Collapse
|
3
|
Corneal-Reflection Eye-Tracking Technique for the Assessment of Horizontal Sound Localization Accuracy from 6 Months of Age. Ear Hear 2016; 37:e104-18. [DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
4
|
L’attention conjointe, quarante ans d’évaluations et de recherches de modélisations. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2015. [DOI: 10.4074/s0003503315001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
5
|
Aubineau LH, Vandromme L, Le Driant B. L’attention conjointe, quarante ans d’évaluations et de recherches de modélisations. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2015. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy.151.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
6
|
L’attention conjointe, quarante ans d’évaluations et de recherches de modélisations. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2014. [DOI: 10.4074/s0003503314000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
7
|
Rogers TT, McClelland JL. Parallel Distributed Processing at 25: Further Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. Cogn Sci 2014; 38:1024-77. [DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
8
|
Morgante JD, Zolfaghari R, Johnson SP. A Critical Test of Temporal and Spatial Accuracy of the Tobii T60XL Eye Tracker. INFANCY 2011; 17:9-32. [PMID: 32693503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-7078.2011.00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infant eye tracking is becoming increasingly popular for its presumed precision relative to traditional looking time paradigms and potential to yield new insights into developmental processes. However, there is strong reason to suspect that the temporal and spatial resolution of popular eye tracking systems is not entirely accurate, potentially compromising any data from an infant eye tracking experiment. Moreover, "best practices" for infant eye tracking, such as knowing which software tool enhances experimental flexibility, remain to be determined. The present investigation was designed to evaluate the temporal and spatial accuracy of data from the Tobii T60XL eye tracker through the use of visual latency and spatial accuracy tasks involving adults and infants. Systematic delays and drifts were revealed in oculomotor response times, and the system's spatial accuracy was observed to deviate somewhat in excess of the manufacturer's estimates; the experimental flexibility of the system appears dependent on the chosen software.
Collapse
|
9
|
Watanabe H, Homae F, Taga G. Activation and deactivation in response to visual stimulation in the occipital cortex of 6-month-old human infants. Dev Psychobiol 2011; 54:1-15. [PMID: 21594872 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In an infant's developing cortex, the explanation for the mechanisms underlying the activations and deactivations in response to visual stimuli remains controversial. While previous near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) studies in awake infants have demonstrated cortical activations in response to meaningful/attractive visual stimuli, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies performed on sleeping infants showed negative blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses to high-luminance unpatterned stimulations, such as a photic stimulation. To examine the effect of the characteristics of visual stimuli on cortical processing in awake infants, we measured cortical hemodynamic responses in 6-month-old infants during the presentation of a high-luminance unpatterned stimulus by using a NIRS system with 94 measurement channels. Results from 35 infants showed dissociated cortical responses between the occipital region and the other parts of the cortex, including the temporal and prefrontal regions. Although the visual stimulus produced sustained increases in oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) signals in the temporal and prefrontal regions, it produced a transient increase in oxy-Hb signals followed by a salient decrease in oxy-Hb signals during a trial in a focal region of the occipital visual region. This suggests that the deactivation of the occipital visual region in response to visual stimulation is not a phenomenon that occurs only in the sleeping state, but that a high-luminance unpatterned stimulus can induce deactivation even in the awake infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hama Watanabe
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Valenza E, Bulf H. Early development of object unity: evidence for perceptual completion in newborns. Dev Sci 2010; 14:799-808. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
11
|
Mansfield E, Farroni T, Johnson M. Does gaze perception facilitate overt orienting? VISUAL COGNITION 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/713756671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Mansfield
- a Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, School of Psychology, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK
| | - Teresa Farroni
- a Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, School of Psychology, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK
| | - Mark Johnson
- a Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, School of Psychology, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The visual world of adults consists of objects at various distances, partly occluding one another, substantial and stable across space and time. The visual world of young infants, in contrast, is often fragmented and unstable, consisting not of coherent objects but rather surfaces that move in unpredictable ways. Evidence from computational modeling and from experiments with human infants highlights three kinds of learning that contribute to infants' knowledge of the visual world: learning via association, learning via active assembly, and learning via visual-manual exploration. Infants acquire knowledge by observing objects move in and out of sight, forming associations of these different views. In addition, the infant's own self-produced behavior-oculomotor patterns and manual experience, in particular-are important means by which infants discover and construct their visual world.
Collapse
|
13
|
Functional activation in diverse regions of the developing brain of human infants. Neuroimage 2008; 43:346-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
14
|
Fitzpatrick P, Needham A, Natale L, Metta G. Shared challenges in object perception for robots and infants. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
15
|
Hunnius S. The early development of visual attention and its implications for social and cognitive development. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2007; 164:187-209. [PMID: 17920432 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(07)64010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Looking behavior plays a crucial role in the daily life of an infant and forms the basis for cognitive and social development. The infant's visual attentional systems undergo rapid development during the first few months of life. During the last decennia, the study of visual attentional development in infants has received increasing interest. Several reliable measures to investigate the early development of attentional processes have been developed, and currently a number of new methods are giving fresh impetus to the field. Research on overt and covert as well as exogenously and endogenously controlled attention shifts is presented. The development of gaze shifts to peripheral targets, covert attention, and visual scanning behavior is treated. Whereas most attentional mechanisms in very young infants are thought to be mediated mainly by subcortical structures, cortical mechanisms become increasingly more functional throughout the first months. Different accounts of the neurophysiological underpinnings of attentional processes and their developmental changes are discussed. Finally, a number of studies investigating the implications of attentional development for early cognitive and social development are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hunnius
- Department of Pediatric and Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Despite decades of studies of human infants, a still open question concerns the role of visual experience in the development of the ability to perceive complete shapes over partial occlusion. Previous studies show that newborns fail to manifest this ability, either because they lack the visual experience required for perceptual completion or because they fail to detect the pattern of motion. To distinguish these possibilities, newborns' perception of a center-occluded object was tested, using stroboscopic motion. Infants (mean age of 72 hr) perceived the object as a connected unit, providing the first evidence that the newborn is capable of filling in gaps in the visible surface layout when the relevant visual information can be detected by his or her immature visual system.
Collapse
|
17
|
Valenza E, Zulian L, Leoy I. The Role of Perceptual Skills in Newborns' Perception of Partly Occluded Objects. INFANCY 2005; 8:1-20. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327078in0801_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
18
|
Gredebäck G, von Hofsten C, Karlsson J, Aus K. The development of two-dimensional tracking: a longitudinal study of circular pursuit. Exp Brain Res 2005; 163:204-13. [PMID: 15688173 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-004-2162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2003] [Accepted: 10/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated 6- to 12-month-old infants' ability to track an object moving on circular trajectories, using a longitudinal design. Consistent predictive gaze tracking was not found before 8 months of age. These results indicate that infants' horizontal and vertical components of circular tracking are less mature than expected from previous studies of one-dimensional horizontal tracking. Vertical components are especially immature, particularly during high velocity tracking (approximately 20 degrees /s). The results also suggest that horizontal and vertical tracking are mutually dependent during early development. Saccades were predictive (average lag >-125 ms) from 6 months onwards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf Gredebäck
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Box 1225, 75142, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Johnson SP, Slemmer JA, Amso D. Where Infants Look Determines How They See: Eye Movements and Object Perception Performance in 3-Month-Olds. INFANCY 2004; 6:185-201. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327078in0602_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
20
|
Hunnius S, Geuze RH. Developmental Changes in Visual Scanning of Dynamic Faces and Abstract Stimuli in Infants: A Longitudinal Study. INFANCY 2004; 6:231-255. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327078in0602_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
21
|
Johnson SP, Cohen LB, Marks KH, Johnson KL. Young Infants' Perception of Object Unity in Rotation Displays. INFANCY 2003. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327078in0402_08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
22
|
Mareschal D, Johnson SP. Of models and mechanisms: a reply to commentators. Dev Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-7687.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
23
|
Johnson SP, Bremner JG, Slater AM, Mason UC, Foster K. Young infants' perception of unity and form in occlusion displays. J Exp Child Psychol 2002; 81:358-74. [PMID: 11884095 DOI: 10.1006/jecp.2002.2657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Young infants have been reported to perceive the unity of a center-occluded object when the visible ends of the object are aligned and undergo common motion but not when the edges of the object are misaligned (Johnson & Aslin, 1996). Using a recognition-based paradigm, the authors investigated the possibility that past research failed to provide sufficiently sensitive assessments of infants' perception of the unity of misaligned edges in partial occlusion displays. Positive evidence was obtained in 4-month-olds for veridical perception of the motion and location of a hidden region but not its orientation, whereas 7-month-olds, in contrast to the younger infants, appeared to respond to the orientation of the hidden region. Overall, the results suggest that habituation designs tapping recognition processes may be particularly efficacious in revealing infants' perceptual organization. In addition, the findings provide corroborative evidence for the importance of both motion and orientation in young infants' object segregation and for the difficulty in achieving percepts of the global form of a partly occluded object.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Infants’ visual tracking of continuous circular motion under conditions of occlusion and non-occlusion. Infant Behav Dev 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0163-6383(02)00119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|