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Inagawa A, Kimura M, Uehara N. Total protein assay by PCA-based RGB-spectrum conversion methods with smartphone-acquired digital images. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:869-880. [PMID: 35325437 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Total protein concentrations in the aqueous solutions were determined from the absorption spectra reproduced from smartphone-captured digital color images. We employed two different procedures for protein determination: the pyrogallol red molybdate method and Bradford's method. The principal-component-analysis-based reproduction process, which was previously reported by our research group, enabled the conversion of RGB values to score values for a linear combination of loading vectors to generate reproduced absorption spectra. The reproduced spectra were identical to those measured using a commercially available spectrophotometer. The total protein assays of commercial soymilk and human serum samples were carried out with both coloration reagents, and the obtained results were in good agreement with those attained using a conventional spectrophotometer. These results show that the proposed method enables smartphone-based ratiometric analysis of real samples without requiring any monochromating equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinori Inagawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, 7-1-2 Yoto, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8585, Japan.
| | - Miwa Kimura
- Faculty of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, 7-1-2 Yoto, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuo Uehara
- Faculty of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, 7-1-2 Yoto, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8585, Japan.
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Jawaid W, Sana R, Umer SR, Nisa Q, Butt M, Shahbaz N. Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid protein level and electrophysiologic abnormalities in the acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome. GERMAN MEDICAL SCIENCE : GMS E-JOURNAL 2021; 19:Doc12. [PMID: 34539302 PMCID: PMC8422794 DOI: 10.3205/000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by weakness in limbs or cranial nerve innervated muscles. Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) is the most common variant. Electrophysiologic abnormalities and elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein are frequently present in AIDP, but the relationship between these two parameters is not well known. We aimed to fill this gap by studying this relationship. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted for two years in the Department of Neurology, Dr. Ruth K. M. Pfau Civil Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. All 90 adult patients with the AIDP variant of GBS were selected. Nerve conduction studies were performed to determine the degree of demyelination through the four electrophysiologic demyelination criteria. The CSF sample was sent to lab immediately after lumbar puncture. SPSS version 20.0 was used. The CSF protein level was measured with mean ±SD. Demyelination criteria were measured in frequency and percentages. Chi-square test was applied to a number of demyelination criteria and T-test/ANOVA was applied on mean CSF protein level. Results: We found a mean CSF protein of 37.41 mg/dl (±3.69) with one demyelination criterion, 81.87 mg/dl (±17.39) with two demyelination criteria, 119.75 mg/dl (±31.42) with three demyelination criteria, and 134.00 mg/dl (±42.87) with four demyelination criteria (P-value <0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrates a significant relationship between CSF protein levels and degree of demyelination in the AIDP variant of GBS. This is an under-researched area in GBS and this study adds favorably to limited data in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Jawaid
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Ruth K. M. Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi & Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Sana
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Ruth K. M. Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi & Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sumera Rafat Umer
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Ruth K. M. Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi & Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Nisa
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Ruth K. M. Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi & Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Butt
- Department of Medicine & Allied, Jinnah Medical College Hospital Korangi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Naila Shahbaz
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Ruth K. M. Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi & Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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Zhao X, Yang F, Wang H, Cui F, Li M, Sun B, Li Y, Sun Q, He Z, Li Y, Huang X. The increase in CSF total protein and immunoglobulins in Chinese patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A retrospective study. J Neurol Sci 2020; 414:116840. [PMID: 32388062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate total protein (TP) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and immunoglobulins in the serum and CSF in patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS). We also assessed the correlations of these variables with sALS progression and severity and estimated their roles in predicting prognosis. METHODS We retrospectively collected data on CSF TP and immunoglobulins in the CSF and serum, including immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M, from 326 sALS patients. The relationships between these variables and clinical features, including sex, age, disease duration, site of onset, respiratory function and survival time, were analysed by Wilcoxon's nonparametric tests. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore whether levels of TP and immunoglobulins in the CSF were independently correlated with the survival time of patients with ALS. RESULTS The CSF TP was elevated in 55% of the patients. The median CSF TP was 417.7 (349.4-539.5) mg/L, and 6 patients (2%) had a CSF TP level greater than 1000 mg/L. The CSF TP levels were significantly higher in male patients than in female patients (p<.001). In females, the CSF TP had positive associations with onset age (rho =0.196, p = .021) and disease progression rate (DPR) (rho =0.230, p = .035) but negative associations with disease duration (rho = -0.204, p = .016) and revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R) (rho = -0.288, p = .008). The ALSFRS-R scores of male patients were negatively correlated with the s-IgM levels (rho = -0.562, p = .005). Onset age was negatively associated with the s-IgM levels (rho = -0.534, p = .005) in females. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses showed that no correlations were found between survival time and the levels of TP and immunoglobulins in the CSF. CONCLUSION Elevated levels of TP and immunoglobulins in the CSF suggest impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and immune responses in the CNS of ALS patients. Higher CSF TP levels were associated with later onset age, a shorter disease duration and worse disease severity in females. The changes in the levels of CSF TP and s-IgM might indicate the severity of the disease in some ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- Department of Neurology of the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China; College of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Neurology of the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hongfen Wang
- Department of Neurology of the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Fang Cui
- Department of Neurology of the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Mao Li
- Department of Neurology of the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Neurology of the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yanran Li
- Department of Neurology of the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qionghua Sun
- Department of Neurology of the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China; College of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhengqing He
- Department of Neurology of the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurology of the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China; College of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xusheng Huang
- Department of Neurology of the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China; College of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
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López-Alarcón C, Lissi E. Interaction of pyrogallol red with peroxyl radicals. A basis for a simple methodology for the evaluation of antioxidant capabilities. Free Radic Res 2009; 39:729-36. [PMID: 16036352 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500143452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A competitive method to evaluate the reactivity of highly reactive antioxidants is reported. Pyrogallol red (PGR) and AAPH (2,2'-azo-bis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride) were employed as target-molecule and peroxyl radical source, respectively. In the zero-order kinetic limit in PGR, the dependence of the ratio R(o)/R (where R(o) is the rate of the process in the absence of additive and R is the rate of the process in the presence of additive) upon the additive concentration (Stern-Volmer like plots) was studied. Various polyphenols (n=10) and ascorbic acid (AA) were tested as additives. In PGR protection by AA, was observed a neat induction time, associated to the total protection of the target molecule. On the other hand, the experiments that were carried out in presence of phenolic compounds allowed a relative evaluation of their reactivity towards peroxyl radicals. This reactivity follows the order quercetin > gallic acid > Trolox > kaempferol. Data obtained employing quercetin and Trolox are compatible with a competitive protection by these antioxidants. Due to the high reactivity of PGR towards peroxyl radicals and its high extinction coefficient at long wavelengths, it is a very suitable molecule to be employed as target in the evaluation of the free radical scavenging capability of very reactive phenolic compounds.
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López-Alarcón C, Lissi E. A novel and simple ORAC methodology based on the interaction of Pyrogallol Red with peroxyl radicals. Free Radic Res 2009; 40:979-85. [PMID: 17015279 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500481233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen radicals absorbance capacities (ORAC) indexes are frequently employed to characterize the radical trapping capacity of pure compounds and their complex mixtures. A drawback of ORAC values obtained using phycoerythrin, fluorescein (FL) or c-phycocyanin as targets, makes it possible to conclude that for very reactive compounds they are much more related to stoichiometric factors than to the reactivity of the tested compound. In the present paper, we propose a simple methodology, based on the bleaching of Pyrogallol Red (PGR) absorbance that provides ORAC indexes that are almost exclusively determined by the reactivity of the tested compounds. This difference is due to the high reactivity of PGR and the high concentrations of this compound employed in the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C López-Alarcón
- University of Santiago, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Santiago, Chile
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Warner TD, Vojnovic I, Bishop-Bailey D, Mitchell JA. Influence of plasma protein on the potencies of inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2. FASEB J 2006; 20:542-4. [PMID: 16403783 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-4434fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is widely believed that the potencies of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) are influenced by protein binding in the extracellular fluid, since NSAIDs are bound to circulating albumin by well over 95%. This is an important point because the protein concentrations in synovial fluid and the central nervous system, which are sites of NSAID action, are markedly different from those in plasma. Here we have used a modified whole-blood assay to compare the potencies of aspirin, celecoxib, diclofenac, indomethacin, lumiracoxib, meloxicam, naproxen, rofecoxib, sodium salicylate, and SC560 as inhibitors of COX-1 and COX-2 in the presence of differing concentrations of protein. The potencies of diclofenac, naproxen, rofecoxib, and salicylate, but not aspirin, celecoxib, indomethacin, lumiracoxib, meloxicam, or SC560, against COX-1 (human platelets) increased as protein concentrations were reduced. Varying protein concentrations did not affect the potencies of any of the drugs against COX-2, with the exception of sodium salicylate (A549 cells). Clearly, our findings show that the selectivity of inhibitors for COX-1 and COX-2, which are taken to be linked to their efficacy and side effects, may change in different extracellular fluid conditions. In particular, selectivity in one body compartment does not demonstrate selectivity in another. Thus, whole-body safety or toxicity cannot be linked to one definitive measure of COX selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Warner
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, London, UK.
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