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Shen HH, Zhang XY, Liu N, Zhang YY, Wu HH, Xie F, Wang WJ, Li MQ. Chitosan alleviates ovarian aging by enhancing macrophage phagocyte-mediated tissue homeostasis. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:10. [PMID: 38279177 PMCID: PMC10821576 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related changes in the ovarian microenvironment are linked to impaired fertility in women. Macrophages play important roles in ovarian tissue homeostasis and immune surveillance. However, the impact of aging on ovarian macrophage function and ovarian homeostasis remains poorly understood. METHODS Senescence-associated beta-galactosidase staining, immunohistochemistry, and TUNEL staining were used to assess senescence and apoptosis, respectively. Flow cytometry was employed to evaluate mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and apoptosis in granulosa cells lines (KGN), and macrophages phagocytosis. After a 2-month treatment with low molecular weight Chitosan (LMWC), ovarian tissues from mice were collected for comprehensive analysis. RESULTS Compared with the liver and uterus, the ovary displayed accelerated aging in an age-dependent manner, which was accompanied by elevated levels of inflammatory factors and apoptotic cells, and impaired macrophage phagocytic activity. The aged KGN cells exhibited elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptotic levels alongside decreased MMP. H2O2-induced aging macrophages showed reduced phagocytosis function. Moreover, there were excessive aging macrophages with impaired phagocytosis in the follicular fluid of patients with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). Notably, LMWC administration alleviated ovarian aging by enhancing macrophage phagocytosis and promoting tissue homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Aging ovarian is characterized by an accumulation of aging and apoptotic granulosa cells, an inflammatory response and macrophage phagocytosis dysfunction. In turn, impaired phagocytosis of macrophage contributes to insufficient clearance of aging and apoptotic granulosa cells and the increased risk of DOR. Additionally, LMWC emerges as a potential therapeutic strategy for age-related ovarian dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Shen
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yan Zhang
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Liu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Yang Zhang
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Hua Wu
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215002, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xie
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- Department of Gynecology of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China.
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Sokolova TV, Rychkova MP, Basova NE, Yefimova MG. Vitamin D3 Inhibits Phagocytic Activity of Rat Brain Astrocytes in Primary Culture. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sokolova TV, Rychkova MP, Basova NE, Vasilev DS, Avrova NF, Yefimova MG. Phagocytic Activity of Rat Primary Astrocytes Is Regulated by Insulin and Ganglioside GM1. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021050094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A timely and efficient removal of apoptotic cells and their
fragments is essential to maintain tissue homeostasis in normal
and pathological conditions. Since the removal of apoptotic substrates
is executed by the cells endowed with phagocytic activity, the issue
of its regulation is of particular interest. In this work, we studied
the effect of two biologically active substances, insulin and ganglioside
GM1, on phagocytic activity of rat primary astrocytes. We showed
that cell incubation with 1 µM insulin significantly decreased the
phagocytic activity of astrocytes (58.5% vs. control), whereas the
incubation with 10 µM GM1 caused an increase in phagocytic activity
(133.4% vs. control). Preincubation of brain astrocytes with GM1
completely blocked the inhibitory effect of insulin. These results
can be instrumental in developing novel therapeutic strategies for
the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases accompanied by the emergence
of apoptotic substrates.
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MERTK-Mediated LC3-Associated Phagocytosis (LAP) of Apoptotic Substrates in Blood-Separated Tissues: Retina, Testis, Ovarian Follicles. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061443. [PMID: 34207717 PMCID: PMC8229618 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Timely and efficient elimination of apoptotic substrates, continuously produced during one’s lifespan, is a vital need for all tissues of the body. This task is achieved by cells endowed with phagocytic activity. In blood-separated tissues such as the retina, the testis and the ovaries, the resident cells of epithelial origin as retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE), testis Sertoli cells and ovarian granulosa cells (GC) provide phagocytic cleaning of apoptotic cells and cell membranes. Disruption of this process leads to functional ablation as blindness in the retina and compromised fertility in males and females. To ensure the efficient elimination of apoptotic substrates, RPE, Sertoli cells and GC combine various mechanisms allowing maintenance of tissue homeostasis and avoiding acute inflammation, tissue disorganization and functional ablation. In tight cooperation with other phagocytosis receptors, MERTK—a member of the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)—plays a pivotal role in apoptotic substrate cleaning from the retina, the testis and the ovaries through unconventional autophagy-assisted phagocytosis process LAP (LC3-associated phagocytosis). In this review, we focus on the interplay between TAM RTKs, autophagy-related proteins, LAP, and Toll-like receptors (TLR), as well as the regulatory mechanisms allowing these components to sustain tissue homeostasis and prevent functional ablation of the retina, the testis and the ovaries.
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Yefimova MG, Lefevre C, Bashamboo A, Eozenou C, Burel A, Lavault MT, Meunier AC, Pimentel C, Veau S, Neyroud AS, Jaillard S, Jégou B, Bourmeyster N, Ravel C. Granulosa cells provide elimination of apoptotic oocytes through unconventional autophagy-assisted phagocytosis. Hum Reprod 2021; 35:1346-1362. [PMID: 32531067 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do human granulosa cells (GCs) ingest and destroy apoptotic oocytes? SUMMARY ANSWER Somatic GCs ingest and destroy apoptotic oocytes and other apoptotic substrates through unconventional autophagy-assisted phagocytosis. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Most (99%) ovarian germ cells undergo apoptosis through follicular atresia. The mode of cleaning of atretic follicles from the ovary is unclear. Ovarian GCs share striking similarities with testicular Sertoli cells with respect to their origin and function. Somatic Sertoli cells are responsible for the elimination of apoptotic spermatogenic cells through unconventional autophagy-assisted phagocytosis. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Human GCs were tested for the ability to ingest and destroy the apoptotic oocytes and other apoptotic substrates. A systemic study of the main phagocytosis steps has been performed at different time points after loading of apoptotic substrates into the GC. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Primary cultures of GC retrieved following controlled ovarian stimulation of five women for IVF/ICSI and a human granulosa KGN cell line were incubated with different apoptotic substrates: oocytes which underwent spontaneous apoptosis during the cultivation of immature germ cells for IVF/ICSI; apoptotic KGN cells; and apoptotic membranes from rat retinas. Cultured GC were analyzed for the presence of specific molecular markers characteristic of different steps of phagocytic and autophagy machineries by immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and western blotting, before and after loading with apoptotic substrates. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Incubation of human GC with apoptotic substrates resulted in their translocation in cell cytoplasm, concomitant with activation of the phagocytosis receptor c-mer proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase MERTK (P < 0.001), clumping of motor molecule myosin II, recruitment of autophagy proteins: autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5), autophagy-related protein 6 (Beclin1) and the rise of a membrane form of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3-II) protein. Ingestion of apoptotic substrates was accompanied by increased expression of the lysosomal protease Cathepsin D (P < 0.001), and a rise of lysosomes in the GCs, as assessed by different techniques. The level of autophagy adaptor, sequestosome 1/p62 (p62) protein remained unchanged. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The number of patients described here is limited. Also the dependence of phagocytosis on reproductive hormone status of patients should be analyzed. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Removal of apoptotic oocytes by surrounding GC seems likely to be a physiological mechanism involved in follicular atresia. Proper functioning of this mechanism may be a new strategy for the treatment of ovarian dysfunctions associated with an imbalance in content of germ cells in the ovaries, such as premature ovarian failure and polycystic ovary syndrome. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The study was funded by Rennes Metropole (AIS 2015) and Agence de BioMédecine. This work was supported by funding from Université de Rennes1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) and CHU de Rennes. A.B. is funded in part by the program Actions Concertées Interpasteuriennes (ACIP) and a research grant from the European Society of Pediatric Endocrinology. This work is supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche Grants ANR-17-CE14-0038 and ANR-10-LABX-73. The authors declare no competing interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Yefimova
- CHU RENNES, Département de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Reproduction Humaine - CECOS, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - C Lefevre
- Université Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - A Bashamboo
- Human Developmental Genetics, Institut Pasteur, 75724, Paris, France
| | - C Eozenou
- Human Developmental Genetics, Institut Pasteur, 75724, Paris, France
| | - A Burel
- MRic TEM Plateform, BIOSIT, Université Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - M T Lavault
- MRic TEM Plateform, BIOSIT, Université Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - A C Meunier
- Laboratoire STIM, Université de Poitiers, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - C Pimentel
- CHU RENNES, Département de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Reproduction Humaine - CECOS, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - S Veau
- CHU RENNES, Département de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Reproduction Humaine - CECOS, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - A S Neyroud
- CHU RENNES, Département de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Reproduction Humaine - CECOS, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - S Jaillard
- CHU RENNES, Département de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Reproduction Humaine - CECOS, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - B Jégou
- Université Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - N Bourmeyster
- Laboratoire STIM, Université de Poitiers, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France.,CHU POITIERS, Pôle Biospharm, secteur Biochimie, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - C Ravel
- CHU RENNES, Département de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Reproduction Humaine - CECOS, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Université Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Carlock C, Wu J, Zhou C, Ross A, Adams H, Lou Y. Ovarian phagocyte subsets and their distinct tissue distribution patterns. Reproduction 2013; 146:491-500. [PMID: 23996136 DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian macrophages, which play critical roles in various ovarian events, are probably derived from multiple lineages. Thus, a systemic classification of their subsets is a necessary first step for determination of their functions. Utilizing antibodies to five phagocyte markers, i.e. IA/IE (major histocompatibility complex class II), F4/80, CD11b (Mac-1), CD11c, and CD68, this study investigated subsets of ovarian phagocytes in mice. Three-color immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, together with morphological observation on isolated ovarian cells, demonstrated complicated phenotypes of ovarian phagocytes. Four macrophage and one dendritic cell subset, in addition to many minor phagocyte subsets, were identified. A dendritic cell-like population with a unique phenotype of CD11c(high)IA/IE⁻F4/80⁻ was also frequently observed. A preliminary age-dependent study showed dramatic increases in IA/IE⁺ macrophages and IA/IE⁺ dendritic cells after puberty. Furthermore, immunofluorescences on ovarian sections showed that each subset displayed a distinct tissue distribution pattern. The pattern for each subset may hint to their role in an ovarian function. In addition, partial isolation of ovarian macrophage subset using CD11b antibodies was attempted. Establishment of this isolation method may have provided us a tool for more precise investigation of each subset's functions at the cellular and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Carlock
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, SD, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,
5326 BBSB, 1941 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA and
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Merkwitz C, Lochhead P, Tsikolia N, Koch D, Sygnecka K, Sakurai M, Spanel-Borowski K, Ricken AM. Expression of KIT in the ovary, and the role of somatic precursor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 46:131-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Tingen CM, Kiesewetter SE, Jozefik J, Thomas C, Tagler D, Shea L, Woodruff TK. A macrophage and theca cell-enriched stromal cell population influences growth and survival of immature murine follicles in vitro. Reproduction 2011; 141:809-20. [PMID: 21389078 DOI: 10.1530/rep-10-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Innovations in in vitro ovarian follicle culture have revolutionized the field of fertility preservation, but the successful culturing of isolated primary and small secondary follicles remains difficult. Herein, we describe a revised 3D culture system that uses a feeder layer of ovarian stromal cells to support early follicle development. This culture system allows significantly improved primary and early secondary follicle growth and survival. The stromal cells, consisting mostly of thecal cells and ovarian macrophages, recapitulate the in vivo conditions of these small follicles and increase the production of androgens and cytokines missing from stromal cell-free culture conditions. These results demonstrate that small follicles have a stage-specific reliance on the ovarian environment, and that growth and survival can be improved in vitro through a milieu created by pre-pubertal ovarian stromal cell co-culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace M Tingen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Institute for Women's Health Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Pate JL, Toyokawa K, Walusimbi S, Brzezicka E. The interface of the immune and reproductive systems in the ovary: lessons learned from the corpus luteum of domestic animal models. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64:275-86. [PMID: 20712810 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic changes that characterize the female reproductive system are regulated by hormones. However, local cell-to-cell interactions may mediate responsiveness of tissues to hormonal signals. The corpus luteum (CL) is an excellent model for understanding how immune cells are recruited into tissues and the role played by those cells in regulating tissue homeostasis or demise. Leukocytes are recruited into the CL throughout its lifespan, and leukocyte-derived cytokines have been found in corpora lutea of all species examined. The proinflammatory cytokines inhibit gonadotropin-stimulated steroidogenesis, profoundly stimulate prostaglandin synthesis by luteal cells, and promote apoptosis. However, there is mounting evidence that leukocytes and luteal cells communicate in different ways to maintain homeostasis within the functional CL. Domestic animals have provided important information regarding the presence and role of immune cells in the CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy L Pate
- Department of Dairy and Animal Science, Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
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Itoh M, Terayama H, Naito M, Ogawa Y, Tainosho S. Tissue microcircumstances for leukocytic infiltration into the testis and epididymis in mice. J Reprod Immunol 2005; 67:57-67. [PMID: 16111766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Spermatozoa do not appear in the seminiferous epithelium until puberty, when immune tolerance has already been established. Therefore, they contain various autoimmunogenic materials which are recognized as foreign by the self immune system. However, the testis and epididymis are known as immunologically privileged organs. In particular, the blood-testis barrier (BTB) formed by Sertoli cells and the blood-epididymal barrier formed by epididymal epithelial cells protect autoimmunogeneic spermatozoa from attack by the self immune system. The immune privileged circumstances in the testis and epididymis have been demonstrated by many studies to involve a local transplantation system. We review here the immune privileged status of these organs from the viewpoint of induction of inflammatory cell responses in mice. The testicular interstitium in mice is resistant to vasculitis, lymphangitis, spermatic granuloma and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration: however, the epididymal interstitium is vulnerable to them. Therefore, the testicular tissue outside BTB is also protected from inflammatory cell infiltration, although many resident macrophages are normally present in the testis. In sharp contrast, subcutaneous injection of viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TGC) alone induces autoimmune orchitis with no involvement of the epididymitis in mice. In the testes of TGC-immunized animals, severe lymphocytic infiltration with aspermatogenesis was seen in spite of no use of adjuvants. Unexpectedly, injections of viable epididymal spermatozoa (ES) did not evoke any autoimmune inflammation in the epididymides. Therefore, the testis rather than the epididymis may easily become an unprivileged organ as to autoimmunity under some special conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Itoh
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
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