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Pokoyski C, Baars W, Windheim M, Reubold TF, Zischke J, Brinkmann A, Kay-Fedorov PC, Schwinzer R. Expression of viral CD45 ligand E3/49K on porcine cells reduces human anti-pig immune responses. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17218. [PMID: 37821577 PMCID: PMC10567836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic expression of protective molecules in porcine cells and tissues is a promising approach to prevent xenograft rejection. Viruses have developed various strategies to escape the host's immune system. We generated porcine B cells (B cell line L23) expressing the human adenovirus protein E3/49K or the human cytomegalovirus protein pUL11 and investigated how human T, NK and B cell responses are affected by the expression of the viral proteins. Binding studies revealed that E3/49K and pUL11 interact with CD45 on human but not porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. T cell proliferation in response to L23-E3/49K cells was significantly reduced and accompanied by development of an anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu (low: TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-6; high: IL-4, IL-10). Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells which had been primed for four weeks by L23-E3/49K cells included an extended population of regulatory T cells. Cytotoxicity of effector T and natural killer cells against L23 cells was significantly reduced (40 to 50%) by E3/49K expression. B cell activation and antibody production to E3/49K expressing cells was also diminished. Surprisingly, pUL11 expression showed no effects. Reduction of human anti-pig immune responses by transgenic expression of selected viral genes may be a novel approach for protection of porcine xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pokoyski
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Wiebke Baars
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark Windheim
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas F Reubold
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jasmin Zischke
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF, TTU-IICH), Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antje Brinkmann
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Penelope C Kay-Fedorov
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF, TTU-IICH), Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schwinzer
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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2
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Bu F, Huang S, Yang X, Wei L, Zhang D, Zhang Z, Tian D. Damage-induced NAD release activates intestinal CD4+ and CD8+ T cell via P2X7R signaling. Cell Immunol 2023; 385:104677. [PMID: 36746070 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative ileus (POI) is characterized by the activation of inflammation triggered by tissue damage. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) reportedly induce local inflammation after injury. However, the impact of DAMPs on intestinal resident lymphocytes during POI remains poorly elucidated. METHODS POI in mice was induced via intestinal manipulation (IM). The concentration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) was detected after IM. The gastrointestinal motility of the mice was assessed after IM or NAD injection. Cytokine production and calcium influx in T cells were investigated after NAD stimulation using flow cytometry. RESULTS The concentration of extracellular NAD significantly increased after IM administration, and NAD directly impaired gastrointestinal motility. Intraperitoneal injection of NAD promoted the expression of TNF-α in intestinal CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, but only IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells was significantly promoted by NAD injection. Granzyme B production in CD8+ and CD4+ T cells decreased after administration. Concordantly, the same results were observed in NAD stimulation of intestinal CD3+ T cells in vitro. Blocking the P2X7R-related membrane enzyme ART2.2 significantly diminished the pro-inflammatory effect of NAD. CONCLUSION IM includes the release of NAD derived from damaged tissues, consequently promoting pro-inflammatory cytokine production in intestinal CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. NAD-induced intestinal T cells activation may be associated with POI progression in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fandi Bu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyang Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China; Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobao Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luyang Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China; Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongtao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Dan Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China; Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China.
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Amini L, Wagner DL, Rössler U, Zarrinrad G, Wagner LF, Vollmer T, Wendering DJ, Kornak U, Volk HD, Reinke P, Schmueck-Henneresse M. CRISPR-Cas9-Edited Tacrolimus-Resistant Antiviral T Cells for Advanced Adoptive Immunotherapy in Transplant Recipients. Mol Ther 2021; 29:32-46. [PMID: 32956624 PMCID: PMC7791012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections, such as with cytomegalovirus (CMV), remain a major risk factor for mortality and morbidity of transplant recipients because of their requirement for lifelong immunosuppression (IS). Antiviral drugs often cause toxicity and sometimes fail to control disease. Thus, regeneration of the antiviral immune response by adoptive antiviral T cell therapy is an attractive alternative. Our recent data, however, show only short-term efficacy in some solid organ recipients, possibly because of malfunction in transferred T cells caused by ongoing IS. We developed a vector-free clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9-based good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant protocol that efficiently targets and knocks out the gene for the adaptor protein FK506-binding protein 12 (FKBP12), required for the immunosuppressive function of tacrolimus. This was achieved by transient delivery of ribonucleoprotein complexes into CMV-specific T cells by electroporation. We confirmed the tacrolimus resistance of our gene-edited T cell products in vitro and demonstrated performance comparable with non-tacrolimus-treated unmodified T cells. The alternative calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A can be administered as a safety switch to shut down tacrolimus-resistant T cell activity in case of adverse effects. Furthermore, we performed safety assessments as a prerequisite for translation to first-in-human applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Amini
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Center for Regenerative Therapies (B-CRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Laurin Wagner
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Center for Regenerative Therapies (B-CRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta Rössler
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Center for Regenerative Therapies (B-CRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ghazaleh Zarrinrad
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Center for Regenerative Therapies (B-CRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Einstein Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Livia Felicitas Wagner
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tino Vollmer
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Center for Regenerative Therapies (B-CRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Désirée Jacqueline Wendering
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Center for Regenerative Therapies (B-CRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Kornak
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Center for Regenerative Therapies (B-CRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Center for Regenerative Therapies (B-CRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Reinke
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Center for Regenerative Therapies (B-CRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schmueck-Henneresse
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Center for Regenerative Therapies (B-CRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Chong AS. Urinary nanosensors of early transplant rejection. Nat Biomed Eng 2019; 3:251-252. [PMID: 30952984 PMCID: PMC6635947 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle sensors of the activity of the protease granzyme B detect early T-cell-mediated rejection of transplanted skin grafts in mice via the release of a proteolytically cleaved fluorescence reporter that filters into urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Chong
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido H Wabnitz
- Institute of Immunology, Section Molecular Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Samstag
- Institute of Immunology, Section Molecular Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Wabnitz GH, Balta E, Schindler S, Kirchgessner H, Jahraus B, Meuer S, Samstag Y. The pro-oxidative drug WF-10 inhibits serial killing by primary human cytotoxic T-cells. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16057. [PMID: 27551545 PMCID: PMC4979520 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) play an important role in many immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Targeting cytotoxicity of CTLs would allow to interfere with immune-mediated tissue destruction. Here we demonstrate that WF-10, a pro-oxidative compound, inhibits CTL-mediated cytotoxicity. WF-10 did not influence early steps of target-cell killing, but impaired the ability of CTLs to detach from the initial target cell and to move to a second target cell. This reduced serial killing was accompanied by stronger enrichment of the adhesion molecule LFA-1 in the cytolytic immune synapse. LFA-1 clustering requires activation of the actin-bundling protein L-plastin and was accordingly diminished in L-plastin knockdown cells. Interestingly, WF-10 likely acts through regulating L-plastin: (I) It induced L-plastin activation through phosphorylation leading to enhanced LFA-1-mediated cell adhesion, and, importantly, (II) WF-10 lost its influence on target-cell killing in L-plastin knockdown cells. Finally, we demonstrate that WF-10 can improve immunosuppression by conventional drugs. Thus, while cyclosporine A alone had no significant effect on cytotoxicity of CTLs, a combination of cyclosporine A and WF-10 blocked target-cell killing synergistically. Together, our findings suggest that WF-10 – either alone or in combination with conventional immunosuppressive drugs – may be efficient to control progression of diseases, in which CTLs are crucially involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Wabnitz
- Institute of Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls-University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - E Balta
- Institute of Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls-University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - S Schindler
- Institute of Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls-University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - H Kirchgessner
- Institute of Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls-University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - B Jahraus
- Institute of Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls-University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - S Meuer
- Institute of Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls-University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Y Samstag
- Institute of Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls-University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
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Tanaka J, Toubai T, Iwao N, Tsutsumi Y, Kato N, Miura Y, Shigematsu A, Hirate D, Ota S, Asaka M, Imamura M. The Immunosuppressive Agent FK506 Enhances the Cytolytic Activity of Inhibitory Natural Killer Cell Receptor (CD94/NKG2A)-Expressing CD8 T Cells. Transplantation 2005; 80:1813-5. [PMID: 16378079 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000188695.72228.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tacrolimus (FK506) is a potent immunosuppressive agent that inhibit transcription of cytokines such as IL-2 in T cells. The C-type lectin superfamily inhibitory NKR CD94/NKG2A-expressing cells can monitor the global status of HLA class I on tumor and leukemic cells through the recognition of HLA-E and induce cytolytic attack without an inhibitory signal against HLA class I-decreased target cells. We found that there was no effect of FK506 on the expansion of inhibitory NKR CD94/NKG2A-expressing T cells from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (G-PBMCs). However, cytolytic activity levels of purified CD94-expressing cells from 7-day cultures with FK506 were much higher than those from 7-day cultures without FK506. These data suggested that FK506 did not inhibit cytolytic activities of inhibitory NKR-expressing T cells and that there was a possibility of cytolytic activities being enhanced through the induction of cytotoxic molecules such as NKG2D and granzyme during a seven-day culture with FK506.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Tanaka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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Yamaguchi Y, Suzuki T, Arita S, Iwashita C, Sakamoto K, Hatakeyama E, Shimmura H, Tanabe K, Ichinose M, Suzuki N, Yamada K. Possible Involvement of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Release From Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Allograft Nephropathy. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:4276-81. [PMID: 16387096 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known of the fibrinolytic host immune mechanisms responsible for induction of chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN), defined as a loss in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) caused by tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis, often with fibrous intimal thickening in the small arteries. However, chronic rejection has been reported to be associated with decreased activity of the fibrinolytic system. In our previous study, [Deamino-Cys1, D-Arg8]-vasopressin (dDAVP) induced urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) release from human peripheral T lymphocytes via arginine vasopressin (AVP) V2-receptor-mediated reaction enhanced by an AVP V1-receptor antagonist. Therefore, we examined the level of uPA released from peripheral T lymphocytes by AVP in transplant patients with CAN in comparison with control groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this study, we evaluated in vitro uPA releasing activity of lymphocytes obtained from renal allograft patients with well-functioning grafts (n = 9), CAN (n = 5), or acute rejection episodes (n = 5) compared with lymphocytes from healthy volunteers with normal renal function (n = 12) or patients with renal insufficiency (n = 5). RESULTS Lymphocytes prepared from patients with chronic allograft nephropathy showed a significantly lower increase in uPA release induced by the combination of the V1-receptor antagonist and dDAVP compared with those from the other groups. CONCLUSION This finding suggested that a decrease in uPA release from human peripheral blood lymphocytes by AVP-related peptides may be potentially involved in the pathophysiology of CAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamaguchi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Savoldo B, Goss J, Liu Z, Huls MH, Doster S, Gee AP, Brenner MK, Heslop HE, Rooney CM. Generation of autologous Epstein-Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T cells for adoptive immunotherapy in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 2001; 72:1078-86. [PMID: 11579304 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200109270-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) affect 2%-27% of solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Adoptive immunotherapy may have therapeutic potential in this setting, but there is little experience in generating autologous EBV-specific cytotoxic T-cell lymphocytes (EBV-CTLs) from SOT recipients, and their efficacy and persistence in an immunosuppressed environment is unknown. METHODS EBV-CTLs were generated from eight SOT recipients, using weekly stimulations with autologous lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and interleukin-2. CTL phenotype and function were evaluated in the presence of therapeutic concentration of cyclosporin A or FK506. RESULTS In all cases, CTLs expanded with normal kinetics. The majority was CD3+CD8+ (mean, 76%), with less than 3% of natural killer cells. All ex vivo-generated CTLs produced significantly higher killing of autologous LCLs than of HLA-mismatched LCLs (mean, 56% vs. 14% at 20:1 ratio). No lysis of autologous or allogeneic PHA blasts was observed. The CTL expansion rate was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence of immunosuppressive drugs; however, neither lytic activity nor phenotype was affected. CONCLUSIONS Using methods that are approved for clinical application, EBV-CTLs can be generated from SOT recipients, even those with frank lymphoma, or who are receiving immunosuppressive drugs. These CTLs retain their function in the presence of immunosuppressive agents. Although in vivo efficacy, safety, and persistence can be assessed only in clinical trials, our results suggest that CTLs can be effective for the treatment of PTLD, even when immunosuppression cannot be reduced because of the high risk of graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Savoldo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kataoka T, Yamada A, Bando M, Honma T, Mizoue K, Nagai K. FD-891, a structural analogue of concanamycin A that does not affect vacuolar acidification or perforin activity, yet potently prevents cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity through the blockage of conjugate formation. Immunology 2000; 100:170-7. [PMID: 10886392 PMCID: PMC2327004 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
FD-891 belongs to a group of 18-membered macrolides, and is a structural analogue of a specific inhibitor of vacuolar type H+-ATPase, concanamycin A (CMA). In our previous work, we have shown that CMA specifically inhibits perforin-dependent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated cytotoxicity through the degradation and inactivation of perforin, although CMA does not affect Fas ligand (FasL)-dependent cytotoxicity. Here, we show that FD-891 potently prevents not only perforin-dependent but also FasL-dependent CTL-mediated killing pathways by blocking CTL-target conjugate formation. In contrast to CMA, FD-891 was unable to inhibit vacuolar acidification and only slightly decreased the perforin activity in lytic granules. FD-891 blocked granule exocytosis in response to anti-CD3, mainly owing to the lack of CTL binding to immobilized anti-CD3. The conjugate formation was markedly inhibited only when effector cells were pretreated with FD-891. Consistent with these observations, fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis for cell surface receptors revealed that FD-891 significantly reduced the expression of the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex. These data suggest that the blockage of conjugate formation and subsequent target cell killing might be at least partly owing to FD-891-induced down-regulation of the TCR/CD3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kataoka
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Ohmiya-shi, Saitama, Japan
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