Nakane Y, Yoshimura T. Universality and diversity in the signal transduction pathway that regulates seasonal reproduction in vertebrates.
Front Neurosci 2014;
8:115. [PMID:
24959116 PMCID:
PMC4033074 DOI:
10.3389/fnins.2014.00115]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most vertebrates living outside the tropical zone show robust physiological responses in response
to seasonal changes in photoperiod, such as seasonal reproduction, molt, and migration. The highly
sophisticated photoperiodic mechanism in Japanese quail has been used to uncover the mechanism of
seasonal reproduction. Molecular analysis of quail mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) revealed that local
thyroid hormone activation within the MBH plays a critical role in the photoperiodic response of
gonads. This activation is accomplished by two gene switches: thyroid hormone-activating (DIO2) and
thyroid hormone-inactivating enzymes (DIO3). Functional genomics studies have shown that long-day
induced thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary gland
regulates DIO2/3 switching. In birds, light information received directly by deep brain
photoreceptors regulates PT TSH. Recent studies demonstrated that Opsin 5-positive cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons are deep brain photoreceptors that regulate avian seasonal
reproduction. Although the involvement of TSH and DIO2/3 in seasonal reproduction has been confirmed
in various mammals, the light input pathway that regulates PT TSH in mammals differs from that of
birds. In mammals, the eye is the only photoreceptor organ and light information received by the eye
is transmitted to the pineal gland through the circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Nocturnal melatonin secretion from the pineal gland indicates the length of night and regulates the
PT TSH. In fish, the regulatory machinery for seasonal reproduction, from light input to
neuroendocrine output, has been recently demonstrated in the coronet cells of the saccus vasculosus
(SV). The SV is unique to fish and coronet cells are CSF-contacting neurons. Here, we discuss the
universality and diversity of signal transduction pathways that regulate vertebrate seasonal
reproduction.
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