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Yong JW, Choong ML, Wang S, Wang Y, Lim SQ, Lee MA. Characterization of ductal carcinoma in situ cell lines established from breast tumor of a Singapore Chinese patient. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:94. [PMID: 25264427 PMCID: PMC4177074 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Five cell lines were established from a Singaporean patient of Chinese origin with breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). These five cell lines express exogenous human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) which confers the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Methods Cells were isolated from the DCIS excision and transfected with a plasmid expressing hTERT, a catalytic subunit of telomerase. Five immortalized colonies were propagated and characterized by karyotyping, array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), immunostaining and Western blots for biomarkers, in vitro anchorage independent growth, in vivo mouse tumorigenicity, drug sensitivity, species authentication and virology safety testing. Results Array CGH analysis showed that the cell lines harbored different specific genetic aberrations. Common mutations observed in most breast cancer cell lines such as the general loss of heterozygosity (LOH) throughout chromosome X and chromosome 17 are also observed in our cell lines. The cell lines were further characterized as human breast cells that are estrogen- and progesterone-receptor positive, and sensitive to tamoxifen. The cell lines showed anchorage-independent growth in the soft agar assay and can grow in common culture medium without supplementation with growth factor, therefore demonstrating transformed characteristics. Four of the cell lines can engraft and form measureable tumors after 50 days when injected subcutaneously into immune-deficient (SCID) mice. The weak tumorigenicity of these cell lines corresponded well with their non-malignant growth origin. The cell lines were authenticated to be of human origin based on DNA fingerprint of the cells. The cell lines were free from contamination of 20 viruses and mycoplasma in the virological safety test panel. Conclusions Unlike most available breast cell lines, our cell lines are derived from primary breast cancer tissues that represent earlier grades or tumor progression stages. They would be useful as study models for basic and clinical research programs directed at early diagnosis and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklyn Wy Yong
- Cell-Based Assay Development Group, Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos Building, Singapore, 138669 Singapore
| | - Meng Ling Choong
- Cell-Based Assay Development Group, Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos Building, Singapore, 138669 Singapore
| | - SiFang Wang
- Cell-Based Assay Development Group, Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos Building, Singapore, 138669 Singapore
| | - Yu Wang
- Cell-Based Assay Development Group, Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos Building, Singapore, 138669 Singapore
| | - Shermaine Qy Lim
- Cell-Based Assay Development Group, Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos Building, Singapore, 138669 Singapore
| | - May Ann Lee
- Cell-Based Assay Development Group, Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos Building, Singapore, 138669 Singapore
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2
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Liu Y, Zheng P. FOXP3 and breast cancer: implications for therapy and diagnosis. Pharmacogenomics 2007; 8:1485-7. [DOI: 10.2217/14622416.8.11.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- University of Michigan School of Medicine, Division of Immunotherapy, Section of General Surgery, Department of Surgery and Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pan Zheng
- University of Michigan School of Medicine, Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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3
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Zuo T, Wang L, Morrison C, Chang X, Zhang H, Li W, Liu Y, Wang Y, Liu X, Chan MW, Liu JQ, Love R, Liu CG, Godfrey V, Shen R, Huang THM, Yang T, Park BK, Wang CY, Zheng P, Liu Y. FOXP3 is an X-linked breast cancer suppressor gene and an important repressor of the HER-2/ErbB2 oncogene. Cell 2007; 129:1275-86. [PMID: 17570480 PMCID: PMC1974845 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The X-linked Foxp3 is a member of the forkhead/winged helix transcription factor family. Germline mutations cause lethal autoimmune diseases in males. Serendipitously, we observed that female mice heterozygous for the "scurfin" mutation of the Foxp3 gene (Foxp3(sf/+)) developed cancer at a high rate. The majority of the cancers were mammary carcinomas in which the wild-type Foxp3 allele was inactivated and HER-2/ErbB2 was overexpressed. Foxp3 bound and repressed the HER-2/ErbB2 promoter. Deletion, functionally significant somatic mutations, and downregulation of the FOXP3 gene were commonly found in human breast cancer samples and correlated significantly with HER-2/ErbB2 overexpression, regardless of the status of HER-2 amplification. Our data demonstrate that FOXP3 is an X-linked breast cancer suppressor gene and an important regulator of the HER-2/ErbB2 oncogene.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosomes, Human, X/genetics
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor/physiology
- Genes, X-Linked/genetics
- Genes, erbB-2/genetics
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mutation/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- X Chromosome Inactivation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zuo
- Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics; Ohio State University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Lizhong Wang
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Program of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Carl Morrison
- Department of Pathology; Ohio State University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Xing Chang
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Program of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Huiming Zhang
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Program of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Weiquan Li
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Program of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yan Liu
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Program of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yin Wang
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Program of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Xingluo Liu
- Department of Pathology; Ohio State University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Michael W.Y. Chan
- Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics; Ohio State University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jin-Qing Liu
- Department of Pathology; Ohio State University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Richard Love
- Department of Internal Medicine; Ohio State University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Chang-gong Liu
- Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics; Ohio State University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Virginia Godfrey
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Rulong Shen
- Department of Pathology; Ohio State University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Tim H-M. Huang
- Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics; Ohio State University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Tianyu Yang
- Department of Pathology; Ohio State University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Bae Keun Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Apoptosis, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan
| | - Cun-Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Apoptosis, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan
| | - Pan Zheng
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Program of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yang Liu
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Program of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Dallas PB, Terry PA, Kees UR. Genomic deletions in cell lines derived from primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 159:105-13. [PMID: 15899381 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extensive genomic deletions affecting a variety of chromosomes are a common finding in primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system (CNS-PNETs), implicating the loss of multiple tumor suppressor genes in the pathogenesis of these tumors. We have used representational difference analysis, microsatellite mapping, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to identify and verify the presence of genomic deletions on a number of chromosomes in CNS-PNET cell lines. This systematic approach has confirmed the importance of deletions at 10q, 16q, and 17p in PNET pathology and has revealed other regions of deletion not commonly described (e.g., Xq, 1p, 7p, and 13q). These data highlight the prevalence of hemizygous loss in CNS-PNET cells, suggesting that haploinsufficiency affecting multiple tumor suppressor genes may play a fundamental role in CNS-PNET pathogenesis. The identification of specific genes and signaling pathways that are compromised in CNS-PNET cells is crucial for development of more efficacious and less invasive treatments, as are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Dallas
- Division of Children's Leukemia and Cancer Research, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Center for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, P. O. Box 855, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia.
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D'Adda T, Bottarelli L, Azzoni C, Pizzi S, Bongiovanni M, Papotti M, Pelosi G, Maisonneuve P, Antonetti T, Rindi G, Bordi C. Malignancy-associated X chromosome allelic losses in foregut endocrine neoplasms: further evidence from lung tumors. Mod Pathol 2005; 18:795-805. [PMID: 15578070 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Association of X chromosome allelic losses with tumor malignancy has been identified in foregut but not in midgut endocrine neoplasms. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of deletions on X chromosome with malignancy in lung neuroendocrine tumors, another family of foregut neoplasms comprising four categories with increased malignancy: typical and atypical carcinoids, large cell neuroendocrine and small cell lung carcinomas. To evaluate loss of heterozygosity, DNA extracted from nine typical carcinoids, 17 atypical carcinoids, six large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas and five small cell lung carcinomas was PCR-amplified for 18 microsatellite markers spanning the whole X chromosome. All tissue samples were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded. X chromosome losses were absent in typical carcinoids, whereas they were found in nine out of 17 atypical carcinoids and in five out of six large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (involving 28 and 70% of informative loci, respectively). On the contrary, deletions on X chromosome were an extremely rare event in small cell lung carcinomas. In atypical carcinoids, the presence of losses was associated with larger tumor size, higher pT status and advanced stage. No death occurred in atypical carcinoid patients without deletions on X chromosome, whereas all atypical carcinoid patients who had died from disease showed allelic losses. In conclusion, X chromosome allelic losses, absent in benign 'typical' carcinoids, progressively increased in frequency from intermediate-grade 'atypical' carcinoids to high-grade large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas. These results extend the association of deletions on X chromosome with malignancy, already demonstrated in other foregut endocrine neoplasms, to lung neuroendocrine tumors. The absence of X chromosome allelic losses in small cell lung carcinomas underlines a striking difference from large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, possibly linked to different pathogenetic mechanisms of these two highly aggressive neuroendocrine lung tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana D'Adda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Pathological Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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6
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Reuland A, Humeny A, Magener A, Becker CM, Schiebel K. Detection of loss of heterozygosity by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Clin Chem 2005; 51:636-9. [PMID: 15738518 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.040899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Reuland
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Sirchia SM, Ramoscelli L, Grati FR, Barbera F, Coradini D, Rossella F, Porta G, Lesma E, Ruggeri A, Radice P, Simoni G, Miozzo M. Loss of the Inactive X Chromosome and Replication of the Active X in BRCA1-Defective and Wild-type Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65:2139-46. [PMID: 15781624 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In females, X chromosome inactivation (XCI) begins with the expression of the XIST gene from the X chromosome destined to be inactivated (Xi) and the coating of XIST RNA in cis. It has recently been reported that this process is supported by the product of the BRCA1 tumor suppressor gene and that BRCA1-/- cancers show Xi chromatin structure defects, thus suggesting a role of XCI perturbation in BRCA1-mediated tumorigenesis. Using a combined genetic and epigenetic approach, we verified the occurrence of XCI in BRCA1-/- and BRCA1wt breast cancer cell lines. It was ascertained that the Xi was lost in all cancer cell lines, irrespective of the BRCA1 status and that more than one active X (Xa) was present. In addition, no epigenetic silencing of genes normally subjected to XCI was observed. We also evaluated XIST expression and found that XIST may be occasionally transcribed also from Xa. Moreover, in one of the BRCA1wt cell line the restoring of XIST expression using a histone deacetylase inhibitor, did not lead to XCI. To verify these findings in primary tumors, chromosome X behavior was investigated in a few BRCA1-associated and BRCA1-not associated primary noncultured breast carcinomas and the results mirrored those obtained in cancer cell lines. Our findings indicate that the lack of XCI may be a frequent phenomenon in breast tumorigenesis, which occurs independently of BRCA1 status and XIST expression and is due to the loss of Xi and replication of Xa and not to the reactivation of the native Xi.
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MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatin/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, X/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, BRCA1/physiology
- Homozygote
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- RNA, Long Noncoding
- RNA, Untranslated/biosynthesis
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Sirchia
- Genetica Medica, Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria, Università di Milano, Italy.
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8
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Gasperi-Campani A, Brognara I, Baiocchi D, Roncuzzi L. Mitochondrial DNA D-loop as a new target of Saporin 6 nuclease activity. Toxicon 2005; 45:475-80. [PMID: 15733569 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Revised: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The single-chain ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) from plant origin, including Saporin 6 from the seeds of Saponaria officinalis, are ribotoxins known to act as N-glycosidases which depurinate the conserved alpha sarcin loop of large rRNAs. As a consequence, the eukaryotic ribosomes become inactivated, thereby arresting the protein synthesis at the elongation step. RIPs are currently under study as antiviral and antiproliferative agents. Additional in vitro activities of RIPs against either RNA or DNA have been recently described. A specific nuclease activity on plasmidic DNA was demonstrated by either purified or bacterial-recombinant molecules. We report here that human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a new specific target of Saporin 6 nuclease activity. A unique site of cleavage has been identified and mapped within the most variable part of the D-loop region of the covalently closed circular mtDNA molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gasperi-Campani
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Liao DJ, Du QQ, Yu BW, Grignon D, Sarkar FH. Novel perspective: focusing on the X chromosome in reproductive cancers. Cancer Invest 2003; 21:641-58. [PMID: 14533452 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-120022385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In an XX female, one of the two X chromosomes has been inactivated during early embryonic life to achieve a compensation of X-linked gene products between males and females, leaving only one allele of X-linked genes functional. There are some X-linked genes escaping the X-inactivation, i.e., being expressed from both alleles. Escape from X-inactivation varies at different levels; some genes have both alleles active in some women but only one allele active in others, whereas some other genes have both alleles active in neoplastic tissue but only one allele active normally. The X-inactivation may be considered functionally equivalent to a loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for some genes, whereas escape from X-inactivation may be equivalent to functional gene amplification for others. The physiological LOH may make X-linked tumor suppressor genes lose their function more easily, compared with autosomal tumor suppressor genes, thus predisposing women to cancer formation more easily. Moreover, the human X chromosome contains many genes related to cancer or to sex and reproduction. All these properties of the X chromosome suggest that it may play more important roles than any autosomal chromosome in the development and progression of reproductive and urologic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhong Joshua Liao
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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