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Hu L, Zhao X, Yang J, Wang L, Yang Y, Song T, Huang C. Chronic scream sound exposure alters memory and monoamine levels in female rat brain. Physiol Behav 2014; 137:53-9. [PMID: 24952268 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic scream sound alters the cognitive performance of male rats and their brain monoamine levels, these stress-induced alterations are sexually dimorphic. To determine the effects of sound stress on female rats, we examined their serum corticosterone levels and their adrenal, splenic, and thymic weights, their cognitive performance and the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites in the brain. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats, with and without exposure to scream sound (4h/day for 21 day) were tested for spatial learning and memory using a Morris water maze. Stress decreased serum corticosterone levels, as well as splenic and adrenal weight. It also impaired spatial memory but did not affect the learning ability. Monoamines and metabolites were measured in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), striatum, hypothalamus, and hippocampus. The dopamine (DA) levels in the PFC decreased but the homovanillic acid/DA ratio increased. The decreased DA and the increased 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels were observed in the striatum. Only the 5-HIAA level increased in the hypothalamus. In the hippocampus, stress did not affect the levels of monoamines and metabolites. The results suggest that scream sound stress influences most physiologic parameters, memory, and the levels of monoamine neurotransmitter and their metabolites in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Hu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Basic Medical College, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoge Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lumin Wang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tusheng Song
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Viveros-Paredes JM, Puebla-Pérez AM, Gutiérrez-Coronado O, Sandoval-Ramírez L, Villaseñor-García MM. Dysregulation of the Th1/Th2 cytokine profile is associated with immunosuppression induced by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 6:774-81. [PMID: 16546708 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation-induced immunosuppression is associated with increased concentration of circulating corticosterone and impaired cellular immune responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic HPA axis activation on the cellular immune response, Th1/Th2 cytokine profile, and concentration of corticosterone. Mice were divided into two groups: a control group comprised of healthy, untreated mice that received no stress, and an HPA axis-activated group that received stress through electric shock (ES). The delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to dinitrofluorobenzene, splenocyte proliferative response to mitogens Concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide, Th1 and Th2 profile, and TGF-beta1 production were measured in plasma and in culture supernatants. The corticosterone concentration was also measured in plasma. In the ES group, elevated plasma corticosterone concentration was associated with immunosuppression and a significant decrease in plasma concentrations of IL-2, IL-4, and TGF-beta1. In vitro IL-2 production in response to Con A was significantly lower in the ES group than in the control group. TGF-beta1 production in nonstimulated and stimulated cultures in response to either mitogen was significantly lower in the ES group than in the control group. Plasma concentrations of IFN-gamma and IL-10 did not differ significantly between groups. The concentrations of IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10 in the supernatants of splenocytes stimulated with either mitogen and IL-4 production by nonstimulated cells were significantly higher in the ES group than in the control group. These results suggest that corticosterone mediates the immunosuppression induced by HPA axis activation, and induces dysregulation of the Th1/Th2 cytokine profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Viveros-Paredes
- Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología de Productos Naturales, División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
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Villaseñor-García MM, Lozoya X, Osuna-Torres L, Viveros-Paredes JM, Sandoval-Ramírez L, Puebla-Pérez AM. Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on the nonspecific and humoral immune responses in a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation model. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 4:1217-22. [PMID: 15251117 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2003] [Revised: 01/04/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the immune response of healthy control and stressed Wistar rats submitted to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation. Rats were treated with Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) orally (100 mg/kg per day for 7 days). EGb 761 stimulated the digestion index of peritoneal and alveolar macrophages (PM and AM) of stressed rats. Likewise, the cellular immune response measured using the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and the humoral immune response (measured through an anti-SRBC response), were also restored in stressed rats. Thus, this G. biloba extract possesses immunostimulatory activity in addition to its broad spectrum of pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martha Villaseñor-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología de Productos Naturales, División de Medicina Molecular CIBO-IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Kaur C, Singh J, Peng CM, Ling EA. Upregulation of adrenocorticotrophic hormone in the corticotrophs and downregulation of surface receptors and antigens on the macrophages in the adenohypophysis following an exposure to high altitude. Neurosci Lett 2002; 318:125-8. [PMID: 11803115 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Altitude exposures lead to the development of hypobaric hypoxia because of low oxygen tension in the ambient air. This study has shown the vigorous upregulation of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) expression in corticotrophs of the pars distalis (adenohypophysis) of rats 1-7 days after an altitude exposure. Concomitant to this was the increase in number and hypertrophy of the immunoreactive corticotrophs. It was suggested that this had resulted in an upsurge of ACTH production which may have suppressed the immuno-expression of complement type 3 receptors and major histocompatibility complex class II antigens constitutively expressed by the parenchymal macrophages through paracrine action. Along with ACTH, altered levels of other hormones following such exposures may also contribute to suppression of antigen presenting function and phagocytic activity of macrophages. The effects of altitude (hypobaric hypoxia) exposure, however, were reversible as the above immunohistochemical changes returned to normal 21-28 days after the hypobaric hypoxic insult.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism
- Altitude Sickness/immunology
- Altitude Sickness/metabolism
- Altitude Sickness/physiopathology
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Antigens, Surface
- Avian Proteins
- Basigin
- Blood Proteins
- Corticosterone/immunology
- Corticosterone/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Hypoxia/immunology
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Hypoxia/physiopathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Macrophage-1 Antigen/metabolism
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/immunology
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/metabolism
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/physiopathology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Stress, Physiological/immunology
- Stress, Physiological/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological/physiopathology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Blk MD10, 4 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore, Singapore.
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