1
|
Nguyen LP, Cho M, Nguyen TU, Park HK, Nguyen HT, Mykhailova K, Hurh S, Kim HR, Seong JY, Lee CS, Ham BJ, Hwang JI. Neurokinin-2 receptor negatively modulates substance P responses by forming complex with Neurokinin-1 receptor. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:212. [PMID: 37968728 PMCID: PMC10652611 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tachykinins and their cognate receptors, neurokinin receptors (NKs) including NK1, NK2, and NK3 play vital roles in regulating various physiological processes including neurotransmission, nociception, inflammation, smooth muscle contractility, and stimulation of endocrine and exocrine gland secretion. Their abnormal expression has been reported to be associated with neurological disorders, inflammation, and cancer. Even though NKs are expressed in the same cells with their expression being inversely correlated in some conditions, there is no direct evidence to prove their interaction. Understanding the functional crosstalk between NKs in mediated downstream signaling and cellular responses may elucidate the roles of each receptor in pathophysiology. RESULTS In this study, we showed that NKs were co-expressed in some cells. However, different from NK3, which only forms homodimerization, we demonstrated a direct interaction between NK1 and NK2 at the protein level using co-immunoprecipitation and NanoBiT-based protein interaction analysis. Through heterodimerization, NK2 downregulated substance P-stimulated NK1 signals, such as intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and ERK phosphorylation, by enhancing β-arrestin recruitment, even at the ligand concentration that could not activate NK2 itself or in the presence of NK1 specific antagonist, aprepitant. In A549 cells with receptors deleted and reconstituted, NK2 exerted a negative effect on substance P/NK1-mediated cell migration. CONCLUSION Our study has provided the first direct evidence of an interaction between NK1 and NK2, which highlights the functional relevance of their heterodimerization in cellular responses. Our findings demonstrated that through dimerization, NK2 exerts negative effects on downstream signaling and cellular response mediated by NK1. Moreover, this study has significant implications for understanding the complexity of GPCR dimerization and its effect on downstream signaling and cellular responses. Given the important roles of tachykinins and NKs in pathophysiology, these insights may provide clues for developing NKs-targeting drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyeong Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Thai Uy Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyung Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Huong Thi Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kateryna Mykhailova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Hurh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Rae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Soon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Ham
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aerts-Kaya F, Ulum B, Mammadova A, Köse S, Aydin G, Korkusuz P, Uçkan-Çetinkaya D. Neurological Regulation of the Bone Marrow Niche. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1212:127-153. [PMID: 31342461 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic niche is the microenvironment where in the adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are maintained and regulated. This regulation is tightly controlled through direct cell-cell interactions with mesenchymal stromal stem (MSCs) and reticular cells, adipocytes, osteoblasts and endothelial cells, through binding to extracellular matrix molecules and through signaling by cytokines and hematopoietic growth factors. These interactions provide a healthy environment and secure the maintenance of the HSPC pool, their proliferation, differentiation and migration. Recent studies have shown that innervation of the BM and interactions with the peripheral sympathetic neural system are important for maintenance of the hematopoietic niche, through direct interactions with HSCPs or via interactions with other cells of the HSPC microenvironment. Signaling through adrenergic receptors (ARs), opioid receptors (ORs), endocannabinoid receptors (CRs) on HSPCs and MSCs has been shown to play an important role in HSPC homeostasis and mobilization. In addition, a wide range of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, such as Neuropeptide Y (NPY), Substance P (SP) and Tachykinins, as well as neurotrophins and neuropoietic growth factors have been shown to be involved in regulation of the hematopoietic niche. Here, a comprehensive overview is given of their role and interactions with important cells in the hematopoietic niche, including HSPCs and MSCs, and their effect on HSPC maintenance, regulation and mobilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Aerts-Kaya
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. .,Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Baris Ulum
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aynura Mammadova
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevil Köse
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, Atilim University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gözde Aydin
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Petek Korkusuz
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duygu Uçkan-Çetinkaya
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gergues M, Nagula V, Bliss SA, Eljarrah A, Ayer S, Gnanavel N, Sinha G, Wu Q, Yehia G, Greco SJ, Qian J, Rameshwar P. Neuroimmune/Hematopoietic Axis with Distinct Regulation by the High-Mobility Group Box 1 in Association with Tachykinin Peptides. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:879-891. [PMID: 31924647 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is tightly regulated by the bone marrow (BM) niche. The niche is robust, allowing for the return of hematopoietic homeostasis after insults such as infection. Hematopoiesis is partly regulated by soluble factors, such as neuropeptides, substance P (SP), and neurokinin A (NK-A), which mediate hematopoietic stimulation and inhibition, respectively. SP and NK-A are derived from the Tac1 gene that is alternately spliced into four variants. The hematopoietic effects of SP and NK-A are mostly mediated via BM stroma. Array analyses with 2400 genes indicated distinct changes in SP-stimulated BM stroma. Computational analyses indicated networks of genes with hematopoietic regulation. Included among these networks is the high-mobility group box 1 gene (HMGB1), a nonhistone chromatin-associated protein. Validation studies indicated that NK-A could reverse SP-mediated HMGB1 decrease. Long-term culture-initiating cell assay, with or without NK-A receptor antagonist (NK2), showed a suppressive effect of HMGB1 on hematopoietic progenitors and increase in long-term culture-initiating cell assay cells (primitive hematopoietic cells). These effects occurred partly through NK-A. NSG mice with human hematopoietic system injected with the HMGB1 antagonist glycyrrhizin verified the in vitro effects of HMGB1. Although the effects on myeloid lineage were suppressed, the results suggested a more complex effect on the lymphoid lineage. Clonogenic assay for CFU- granulocyte-monocyte suggested that HMGB1 may be required to prevent hematopoietic stem cell exhaustion to ensure immune homeostasis. In summary, this study showed how HMGB1 is linked to SP and NK-A to protect the most primitive hematopoietic cell and also to maintain immune/hematopoietic homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gergues
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103.,Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Vipul Nagula
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103.,Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Sarah A Bliss
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103.,Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Adam Eljarrah
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103.,Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Seda Ayer
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103.,Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Nikhil Gnanavel
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Garima Sinha
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103.,Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Qunfeng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103; and
| | - Ghassan Yehia
- Genome Editing Shared Resource, Office of Research and Economic Development, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Steven J Greco
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Jing Qian
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103; .,Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
González-Santana A, Marrero-Hernández S, Dorta I, Hernández M, Pinto FM, Báez D, Bello AR, Candenas L, Almeida TA. Altered expression of the tachykinins substance P/neurokinin A/hemokinin-1 and their preferred neurokinin 1/neurokinin 2 receptors in uterine leiomyomata. Fertil Steril 2016; 106:1521-1529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
5
|
Biological and Pharmacological Aspects of the NK1-Receptor. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:495704. [PMID: 26421291 PMCID: PMC4573218 DOI: 10.1155/2015/495704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R) is the main receptor for the tachykinin family of peptides. Substance P (SP) is the major mammalian ligand and the one with the highest affinity. SP is associated with multiple processes: hematopoiesis, wound healing, microvasculature permeability, neurogenic inflammation, leukocyte trafficking, and cell survival. It is also considered a mitogen, and it has been associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis. Tachykinins and their receptors are widely expressed in various human systems such as the nervous, cardiovascular, genitourinary, and immune system. Particularly, NK-1R is found in the nervous system and in peripheral tissues and are involved in cellular responses such as pain transmission, endocrine and paracrine secretion, vasodilation, and modulation of cell proliferation. It also acts as a neuromodulator contributing to brain homeostasis and to sensory neuronal transmission associated with depression, stress, anxiety, and emesis. NK-1R and SP are present in brain regions involved in the vomiting reflex (the nucleus tractus solitarius and the area postrema). This anatomical localization has led to the successful clinical development of antagonists against NK-1R in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). The first of these antagonists, aprepitant (oral administration) and fosaprepitant (intravenous administration), are prescribed for high and moderate emesis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Steinhoff MS, von Mentzer B, Geppetti P, Pothoulakis C, Bunnett NW. Tachykinins and their receptors: contributions to physiological control and the mechanisms of disease. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:265-301. [PMID: 24382888 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The tachykinins, exemplified by substance P, are one of the most intensively studied neuropeptide families. They comprise a series of structurally related peptides that derive from alternate processing of three Tac genes and are expressed throughout the nervous and immune systems. Tachykinins interact with three neurokinin G protein-coupled receptors. The signaling, trafficking, and regulation of neurokinin receptors have also been topics of intense study. Tachykinins participate in important physiological processes in the nervous, immune, gastrointestinal, respiratory, urogenital, and dermal systems, including inflammation, nociception, smooth muscle contractility, epithelial secretion, and proliferation. They contribute to multiple diseases processes, including acute and chronic inflammation and pain, fibrosis, affective and addictive disorders, functional disorders of the intestine and urinary bladder, infection, and cancer. Neurokinin receptor antagonists are selective, potent, and show efficacy in models of disease. In clinical trials there is a singular success: neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists to treat nausea and vomiting. New information about the involvement of tachykinins in infection, fibrosis, and pruritus justifies further trials. A deeper understanding of disease mechanisms is required for the development of more predictive experimental models, and for the design and interpretation of clinical trials. Knowledge of neurokinin receptor structure, and the development of targeting strategies to disrupt disease-relevant subcellular signaling of neurokinin receptors, may refine the next generation of neurokinin receptor antagonists.
Collapse
|
7
|
Klassert TE, Patel SA, Rameshwar P. Tachykinins and Neurokinin Receptors in Bone Marrow Functions: Neural-Hematopoietic Link. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 2010:51-61. [PMID: 20593004 DOI: 10.2147/jrlcr.s6509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After many decades of neuropeptide research, advances in the field of tachykinins have considerably increased and shown their implications in several physiological processes. In this review we focus on the role of the tachykinins in the regulation of hematopoietic functions. Evidence has shown that neural control of this process is emerging as a significant category in hematopoietic modulation. In the context of this regulation, we discuss the existence of a complex network involving the neurokinin receptors, tachykinins and cytokines. This network is tightly regulated by each of its components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilman E Klassert
- Department of Medicine - Division of Hematology/Oncology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nowicki M, Ostalska-Nowicka D, Miskowiak B. In vitro substance P-dependent induction of bone marrow cells in common (CD10) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leuk Res 2008; 32:97-102. [PMID: 17588657 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to investigate the possible in vitro stimulatory effect of substance P (SP) on blasts induction in childhood common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Bone marrow aspirates were incubated with SP receptor agonist or antagonist (spantide) and subsequently assayed for the presence of human interleukin (IL)-1b using ELISA kit. Blast cells incubated with SP receptor agonist were found to result in a significant increase of IL-1b concentration while incubated with spantide resulted in control levels of IL-1b. These findings suggest the novel possible role of SP in blasts proliferation in childhood ALL of common (CD10) origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Nowicki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Medical Sciences in Poznan, Swiecickiego 6, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu K, Castillo MD, Murthy RG, Patel N, Rameshwar P. Tachykinins and Hematopoiesis. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 385:28-34. [PMID: 17698052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Originally discovered in the 1930s, tachykinins have been a subject of renewed interest. Antagonists to the tachykinin receptors have shown potential in the treatment of a variety of maladies including neurodegenerative disorders, heart disease, pain perception and malignancies. Tachykinins have been the subject of intense studies due to their impact on hematopoiesis that has significant effects on endothelial tissue and vascular conditions. Hematopoiesis relies on a relatively small subset of bone marrow-resident hematopoietic stem cells. This review discusses the network developed by cytokines and the tachykinins to regulate hematopoiesis. An understanding of tachykinin effect on normal hematopoietic functions and their involvement in hematological disorders could lead to new treatments for bone marrow disorders such as fibrosis, leukemia and anemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Liu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UMDNJ, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Corcoran KE, Rameshwar P. Nuclear Factor-κB Accounts for the Repressor Effects of High Stromal Cell–Derived Factor-1α Levels onTac1Expression in Nontumorigenic Breast Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 5:373-81. [PMID: 17409218 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha) is a CXC chemokine that interacts with CXCR4 receptor. Tac1 encodes peptides belonging to the tachykinins, including substance P. SDF-1alpha production is decreased in Tac1 knockdown breast cancer cells and is also reduced in these cancer cells following contact with bone marrow stroma when Tac1 expression is increased. Here, we report on the effects of relatively high and low SDF-1alpha levels on Tac1 expression in nontumorigenic breast cells MCF12A. Reporter gene assays, Northern analyses, and ELISA for substance P showed increased Tac1 expression at 20 and 50 ng/mL SDF-1alpha and reduced expression at 100 ng/mL. Omission of the untranslated region showed a dose-dependent effect of SDF-1alpha on reporter gene activity, suggesting that receptor desensitization cannot account for the suppressive effects at 100 ng/mL SDF-1alpha. Tac1 expression at high SDF-1alpha involves an intracellular signaling pathway that incorporates the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1-AKT-nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). The major repressive effect occurs via NF-kappaB located within exon 1. In summary, NF-kappaB is involved in the repression of Tac1 at higher levels of SDF-1alpha in MCF12A. These results are relevant to dysfunction of Tac1 in breast cancer cells and also provide insights on the behavior of breast cancer cells as they traverse across gradient changes of SDF-1alpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Corcoran
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, MSB, Room E-579, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ramkissoon SH, Patel PS, Taborga M, Rameshwar P. Nuclear factor-kappaB is central to the expression of truncated neurokinin-1 receptor in breast cancer: implication for breast cancer cell quiescence within bone marrow stroma. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1653-9. [PMID: 17308106 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of mortality among women in the United States. Tac1 and neurokinin-1 (NK1) are involved in autocrine stimulation of breast cancer cells (BCCs). The single NK1 gene produces full-length (NK1-FL) and truncated (NK1-Tr) forms. NK1-Tr mediates malignancy in breast cells. We now report a critical role for nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in the expression of NK1-Tr, but not NK1-FL, in human BCCs. By Western and Northern blot analyses, NK1-FL and NK1-Tr were coexpressed in BCCs but were undetectable in nontumorigenic cells. Loss of repressive activity within the 5' flanking region of the NK1 partly accounts for constitutive expression of NK1 in BCCs but could not account for the presence of NK1-Tr. Transient transfections with dominant-negative and wild-type IkappaB show that activation of NF-kappaB is required for the expression of NK1-Tr. Tac1 gene was linked to the generation of NK1-Tr because its overexpression in BCCs led to the production of multiple cytokines that can activate NF-kappaB to mediate NK1-Tr expression. Studies with Tac1 knockdown BCCs and Tac1-expressing nontumorigenic breast cells verified a role for NF-kappaB in the expression of NK1-Tr. The quiescent phenotype of BCCs on contact with bone marrow stroma was partly explained by decreased NF-kappaB activation and undetectable NK1-Tr. In summary, this study shows a role for NF-kappaB in the expression of NK1-Tr in BCCs, which seems to be reversed by bone marrow stromal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shakti H Ramkissoon
- Department of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Corcoran KE, Patel N, Rameshwar P. Stromal Derived Growth Factor-1α: Another Mediator in Neural-Emerging Immune System throughTac1Expression in Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2075-82. [PMID: 17277111 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived growth factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha) is a member of the CXC chemokines and interacts with the G protein, seven-transmembrane CXCR4 receptor. SDF-1alpha acts as a chemoattractant for immune and hemopoietic cells. The Tac1 gene encodes peptides belonging to the tachykinin family with substance P being the predominant member. Both SDF-1alpha and Tac1 peptides are relevant hemopoietic regulators. This study investigated the effects of SDF-1alpha on Tac1 expression in the major hemopoietic supporting cells, the bone marrow stroma, and addresses the consequence to hemopoiesis. Reporter gene assays with the 5' flanking region of Tac1 showed a bell-shaped effect of SDF-1alpha on luciferase activity with 20 ng/ml SDF-1alpha acting as stimulator, whereas 50 and 100 ng/ml SDF-1alpha acted as inhibitors. Gel shift assays and transfection with wild-type and mutant IkappaB indicate NF-kappaB as a mediator in the repressive effects at 50 and 100 ng/ml SDF-1alpha. Northern analyses and ELISA showed correlations among reporter gene activities, mRNA (beta-preprotachykinin I), and protein levels for substance P. Of relevance is the novel finding by long-term culture-initiating cell assays that showed an indirect effect of SDF-1alpha on hemopoiesis through substance P production. The results also showed neurokinin 1 and not neurokinin 2 as the relevant receptor. Another crucial finding is that substance P does not regulate the production of SDF-1alpha in stroma. The studies indicate that SDF-1alpha levels above baseline production in bone marrow stroma induce the production of substance P to stimulate hemopoiesis. Substance P, however, does not act as autocrine stimulator to induce the production of SDF-1alpha. This study adds SDF-1alpha as a mediator within the neural-immune-hemopoietic axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Corcoran
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07107, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Singh AS, Caplan A, Corcoran KE, Fernandez JS, Preziosi M, Rameshwar P. Oncogenic and metastatic properties of preprotachykinin-I and neurokinin-1 genes. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 45:235-42. [PMID: 16901764 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2005.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) remains the cancer with highest mortality among women in the United States. Entry of BC cells (BCCs) in bone marrow (BM) leads to poor prognosis. This review discusses studies showing interactions between BCCs and BM stroma, consequently providing BCCs with advantages of survival within BM. Myc transcription factor is investigated as a link between the transforming properties of peptides derived from the preprotachykinin-I gene (PPT-I) and Neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor. A co-culture method previously described to model early integration of BCC in BM is used to study timeline changes of PPT-I and TGF-beta using northern analyses and a bioassay, respectively. The results show changes of both genes in BCCs and BM stroma. Relevance of these changes to homeostasis in BM is discussed. Myc has been shown to link the expressions of TGF-beta1 and PPT-I in BCCs. We now show a role for Myc in the expression of NK1. PPT-I and the chemokine SDF-1alpha induce the expression of each other through an autocrine mechanism. Since a role for Myc in SDF-1alpha-PPT-I axis has not been studied, we speculate on this finding, based on the cell-homing property of SDF-1alpha. Since Myc could be oncogenic, it might be involved in the transforming properties of PPT-I and NK1 while SDF-1alpha could be involved in cell-homing of BCCs through the regulation of PPT-I. The findings are discussed in the context of other related reports.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Blotting, Northern
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Protein Precursors/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/metabolism
- Review Literature as Topic
- Tachykinins/genetics
- Tachykinins/metabolism
- Transfection
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun S Singh
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, New Jersey Medical School-University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, NJ 07103, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Castro TA, Cohen MC, Rameshwar P. The expression of neurokinin-1 and preprotachykinin-1 in breast cancer cells depends on the relative degree of invasive and metastatic potential. Clin Exp Metastasis 2006; 22:621-8. [PMID: 16642400 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-006-9001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer has a predilection for metastasis to the bone marrow. The preprotachykinin-I (PPT-I) gene has a central role in the early migration of breast cancer cells into the bone marrow, making this organ a latent repository of the cancer cells. This study investigated whether the invasive and metastatic potential of breast cancer cells correlate with the expression of the PPT-I gene and the receptors for its peptides, neurokinin-1 (NK-1) and NK-2. The studies compared cells that are non-tumorigenic (MCF12A), low metastatic and invasive potential (MCF7), and sublines of MCF with increased invasive and metastatic potential (LCC1 and LCC2). LCC2, but not LCC1 is tamoxifen resistant. Quantitative RT-PCR showed increased expression of PPT-I, NK-1 and NK-2 mRNA LCC1 and LCC2. MCF7 required stimulation by phorbol ester for NK-1 induction. The levels of NK-2 mRNA were significantly increased in LCC2. Clonogenic assays with specific receptor antagonists showed a predominant role for NK-2 in the proliferation of both LCC1 and LCC2. While the growth rate of LCC1 and LCC2 were similar, the latter showed increased migration. Use of a nude mouse model confirmed higher metastatic potential of LCC2, including increased migration to regions of the endosteum. Overall, these studies show a correlation between three neuroendocrine-related genes: PPT-I, NK-1 and NK-2 and the metastatic potential of specific breast cancer cells. These cells provide a model for future studies on bone marrow metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tammy A Castro
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UMDNJ, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lecci A, Capriati A, Altamura M, Maggi CA. Tachykinins and tachykinin receptors in the gut, with special reference to NK2 receptors in human. Auton Neurosci 2006; 126-127:232-49. [PMID: 16616700 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tachykinins (TKs), substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA) and B (NKB) are important peptide modulators of intestinal motility in animal species studied so far, including humans. Modulation of motility by TKs can occur at various levels, since these peptides are expressed in cholinergic excitatory motor neurons projecting to both circular and longitudinal muscle, interneurons, and intramural and extramural sensory neurons. The effects of SP, NKA and NKB are preferentially mediated through the stimulation of NK1, NK2 and NK3 receptors, respectively; however, the selectivity of natural TKs for their preferred receptors is relative. In addition, SP and NKA are expressed in similar quantities in the human intestine and adequate stimuli can release similar amount of these TKs from enteric nerves. Furthermore, a single anatomical substrate can express more than one TK receptor type, so that the blockade of a single receptor type may not reveal functional effects in integrated models of motility. In isolated human small intestine and colon circular muscle strips, both NK1 and NK2 receptors mediate contractile effects. Indeed, in the human small intestine, smooth muscle electrical and motor events induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) can involve either or both NK1 and NK2 receptors or these latter receptors predominantly, depending on the experimental conditions. In contrast, in the human colonic smooth muscle, only the NK2 receptor-mediated component of the response to EFS is prominent and some evidence would suggest that this component is the main excitatory motor mechanism at this level. Furthermore, a NK2 receptor-mediated secretory component in the human colonic mucosa has been recently demonstrated. Thus, it could be speculated that the blockade of both NK1 and NK2 receptors will be necessary to antagonise motor effects induced by exogenous administration or endogenous release of TKs in the small intestine, whereas the blockade of the NK2 receptors would be sufficient to disrupt physiological motor and, possibly, secretory activity at the colonic level. Available evidence indicates that, in healthy volunteers, the infusion of NKA (25 pmol/kg/min i.v.) stimulated small intestine motility and precipitated a series of intestinal and non-intestinal adverse events. Nepadutant (8 mg i.v.), a selective NK2 receptor antagonist, antagonised small intestine motility induced by NKA and prevented associated intestinal adverse events. In another study, the same dose of nepadutant increased colo-rectal compliance during isobaric balloon distension in healthy volunteers pretreated with a glycerol enema, disclosing a NK2 receptor-mediated component in the regulation of colonic smooth muscle tone. However, the prolonged blockade of NK2 receptors by nepadutant (16 mg i.v. b.i.d. for 8 days) did not affect bowel habits, neither in term of movements nor of stool consistency. Altogether, these results indicate that, even when there is a significant redundance in the effects of TKs and in the role of their receptors, the selective blockade of tachykinin NK2 receptors can have functional consequences on human intestinal motility and perception, but this can occur without the disruption of the physiological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Lecci
- Clinical Research Department, Menarini Ricerche, via Sette Santi 1, 50131 Firenze, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ramkissoon SH, Patel HJ, Taborga M, Rameshwar P. G protein-coupled receptors in haematopoietic disruption. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 6:109-20. [PMID: 16436037 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.2.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Haematopoiesis is the process by which blood and immune cells are replenished from a finite number of resident bone marrow (BM) haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Regulatory molecules within the BM microenvironment contribute developmental signals to an interactive network capable of ensuring ordered biological processes. Many bioactive molecules contribute to the network through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs are seven-transmembrane receptors that, following ligand binding, signal by activating coupled heterotrimeric G proteins. This review focuses on those bioactive molecules that regulate haematopoietic development through GPCRs. Chemokines (SDF-1alpha, MIP-1), opioids and tachykinins (SP, NK-A) are important G protein-coupled haematopoietic regulators. Their biology in normal and diseased haematopoiesis is discussed below, as well as their potential as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shakti H Ramkissoon
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Patel HJ, Ramkissoon SH, Patel PS, Rameshwar P. Transformation of breast cells by truncated neurokinin-1 receptor is secondary to activation by preprotachykinin-A peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:17436-41. [PMID: 16291810 PMCID: PMC1297665 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0506351102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains the cancer with the highest mortality among women in the United States. Peptides derived from the oncogenic Tac1 gene (full transcript: betaPPT-A) stimulate the proliferation of breast cancer cells (BCCs) via seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled neurokinin 1 (NK1) and NK2 receptors. The NK1 gene could generate full-length (NK1-FL) and truncated (NK1-Tr) transcripts. NK1-Tr lacks 100 residues in their cytoplasmic end, could couple to G proteins, and shows reduced efficiency with respect to internalization and desensitization. This study reports on a role of NK1-Tr in the transformation of nontumorigenic breast cells, and investigates whether Tac1 expression is linked to the generation of NK1-Tr. Western blots and Northern analyses showed coexpressions of NK1-Tr and NK1-FL in BCCs (cell lines and primary cells from patients with different stages of breast cancer). Stable transfections of betaPPT-A or NK1-Tr expression vectors in nontumorigenic cells showed each induces the expression of the other, consequently resulting in a transformed phenotype. Analyses with microarrays indicate similar patterns of cytokine production by NK1-Tr transfectants and BCCs, but not NK1-FL transfectants. These observations indicate tumor-promoting properties by NK1-Tr, but not NK1-FL. Overall, the oncogenic property of Tac1 in breast cells involves concomitant expression of NK1-Tr and vice versa, consequently leading to the production of cytokines with growth promoting functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiral J Patel
- Department of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vishalakumar S, Patel H, Moharita AL, Harrison JS, Rameshwar P. The anti-proliferative effect of neurokinin-A on hematopoietic progenitor cells is partly mediated by p53 activating the 5' flanking region of neurokinin-2 receptor. Cell Signal 2005; 18:422-32. [PMID: 16009534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2005] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) is home to at least two stem cells, hematopoietic (HSC) and mesenchymal. Hematopoiesis is partly regulated through neurokinin-1 (NK-1) and NK-2 belonging to the family of G-protein/7-transmembrane receptors. NK-1 and NK-2 show preference for the neurotransmitters, substance P (SP) and neurokinin-A (NK-A), respectively. Hematopoietic suppression mediated by NK-A could be partly explained through the production of TGF-beta1 and MIP-1alpha. This study further characterizes mechanisms by which NK-A inhibits progenitor cell proliferation. The study addresses the hypothesis that p53 is a mediator of NK-A activation and this occurs partly through p53-mediated expression of NK-2. The studies first analyzed two consensus sequences for p53 in supershift assays. Reporter gene assays with NK-2 gene constructs and p53 expressing wild-type and mutant vectors, combined with cell proliferation assays, show NK-A activating p53 to inhibit the proliferation of K562 progenitors. These effects were reversed by hematopoietic stimulators, GM-CSF and SP. Verification studies with human CD34+/CD38- and CD34+/CD38+ BM progenitors show similar mechanisms with the expression of p21. This study reports on p53 as central to NK-A-NK-2 interaction in cell cycle quiescence of hematopoietic progenitors. These effects are reversed by at least two hematopoietic stimulators, SP and GM-CSF, with concomitant downregulation of p53.
Collapse
|
19
|
Mukerji I, Ramkissoon SH, Reddy KKR, Rameshwar P. Autocrine proliferation of neuroblastoma cells is partly mediated through neurokinin receptors: relevance to bone marrow metastasis. J Neurooncol 2005; 71:91-8. [PMID: 15690122 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-004-9182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite intensive therapy, approximately 60-80% of children who are diagnosed with metastatic neuroblastoma (NB) succumb to the disease. NB preferentially metastasizes to the bone marrow (BM). In the present study we used SY5Y and CHP212 (NB cell lines) to study the roles of the preprotachykinin-I (PPT-I) gene and the natural receptors for PPT-I peptides, neurokinin-1 (NK-1) and NK-2, in the biology of NB. PPT-I, NK-1 and NK-2 were constitutively expressed in the NB cells. Functional studies, with specific NK receptor antagonists, showed that PPT-I peptides mediate autocrine proliferation of the NB cells through both NK-1 and NK-2 receptors. Full-length and truncated NK-1 receptors were detected in NB cells. Since there is one copy of the NK-1 gene, we used NK-1-specific siRNA to suppress the expression of NK-1. The NK-1-deficient NB cells showed phenotypes consistent with cell differentiation. Suppression of NK-1 did not appear to cause cell death, as demonstrated by trypan blue exclusion and by undetectable active caspase. NK-1 suppression reduced the proliferation of the NB cells beginning by 10-fold at day 1 and reached a 10(5)-fold reduction by day 10. The NK-1 deficient cells did not proliferate when they were placed as cocultures with BM stroma, which suggests that NK-1 signaling is important for the survival of NB cells in the BM. The results show potential roles for NK receptors in the proliferation of NB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indroneil Mukerji
- New Jersey Medical School (UMDNJ-NJMS), Department of Medicine - Hematology/Oncology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB, Room E-579, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Oh HS, Moharita A, Potian JG, Whitehead IP, Livingston JC, Castro TA, Patel PS, Rameshwar P. Bone Marrow Stroma Influences Transforming Growth Factor-β Production in Breast Cancer Cells to Regulate c-myc Activation of the Preprotachykinin-I Gene in Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6327-36. [PMID: 15342422 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer cells (BCCs) have preference for the bone marrow (BM). This study used an in vitro coculture of BCCs and BM stroma to represent a model of early breast cancer metastasis to the BM. The overarching hypothesis states that once BCCs are in the BM, microenvironmental factors induce changes in the expression of genes for cytokines and preprotachykinin-I (PPT-I) in both BCCs and stromal cells. Consequently, the expression of both PPT-I and cytokines are altered to facilitate BCC integration within BM stroma. Cytokine and transcription factor arrays strongly suggested that transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and c-myc regulate the expression of PPT-I so as to facilitate BCC integration among stroma. Northern analyses and TGF-beta bioassays showed that stromal cells and BCCs influence the level of PPT-I and TGF-beta in each other. In cocultures, PPT-I and TGF-beta expressions were significantly (P < 0.05) increased and decreased, respectively. TGF-beta and PPT-I were undetectable in separate stromal cultures but were expressed as cocultures. Two consensus sequences for c-myc in the 5' flanking region of the PPT-I gene were shown to be functional using gel shift and reporter gene assays. Mutagenesis of c-myc sites, neutralization studies with anti-TGF-beta, and transient tranfections all showed that c-myc is required for TGF-beta-mediated induction of PPT-I in BCCs. TGF-beta was less efficient as a mediator of BCC integration within stroma for c-myc-BCCs. Because the model used in this study represents BCC integration within BM stroma, these studies suggest that TGF-beta is important to the regulation of PPT-I in the early events of bone invasion by BCCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun S Oh
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pennefather JN, Lecci A, Candenas ML, Patak E, Pinto FM, Maggi CA. Tachykinins and tachykinin receptors: a growing family. Life Sci 2004; 74:1445-63. [PMID: 14729395 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The peptides of the tachykinin family are widely distributed within the mammalian peripheral and central nervous systems and play a well-recognized role as excitatory neurotransmitters. Currently, the concept that tachykinins act exclusively as neuropeptides is being challenged, since the best known members of the family, substance P, neurokinin A and neurokinin B, are also present in non-neuronal cells and in non-innervated tissues. Moreover, the recently cloned mammalian tachykinins hemokinin-1 and endokinins are primarily expressed in non-neuronal cells, suggesting a widespread distribution and important role for these peptides as intercellular signaling molecules. The biological actions of tachykinins are mediated through three types of receptors denoted NK(1), NK(2) and NK(3) that belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors. The identification of additional tachykinins has reopened the debate of whether more tachykinin receptors exist. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of tachykinins and their receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn N Pennefather
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Pharmacology, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|