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Proinflammatory cytokines and their receptors as druggable targets to alleviate pathological pain. Pain 2022; 163:S79-S98. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kalinski AL, Yoon C, Huffman LD, Duncker PC, Kohen R, Passino R, Hafner H, Johnson C, Kawaguchi R, Carbajal KS, Jara JS, Hollis E, Geschwind DH, Segal BM, Giger RJ. Analysis of the immune response to sciatic nerve injury identifies efferocytosis as a key mechanism of nerve debridement. eLife 2020; 9:60223. [PMID: 33263277 PMCID: PMC7735761 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sciatic nerve crush injury triggers sterile inflammation within the distal nerve and axotomized dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Granulocytes and pro-inflammatory Ly6Chigh monocytes infiltrate the nerve first and rapidly give way to Ly6Cnegative inflammation-resolving macrophages. In axotomized DRGs, few hematogenous leukocytes are detected and resident macrophages acquire a ramified morphology. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of injured sciatic nerve identifies five macrophage subpopulations, repair Schwann cells, and mesenchymal precursor cells. Macrophages at the nerve crush site are molecularly distinct from macrophages associated with Wallerian degeneration. In the injured nerve, macrophages ‘eat’ apoptotic leukocytes, a process called efferocytosis, and thereby promote an anti-inflammatory milieu. Myeloid cells in the injured nerve, but not axotomized DRGs, strongly express receptors for the cytokine GM-CSF. In GM-CSF-deficient (Csf2-/-) mice, inflammation resolution is delayed and conditioning-lesion-induced regeneration of DRG neuron central axons is abolished. Thus, carefully orchestrated inflammation resolution in the nerve is required for conditioning-lesion-induced neurorepair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Kalinski
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Choya Yoon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Lucas D Huffman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Patrick C Duncker
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Rafi Kohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Ryan Passino
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Hannah Hafner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Craig Johnson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Kevin S Carbajal
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | | | - Edmund Hollis
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, United States.,The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Benjamin M Segal
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, United States.,The Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Roman J Giger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
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Central inhibition of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is analgesic in experimental neuropathic pain. Pain 2019; 159:550-559. [PMID: 29351125 PMCID: PMC5828377 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. GM-CSF is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a role in central pain pathways through the modulation of spinal glial cells. With less than 50% of patients responding to the current standard of care and poor efficacy and selectivity of current treatments, neuropathic pain continues to be an area of considerable unmet medical need. Biological therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) provide better intrinsic selectivity; however, delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) remains a challenge. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is well described in inflammation-induced pain, and early-phase clinical trials evaluating its antagonism have exemplified its importance as a peripheral pain target. Here, we investigate the role of this cytokine in a murine model of traumatic nerve injury and show that deletion of the GM-CSF receptor or treatment with an antagonizing mAb alleviates pain. We also demonstrate enhanced analgesic efficacy using an engineered construct that has greater capacity to penetrate the CNS. Despite observing GM-CSF receptor expression in microglia and astrocytes, the gliosis response in the dorsal horn was not altered in nerve injured knockout mice compared with wild-type littermate controls as evaluated by ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein, respectively. Functional analysis of glial cells revealed that pretreatment with GM-CSF potentiated lipopolysaccharide-induced release of proinflammatory cytokines. In summary, our data indicate that GM-CSF is a proinflammatory cytokine that contributes to nociceptive signalling through driving spinal glial cell secretion of proinflammatory mediators. In addition, we report a successful approach to accessing CNS pain targets, providing promise for central compartment delivery of analgesics.
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Joshi AR, Holtmann L, Bobylev I, Schneider C, Ritter C, Weis J, Lehmann HC. Loss of Schwann cell plasticity in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:255. [PMID: 27677703 PMCID: PMC5039906 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is often associated with chronic disability, which can be accounted to incomplete regeneration of injured axons. We hypothesized that Schwann cell support for regenerating axons may be altered in CIDP, which may account for the poor clinical recovery seen in many patients. Methods We exposed human and rodent Schwann cells to sera from CIDP patients and controls. In a model of chronic nerve denervation, we transplanted these conditioned Schwann cells intraneurally and assessed their capacity to support axonal regeneration by electrophysiology and morphometry. Results CIDP-conditioned Schwann cells were less growth supportive for regenerating axons as compared to Schwann cells exposed to control sera. The loss of Schwann cell support was associated with lower levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in CIDP sera and correlated with altered expression of c-Jun and p57kip2 in Schwann cells. The inactivation of these regulatory factors resulted in an altered expression of neurotrophins including BDNF, GDNF, and NGF in CIDP-conditioned Schwann cells in vitro. Conclusions Our study provides evidence that pro-regenerative functions of Schwann cells are affected in CIDP. It thereby offers a possible explanation for the clinical observation that in many CIDP patients recovery is incomplete despite sufficient immunosuppressive treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0711-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet R Joshi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura Holtmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ilja Bobylev
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Christian Ritter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Helmar C Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Poppler LH, Davidge K, Lu JCY, Armstrong J, Fox IK, Mackinnon SE. Alternatives to sural nerve grafts in the upper extremity. Hand (N Y) 2015; 10:68-75. [PMID: 25767423 PMCID: PMC4349904 DOI: 10.1007/s11552-014-9699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sural nerve is the most common nerve graft donor despite requiring a second operative limb and causing numbness of the lateral foot. The purposes of this study were to review our experience using nerve autografts in upper extremity nerve reconstruction and develop recommendations for donor selection. METHODS A retrospective case series study was performed of all consecutive patients undergoing nerve grafting procedures for upper extremity nerve injuries over an 11-year period (2001-2012). RESULTS Eighty-six patients received 109 nerve grafts over the study period. Mean patient age was 42.9 ± 18.3 years; 57 % were male. There were 51 median (59 %), 26 ulnar (30 %), 14 digital (13 %), 13 radial (16 %), and 3 musculocutaneous (4 %) nerve injuries repaired with 99 nerve autografts (71 from upper extremity, 28 from lower extremity). Multiple upper extremity nerve autograft donors were utilized, including the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (MABC), third webspace branch of median, lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LABC), palmar cutaneous, and dorsal cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve. By using an upper-extremity donor, a second operative limb was avoided in 58 patients (67 %), and a second incision was avoided in 26 patients (30 %). The frequency of sural graft use declined from 40 % (n = 17/43) to 11 % (n = 7/64). CONCLUSIONS Our algorithm for selecting nerve graft material has evolved with our growing understanding of nerve internal topography and the drive to minimize additional incisions, maximize ease of harvest, and limit donor morbidity. This has led us away from using the sural nerve when possible and allowed us to avoid a second operative limb in two thirds of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis H. Poppler
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8238, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Kristen Davidge
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8238, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Johnny C. Y. Lu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8238, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Jim Armstrong
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8238, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Ida K. Fox
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8238, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Susan E. Mackinnon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8238, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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Simões GF, Benitez SU, Oliveira ALR. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) positive effects on muscle fiber degeneration and gait recovery after nerve lesion in MDX mice. Brain Behav 2014; 4:738-53. [PMID: 25328849 PMCID: PMC4188366 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND G-CSF has been shown to decrease inflammatory processes and to act positively on the process of peripheral nerve regeneration during the course of muscular dystrophy. AIMS The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of treatment of G-CSF during sciatic nerve regeneration and histological analysis in the soleus muscle in MDX mice. METHODS Six-week-old male MDX mice underwent left sciatic nerve crush and were G-CSF treated at 7 days prior to and 21 days after crush. Ten and twenty-one days after surgery, the mice were euthanized, and the sciatic nerves were processed for immunohistochemistry (anti-p75(NTR) and anti-neurofilament) and transmission electron microscopy. The soleus muscles were dissected out and processed for H&E staining and subsequent morphologic analysis. Motor function analyses were performed at 7 days prior to and 21 days after sciatic crush using the CatWalk system and the sciatic nerve index. RESULTS Both groups treated with G-CSF showed increased p75(NTR) and neurofilament expression after sciatic crush. G-CSF treatment decreased the number of degenerated and regenerated muscle fibers, thereby increasing the number of normal muscle fibers. CONCLUSIONS The reduction in p75(NTR) and neurofilament indicates a decreased regenerative capacity in MDX mice following a lesion to a peripheral nerve. The reduction in motor function in the crushed group compared with the control groups may reflect the cycles of muscle degeneration/regeneration that occur postnatally. Thus, G-CSF treatment increases motor function in MDX mice. Nevertheless, the decrease in baseline motor function in these mice is not reversed completely by G-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo F Simões
- Departament of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) CP 6109, CEP 13083-907, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Suzana U Benitez
- Departament of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) CP 6109, CEP 13083-907, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre L R Oliveira
- Departament of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) CP 6109, CEP 13083-907, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Extrinsic cellular and molecular mediators of peripheral axonal regeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:5-14. [PMID: 22476657 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability of injured peripheral nerves to regenerate and reinnervate their original targets is a characteristic feature of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). On the other hand, neurons of the central nervous system (CNS), including retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons, are incapable of spontaneous regeneration. In the adult PNS, axonal regeneration after injury depends on well-orchestrated cellular and molecular processes that comprise a highly reproducible series of degenerative reactions distal to the site of injury. During this fine-tuned process, named Wallerian degeneration, a remodeling of the distal nerve fragment prepares a permissive microenvironment that permits successful axonal regrowth originating from the proximal nerve fragment. Therefore, a multitude of adjusted intrinsic and extrinsic factors are important for surviving neurons, Schwann cells, macrophages and fibroblasts as well as endothelial cells in order to achieve successful regeneration. The aim of this review is to summarize relevant extrinsic cellular and molecular determinants of successful axonal regeneration in rodents that contribute to the regenerative microenvironment of the PNS.
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Rotshenker S. Wallerian degeneration: the innate-immune response to traumatic nerve injury. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:109. [PMID: 21878125 PMCID: PMC3179447 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury to peripheral nerves results in the loss of neural functions. Recovery by regeneration depends on the cellular and molecular events of Wallerian degeneration that injury induces distal to the lesion site, the domain through which severed axons regenerate back to their target tissues. Innate-immunity is central to Wallerian degeneration since innate-immune cells, functions and molecules that are produced by immune and non-immune cells are involved. The innate-immune response helps to turn the peripheral nerve tissue into an environment that supports regeneration by removing inhibitory myelin and by upregulating neurotrophic properties. The characteristics of an efficient innate-immune response are rapid onset and conclusion, and the orchestrated interplay between Schwann cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells, and molecules they produce. Wallerian degeneration serves as a prelude for successful repair when these requirements are met. In contrast, functional recovery is poor when injury fails to produce the efficient innate-immune response of Wallerian degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Rotshenker
- Dept. of Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC, Hebrew University, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Rotshenker S. Microglia and macrophage activation and the regulation of complement-receptor-3 (CR3/MAC-1)-mediated myelin phagocytosis in injury and disease. J Mol Neurosci 2004; 21:65-72. [PMID: 14500997 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:21:1:65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2003] [Accepted: 02/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia and macrophages play critical roles in the response of the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS, respectively) to injury and disease, one of which is the removal of degenerated myelin by phagocytosis. Myelin removal is efficient during Wallerian degeneration, which follows injury to PNS axons, and in CNS autoimmune demyelinating diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis) but is inefficient after injury to CNS axons. We suggest that inefficient myelin removal results from deficient microglia activation, reflected by the failure to up-regulate Galectin-3/MAC-2 expression, which marks a state of activation correlated with efficient myelin phagocytosis. Surprisingly, whether or not executing myelin phagocytosis, CNS microglia express the alphaM/beta2 integrin complement receptor-3 (CR3/MAC-1), which has the potential of mediating efficient myelin phagocytosis. We hypothesize that CR3/MAC-1 might be present in distinct inactive and active states that determine, respectively, efficient and inefficient CR3/MAC-1-mediated myelin phagocytosis. We present evidence that CR3/MAC-1-mediated myelin phagocytosis is regulated in microglia and macrophages. First, CR3/MAC-1- mediated myelin phagocytosis has complement-dependent and -independent components. Second, an active complement system augments CR3/MAC-1-mediated myelin phagocytosis. Third, anti-alphaM monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) inhibit and anti-beta2 MAbs augment CR3/MAC-1-mediated myelin phagocytosis in the presence and absence of an active complement system. Fourth, an active complement system modulates MAb-induced regulation of CR3/MAC-1-mediated myelin phagocytosis. Overall, MAb-induced phagocytosis regulation might range three- to sevenfold from inefficient to efficient. We suggest that one of the mechanisms underlying MAb-induced phagocytosis regulation is the induction/stabilization of inactive and active conformational changes. Monoclonal antibody-induced phagocytosis regulation must reveal a mechanism by which native extracellular molecules bind to and regulate CR3/MAC-1-mediated myelin phagocytosis in microglia and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Rotshenker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School and the Eric Roland Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, POB 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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Franzen R, Bouhy D, Schoenen J. Nervous system injury: focus on the inflammatory cytokine 'granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor'. Neurosci Lett 2004; 361:76-8. [PMID: 15135897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Any lesion in the nervous system, be it infectious, immunopathological, ischemic or traumatic, is followed by an inflammatory process that induces rapid activation of glial cells and additional recruitment of granulocytes, T-cells and monocytes/macrophages from the blood stream. Neuroinflammation is a double-sided sword. It can cause neuronal damage and participate in neuropathic pain, but it also has neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects at some stages. Cytokines are the main molecular actors of this 'network of inflammation'. Among them, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a pro-inflammatory hematopoietic cytokine widely used in haematological disorders to stimulate proliferation and differentiation of neutrophilic, eosinophilic and monocytic lineages. GM-CSF and its receptor are expressed in the brain and the cytokine can cross the blood-brain barrier. It is thus likely to affect various nervous system functions. This review will focus on the role of GM-CSF in nervous system disorders and their experimental models with particular emphasis on its possible beneficial effect on axonal regeneration after PNS and CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Franzen
- Research Centre for Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Liege, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Rue de Pitteurs, 20, 4020 Liege, Belgium.
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