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Gu X, Jiang Q, Sun W, Guo W, Yang S. Anatomical analysis of vestibular aqueducts in humans and miniature pigs. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gu
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing China
- Department of Otolayngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The Tianjin Children's Hospital Tianjin P.R. China
- State Key Lab of Hearing Science Ministry of Education Beijing China
- Department of Otolaryngeal‐Head Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing P.R. China
- Chinese PLA Medical School Beijing China
| | - Qing‐qing Jiang
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing China
- Department of Otolayngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The Tianjin Children's Hospital Tianjin P.R. China
- State Key Lab of Hearing Science Ministry of Education Beijing China
- Department of Otolaryngeal‐Head Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing P.R. China
- Chinese PLA Medical School Beijing China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Communicative Disorders & Sciences, Center for Hearing and Deafness State University of New York at Buffalo New York USA
| | - Weiwei Guo
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing China
- Department of Otolayngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The Tianjin Children's Hospital Tianjin P.R. China
- State Key Lab of Hearing Science Ministry of Education Beijing China
- Department of Otolaryngeal‐Head Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing P.R. China
- Chinese PLA Medical School Beijing China
| | - Shi‐Ming Yang
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing China
- Department of Otolayngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The Tianjin Children's Hospital Tianjin P.R. China
- State Key Lab of Hearing Science Ministry of Education Beijing China
- Department of Otolaryngeal‐Head Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing P.R. China
- Chinese PLA Medical School Beijing China
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Komori M, Miuchi S, Hyodo J, Kobayashi T, Hyodo M. The gray scale value of ear tissues undergoing volume-rendering high-resolution cone-beam computed tomography. Auris Nasus Larynx 2018; 45:971-979. [PMID: 29428492 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE When the thresholds for VR reconstruction from multi-slice CT images are changed, problems develop when assessing pathologies in the absence of standardized thresholds. The advantages of CBCT include lower radiation exposure compared with other techniques and better visualization of small ear structures. However, a disadvantage is that the scanner provides unstandardized gray scale values, thus not CT numbers (Hounsfield units, HU). METHODS We analyzed 88 sets of volume data obtained from temporal bones. The gray scale values were measured in aerated areas (two sites), along the ossicular chain (four sites) and in a bone area (one site) in the external and middle ears, and in soft tissue areas (five sites) and bone areas (two sites) in the inner ear. RESULTS The standard male and female gray scale values were 2448-2970 and 2585-3091 for the aerated areas, 3248-4945 and 3359-5223 for the ossicular chains, 3368-4109 and 3371-4147 for soft tissues, and 4790-5776 and 5044-5959 for bone, respectively. Sex significantly affected the values (p<0.05). Significant differences between aerated areas and ossicular chains, and between soft tissues and bone, were evident (all p<0.0001). CONCLUSION Volume-rendering (VR) images obtained by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) can be standardized simply by using fixed thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Komori
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kochi University, Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology, Takanoko Hospital, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Shinya Miuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Jun Hyodo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Takanoko Hospital, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kochi University, Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Hyodo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kochi University, Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
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Rupa V, Agarwal I, Rajshekhar V. Congenital Perilymph Fistula Causing Recurrent Meningitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 150:285-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599813513716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study the steps involved in definitive evaluation and successful management of patients with congenital perilymph fistula presenting with recurrent meningitis. Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting Tertiary care center. Subjects and Methods The case records of 11 patients (12 ears) treated for congenital perilymph fistula presenting with recurrent meningitis were reviewed to ascertain their clinical, radiological, and intraoperative features and outcome following surgery. Results Most patients presented after at least 3 episodes of meningitis (range, 2-10 episodes). Ipsilateral hearing loss was present in 9 of 12 ears, with normal hearing in 3 patients. High-resolution computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging scanning of the temporal bone contributed to the diagnosis in 75% of cases but was normal in 3 cases (25%). Oval window and round window defects were the most common (66.7% and 63.6%, respectively). Four ears (33.3%) had more than 1 defect. The unusual presentations included 2 patients who presented in adulthood, a patient with a defect in the medial wall of the attic, and 3 patients with normal radiological findings. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 11 years (median, 2 years). There were 2 failures following simple fistula closure with cessation of symptoms after vestibular obliteration. No patient was readmitted with recurrent meningitis after definitive surgery. Conclusion Up to 25% of patients with recurrent meningitis secondary to congenital perilymph fistula may have normal audiological and radiological assessment necessitating exploratory tympanotomy. Vestibular obliteration, rather than simple fistula closure, prevents recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedantam Rupa
- Department of ENT, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Indira Agarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Vedantam Rajshekhar
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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CT two-dimensional reformation versus three-dimensional volume rendering with regard to surgical findings in the preoperative assessment of the ossicular chain in chronic suppurative otitis media. Eur J Radiol 2013; 82:1519-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vlastarakos PV, Nikolopoulos TP, Pappas S, Buchanan MA, Bewick J, Kandiloros D. Cochlear implantation update: contemporary preoperative imaging and future prospects - the dual modality approach as a standard of care. Expert Rev Med Devices 2010; 7:555-67. [PMID: 20583891 DOI: 10.1586/erd.10.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The selection of cochlear implant (CI) candidates requires consideration of a variety of clinical and radiographic factors. The present article reviews the current knowledge regarding the preoperative imaging of CI candidates and explores emerging developments in different imaging modalities. Preoperative radiologic assessment should evaluate the status of the middle/inner ear, auditory nerve and central acoustic pathways. Preoperative computed tomography displays anatomic middle ear variations of surgical importance. MRI can demonstrate fluid/obliteration in the inner ear and depict the retrocochlear auditory pathways. Dual modality imaging with high-resolution computed tomography and MRI of the petrous bone and brain can provide the maximum information regarding surgical landmarks and detect deafness-related abnormalities. Cost-effectiveness issues also justify its use. New systems are now becoming available, offering improved soft-tissue delineation, sophisticated segmentation techniques, volumetric measurements, semitransparent views and superior surface resolution, thus significantly advancing our diagnostic acumen and making the preoperative evaluation of CI candidates more accurate and reliable.
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Ekdale EG. Ontogenetic Variation in the Bony Labyrinth of Monodelphis domestica (Mammalia: Marsupialia) Following Ossification of the Inner Ear Cavities. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:1896-912. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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HOFMAN R, SEGENHOUT J, WIT H. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the guinea pig inner ear, comparison of OPFOS and light microscopy, applications of 3D reconstruction. J Microsc 2009; 233:251-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liu B, Gao XL, Yin HX, Luo SQ, Lu J. A detailed 3D model of the guinea pig cochlea. Brain Struct Funct 2007; 212:223-30. [PMID: 17717692 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-007-0146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several partial models of cochlear subparts are available. However, a complete 3D model of an intact cochlea based on actual histological sections has not been reported. Hence, the aim of this study was to develop a novel 3D model of the guinea pig cochlea and conduct post-processes on this reconstructed model. We used a combination of histochemical processing and the method of acquiring section data from the visible human project (VHP) to obtain a set of ideal raw images of cochlear sections. After semi-automatic registration and accurate manual segmentation with professional image processing software, one set of aligned data and six sets of segmented data were generated. Finally, the segmented structures were reconstructed by 3D Slicer (a professional imaging process and analysis tool). Further, post-processes including 3D visualization and a virtual endoscope were completed to improve visualization and simulate the course of the cochlear implant through the scala tympani. The 3D cochlea model contains the main six structures: (1) the inner wall, (2) modiolus and spiral lamina, (3) cochlea nerve and spiral ganglion, (4) spiral ligament and inferior wall of cochlear duct, (5) Reissner's membrane and (6) tectorial membrane. Based on the results, we concluded that ideal raw images of cochlear sections can be acquired by combining the processes of conventional histochemistry and photographing while slicing. After several vital image processing and analysis steps, this could further generate a vivid 3D model of the intact cochlea complete with internal details. This novel 3D model has great potential in teaching, basic medical research and in several clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University, 10#, You An Men Wai, Xi Tou Tiao, Beijing 100069, China
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Fatterpekar GM, Doshi AH, Dugar M, Delman BN, Naidich TP, Som PM. Role of 3D CT in the Evaluation of the Temporal Bone. Radiographics 2006; 26 Suppl 1:S117-32. [PMID: 17050510 DOI: 10.1148/rg.26si065502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) multiplanar reformatted images from conventional cross-sectional computed tomographic (CT) data have been increasingly used to better demonstrate the anatomy and pathologic conditions of various organ systems. Three-dimensional volume-rendered (VR) CT images can aid in understanding the temporal bone, a region of complex anatomy containing multiple small structures within a relatively compact area, which makes evaluation of this region difficult. These images can be rotated in space and dissected in any plane, allowing assessment of the morphologic features of individual structures, including the small ossicles of the middle ear and the intricate components of the inner ear. The use of submillimeter two-dimensional reconstruction from CT data in addition to 3D reformation allows depiction of microanatomic structures such as the osseous spiral lamina and hamulus. Furthermore, 3D VR CT images can be used to evaluate various conditions of the temporal bone, including congenital malformations, vascular anomalies, inflammatory or neoplastic conditions, and trauma. The additional information provided by 3D reformatted images allows a better understanding of temporal bone anatomy and improves the ability to evaluate related disease, thereby helping to optimize surgical planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish M Fatterpekar
- Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Wirkner CS, Richter S. Improvement of microanatomical research by combining corrosion casts with MicroCT and 3D reconstruction, exemplified in the circulatory organs of the woodlouse. Microsc Res Tech 2005; 64:250-4. [PMID: 15452892 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A SkyScan-1072 high-resolution desktop microtomograph was used to visualize the 3D morphology of the circulatory system of Porcellio scaber (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Isopoda) at the micrometer level. Prior to MicroCT investigation, the circulatory system was injected with a fast-hardening resin, permitting a better contrast of the vascular structures that are normally hollow after fixation. Stacks of tomographic images were used to reconstruct the circulatory system three-dimensionally. The spatial resolution achieved by the microtomograph is about 3.5 microm. The technique provides detailed tomographic images of the inner organs and makes precise 3D reconstructions of the circulatory system in arthropods possible. The results were compared with conventional histological data. MicroCT permits a high number of specimens to be screened in a short time, which is essential for the improvement of modern morphological research in a cladistic framework. Histological techniques, however, are still essential for gathering information at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Wirkner
- AG Vergleichende Zoologie, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
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Kim HJ, Song JW, Chon KM, Goh EK. Common crus aplasia: diagnosis by 3D volume rendering imaging using 3DFT-CISS sequence. Clin Radiol 2004; 59:830-4. [PMID: 15351249 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2004.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate the findings of three-dimensional (3D) volume rendering (VR) imaging in common crus aplasia (CCA) of the inner ear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using 3D VR imaging of temporal bone constructive interference in steady state (CISS) magnetic resonance (MR) images, we retrospectively reviewed seven inner ears of six children who were candidates for cochlear implants and who had been diagnosed with CCA. As controls, we used the same method to examine 402 inner ears of 201 patients who had no clinical symptoms or signs of sensorineural hearing loss. Temporal bone MR imaging (MRI) was performed with a 1.5 T MR machine using a CISS sequence, and VR of the inner ear was performed on a work station. Morphological image analysis was performed on rotation views of 3D VR images. RESULTS In all seven cases, CCA was diagnosed by the absence of the common crus. The remaining superior semicircular canal (SCC) was normal in five and hypoplastic in two inner ears, while the posterior SCC was normal in all seven. One patient showed bilateral symmetrical CCA. Complicated combined anomalies were seen in the cochlea, vestibule and lateral SCC. CONCLUSION 3D VR imaging findings with MR CISS sequence can directly diagnose CCA. This technique may be useful in delineating detailed anomalies of SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Kim
- Department of Radiology, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Pusan, South Korea.
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Briggs RD, Vrabec JT, Cavey ML, Johnson RF. Virtual endoscopic evaluation of labyrinthine fistulae resulting from cholesteatoma. Laryngoscope 2001; 111:1828-33. [PMID: 11801953 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200110000-00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Fistulae of the otic capsule occur in approximately 10% of cholesteatoma cases. Preoperative imaging of this complication is valuable in limiting intraoperative morbidity. Three-dimensional virtual endoscopic imaging provides a new method for analysis of conventional computed tomography (CT) imaging data. The purpose of the study was to examine the feasibility and efficacy of this technique in detecting labyrinthine fistulae caused by cholesteatoma. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case study. METHODS Fifteen patients with surgically confirmed lateral semicircular canal fistula and preoperative CT scan were included. Scans meeting inclusion criteria were imported into a software program for production of virtual endoscopic images. Dehiscent and normal lateral semicircular canals were navigated while varying threshold values for surrounding bone. Changes in threshold values produce the effect of thickening or thinning the bone enveloping the semicircular canal. Threshold parameters that produced easy circumnavigation ("open") and intact inner surface of the lateral canal ("closed") were recorded. RESULTS The fistula group demonstrated a significantly lower "closed" threshold level and, consequently, a greater range of navigation between "open" and "closed" thresholds. Intrasubject absolute differences in threshold values between normal and abnormal ears appeared to be the most accurate method for detecting a fistula. The suggested imaging parameters displayed an overall sensitivity for fistula detection of 67% with a specificity of 93%. CONCLUSIONS The three-dimensional virtual endoscopic algorithm shows promise as a method for confirmation of otic capsule dehiscences. Sensitivity for detection is suboptimal but can be improved by alterations in image acquisition parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Briggs
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Isono M, Murata K, Nakayama K, Miyashita H, Tanaka H, Ishikawa M. Inner ear anomaly of three-dimensional computed tomography: computed tomographic attenuation and image changes. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2001; 542:62-6. [PMID: 10897403 DOI: 10.1080/000164800454693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
With regard to image diagnosis of inner ear anomalies, three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) is useful in obtaining very realistic images that are unmatched by 2D-CT. Unlike the step scanning in the existing 2D-CT, in helical 3D-CT, scanning is performed in a spiral motion by continuously rotating the scanner and moving the table along the body axis at a constant speed. As a result, data obtained by this CT are continuous and very smooth curves can be obtained. Among the data, the CT attenuation determines the quality of the final 3D images. In the present paper, the usefulness of 3D-CT was investigated in a case with Mondini-type inner ear malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isono
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Miyashita H, Isono M, Murata K, Nakayama K, Tanaka H, Ishikawa M. Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging findings of inner ear anomaly. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2001; 542:67-70. [PMID: 10897404 DOI: 10.1080/000164800454701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Using three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (3D-MRI), the membranous labyrinth was examined in normal cases and in a case with bilateral Mondini-type inner ear malformations. Both ears were also examined by high-resolution computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bone. 3D-MRI provided more detail than findings obtained by conventional high-resolution CT and it enabled 3D observations to be made. Detailed examination of maximum intensity projection images along the cochlea axis revealed the cochlear turns in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Miyashita
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Rupa V, Rajshekhar V, Weider DJ. Syndrome of recurrent meninigitis due to congenital perilymph fistula with two different clinical presentations. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2000; 54:173-7. [PMID: 10967391 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5876(00)00356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent meningitis secondary to a congenital labyrinthine anomaly is a rare clinical entity, diagnosis of which is dependent upon certain clinical, radiological and intraoperative features. In the following report we describe two children with congenital labyrinthine fistula and recurrent meningitis whose clinical presentation, radiological features and intraoperative findings were dissimilar and thus, illustrative of two different ways of presentation of this rare disorder. While one had a classical Mondini defect and unilateral hearing loss, the other had normal audiometric and radiographic findings. The fistulae were successfully closed via a tympanotomy approach in both the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rupa
- Departments of ENT and Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College & Hospital, 632004, Vellore, India.
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Van Spaendonck MP, Cryns K, Van De Heyning PH, Scheuermann DW, Van Camp G, Timmermans JP. High resolution imaging of the mouse inner ear by microtomography: a new tool in inner ear research. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 2000; 259:229-36. [PMID: 10820324 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(20000601)259:2<229::aid-ar12>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A newly developed desktop microtomograph was used to evaluate whether it is suitable for visualizing the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the mouse inner ear (at a micrometer level) and whether it is applicable as a fast screening tool to detect hereditary abnormalities in this organ. To this end, the epistatic circler, a mutant mouse showing abnormal circling behaviour, was used as a model. The inner ears were dissected out, formaldehyde-fixed, and scanned at maximal resolution along the longitudinal axis. After segmentation, stacks of tomographic images were used for 3D reconstruction of the bony labyrinth. Finally, the obtained data were correlated with subsequent conventional histological examination. The spatial resolution (8 microm) achieved by this instrument, was found to be far superior to that obtained by conventional computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR)-imaging equipment. The technique provides detailed tomographic images of the bony labyrinths and enables an adequate 3D reconstruction of the inner ear structures in this small mammal. In addition, it allows a screening for pathologic specimens prior to the more time- and labour-consuming histological techniques, which are still essential to gather information at a (sub)cellular level. This imaging technique can be regarded as a valuable tool in future research on hereditary inner ear abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Van Spaendonck
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
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