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Histoplasmosis in Children; HIV/AIDS Not a Major Driver. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070530. [PMID: 34209280 PMCID: PMC8305925 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The classification of histoplasmosis as an AIDS-defining illness has largely attributed its occurrence in people to the presence of HIV/AIDS especially in Africa. Prior to the advent of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, several cases of histoplasmosis were documented both in the pediatric and adult populations. Our review revealed 1461 reported cases of pediatric histoplasmosis globally in the last eight decades (1939-2021). North America (n = 1231) had the highest number of cases, followed by South America (n = 135), Africa (n = 65), Asia (n = 26) and Europe (n = 4). Histoplasmosis was much more common in the non-HIV pediatric population (n = 1418, 97.1%) compared to the HIV population. The non-HIV factors implicated were, childhood malignancies (n = 207), such as leukemias and lymphomas as well as their treatment, lung diseases (n = 7), environmental exposures and toxins (n = 224), autoimmune diseases (n = 12), organ transplants (n = 12), long-term steroid therapy (n = 3), the use of immunosuppressive drugs such as TNF-alpha inhibitors (n = 7) malnutrition (n = 12), histiocytosis (n = 3), Hyper immunoglobulin M and E syndromes (n = 15, 1.2%), pancytopenia (n = 26), diabetes mellitus (n = 1) and T-cell deficiency (n = 21). Paediatricians should always consider or rule out a diagnosis of histoplasmosis in children presenting with symptoms suggestive of the above clinical conditions.
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Ferrisse TM, Rocha AFL, Miotto LN, de Almeida Lança ML, Massucato EMS, Bufalino A. Disseminated Histoplasmosis Infection in HIV-Negative Patients: Series Case and Literature Review. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-021-00414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chen J, Li Y, Li Z, Chen G, Liu X, Ding L. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing identified Histoplasma capsulatum in the lung and epiglottis of a Chinese patient: A case report. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 101:33-37. [PMID: 32950741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is an endemic disease mainly occurring in North America and is rare in China. Confirmation of histoplasmosis should be based on a compatible clinical scenario and a positive culture or histopathology. However, there are still many cases that are misdiagnosed or missed, especially in individuals from non-endemic areas. In recent years, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has led to the accurate and timely diagnosis of some rare and complicated infectious diseases. We describe the case of a 27-year-old Chinese man who had chronic progressive pulmonary lesions without any symptoms for more than 1year, until the lesions reached the epiglottis and led to progressive pharyngeal pain. There were no positive results from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and epiglottis tissue cultures, or from epiglottis and lung pathological examinations, but mNGS was able to identify Histoplasma capsulatum in the epiglottis tissues and BALF as the cause of the lesions. The patient was treated successfully with itraconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehua Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yingqin Li
- Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zizi Li
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Gongqi Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
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Singh V, Gupta P, Khatana S, Bhagol A, Gupta A. A nonhealing ulcer of mandibular alveolar ridge. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012. [PMID: 23182373 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Singh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Government Dental College, Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
| | - Pranav Gupta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Government Dental College, Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Shruti Khatana
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Government Dental College, Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Amrish Bhagol
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Government Dental College, Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Ambika Gupta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, Government Dental College, Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Harnalikar M, Kharkar V, Khopkar U. Disseminated cutaneous histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent adult. Indian J Dermatol 2012; 57:206-9. [PMID: 22707773 PMCID: PMC3371525 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.96194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis, a systemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum and Histoplasma capsulatum var duboisii is endemic to many parts of the world. The clinical manifestations range from acute or chronic pulmonary infection to a progressive disseminated disease. After initial exposure to the fungus, the infection is self-limited and restricted to the lungs in 99% of healthy individuals. The remaining 1%, however, progress to either disseminated or chronic disease involving the lungs, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow or rarely, the skin and mucous membranes. Mucocutaneous histoplasmosis is frequently reported in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), but it is rare in immunocompetent hosts. A 60-year-old male presented with asymptomatic swelling of the hard palate and crusted papules and nodules over the extremities, face and trunk. Clinically, the diagnoses of cutaneous cryptococcosis versus histoplasmosis was considered in this patient. A chest X-ray revealed hilar lymphadenopathy. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was nonreactive. Skin biopsy revealed multiple tiny intracellular round yeast forms with a halo in the mid-dermis. Culture of the skin biopsy in Sabouraud's dextrose agar showed colonies of Histoplasma capsulatum. Despite an investigation including no evidence of underlying immunosuppression was found, he was started on IV amphotericin-B (0.5 mg/kg/day). However, the patient succumbed to his disease 2 days after presentation. We report a rare case of disseminated cutaneous histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Harnalikar
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
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Ge L, Zhou C, Song Z, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhong B, Hao F. Primary localized histoplasmosis with lesions restricted to the mouth in a Chinese HIV-negative patient. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14 Suppl 3:e325-8. [PMID: 20591715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is a deep mycosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, which is endemic in many areas of the world but is relatively rare in China. Although the majority of cases present as a mild to moderate flu-like disease requiring only supportive therapy, approximately 1% of patients experience more serious pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease, which can be life-threatening if diagnosis is delayed or the treatment is not initiated rapidly. Definitive diagnosis is usually made by a combination of culture, detection of the organism in tissues, measurement of antibodies, and detection of antigen. We present the case of a 51-year-old patient who presented with histoplasmosis only, with several ulcerated lesions in the oral cavity and without HIV infection, who did not show any detectable signs and symptoms of systemic disease or extra-oral manifestations. Histopathological analysis indicated a chronic inflammatory process with granulomas with yeast-like organisms. Isolation of H. capsulatum and molecular identification provided the definitive diagnosis. Treatment with oral itraconazole led to remission of the oral lesions. This is the first Chinese case report of localized histoplasmosis with lesions restricted to the mouth in an HIV-negative patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ge
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Histoplasmosis is a deep fungus infection that occurs worldwide and is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. Oral histoplasmosis has been of considerable importance in recent years because it occurs frequently in immunosuppressed patients, more often in those who test positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, the literature contains reports of histoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients, especially in endemic areas. CASE DESCRIPTION The authors describe a case of an HIV-negative, immunocompetent 60-year-old man with ulcerative and painful oral lesions. The clinician included squamous cell carcinoma and systemic mycosis in the differential diagnosis. After the patient underwent a biopsy and a definitive diagnosis was reached, his initial treatment regimen included itraconazole (200 milligrams per day for one month), nystatin and chlorhexidine mouthrinse (0.12 percent, 10 milliliters, two times a day). The itraconazole treatment was continued for three more months (100 mg daily) until the lesions had resolved completely. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Clinicians need to conduct a careful clinical evaluation and make an accurate diagnosis of ulcerated oral lesions. Knowledge of the oral manifestations of histoplasmosis may enable clinicians to reach a diagnosis earlier and initiate therapy more quickly.
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Pignataro L, Torretta S, Capaccio P, Esposito S, Marchisio P. Unusual otolaryngological manifestations of certain systemic bacterial and fungal infections in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 73 Suppl 1:S33-7. [PMID: 20114153 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5876(09)70007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic bacterial and fungal infections may sometimes present local manifestations within otolaryngological district whose early detection may be useful in establishing a correct diagnosis and more appropriate treatment. This paper reviews certain systemic bacterial and fungal diseases presenting ENT manifestations in the pediatric population from an otolaryngological perspective. METHODS A medline searching for specific issues was performed in order to achieve more information as possible with regards to ENT manifestation of systemic bacterial and fungal infections. Limits for pediatric age were used. Two separate sections for bacterial and fungal disease are included. The section on systemic bacterial infections considers cat-scratch disease, Lyme borreliosis, actinomycosis, Lemierre's syndrome and congenital syphilis, and the section on systemic fungal infections includes candidiasis, aspergillosis and histoplasmosis. CONCLUSIONS Pediatricians and ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialists, approaching head and neck disorders in children, should therefore consider them among the possible differential diagnoses. This means that physicians need to recognize the first head and neck manifestations of systemic infections promptly in order to be able to treat them efficaciously and avoid the dangerous systemic spreading of the infective process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pignataro
- Department of Otolaryngological and Ophthalmological Sciences, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli and Regina Elena, Milan, Italy.
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Rizzi MD, Batra PS, Prayson R, Citardi MJ. Nasal histoplasmosis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006; 135:803-4. [PMID: 17071317 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2005.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Rizzi
- Head and Neck Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Valle ACFD, Moreira LC, Almeida-Paes R, Moreira JS, Pizzini CV, Muniz MDM, Zancopé-Oliveira RM. Chronic disseminated histoplasmosis with lesions restricted to the mouth: case report. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2006; 48:113-6. [PMID: 16699636 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652006000200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a rare case of chronic disseminated histoplasmosis with several ulcerated lesions in the oral cavity in an alcoholic patient without human immunodeficiency virus infection, with no detectable signs and symptoms of systemic disease or extraoral manifestations. Histopathological analysis revealed chronic inflammatory process with granulomas containing Histoplasma-like organisms. The isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum provided the definitive diagnosis. Treatment with itraconazole resulted in complete remission of oral lesions. As far we aware, this is the second case report of oral histoplasmosis in an HIV negative patient described in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carlos F do Valle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Alcure ML, Di Hipólito Júnior O, Almeida OPD, Bonilha H, Lopes MA. Oral histoplasmosis in an HIV-negative patient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 101:e33-6. [PMID: 16448911 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is a deep mycosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, which has been found in soil with accumulated excreta of bats and birds. This disease has variable clinical findings with only pulmonary or systemic involvement. Upper aerodigestive lesions are found mainly associated with systemic disease, affecting particularly patients with immunosuppression conditions mainly caused by HIV. However, it is uncommon in immunocompetent patients. This report describes a case of oro-laryngeal-esophageal histoplasmosis in a HIV-seronegative patient without detectable systemic involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Leal Alcure
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Meijer JAA, Sjögren EV, Kuijper E, Verbist BM, Visser LG. Necrotizing cervical lymphadenitis due to disseminated Histoplasma capsulatum infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24:574-6. [PMID: 16096778 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-005-1371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J A A Meijer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden Medical University Center, Room C5-P-41, Post Box 9600, 2300, RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum is an endemic fungus found in moist, fertile soil; in North America, it is most prevalent in the river valleys of the central United States. Most primary infections in the immunocompetent host are asymptomatic or are thought to be a flu-like illness. Disseminated histoplasmosis most commonly occurs in immunosuppressed patients. Histoplasmosis infection involving the larynx is an extremely rare manifestation. Here, we describe the case of an immunocompetent man with symptomatic, acute pulmonary histoplasmosis with laryngeal involvement who presented with a chief complaint of hoarseness. We also review the literature of immunocompetent patients with laryngeal histoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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