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Powers AS, Pham V, Burger WAC, Thompson G, Laloudakis Y, Barnes NW, Sexton PM, Paul SM, Christopoulos A, Thal DM, Felder CC, Valant C, Dror RO. Structural basis of efficacy-driven ligand selectivity at GPCRs. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:805-814. [PMID: 36782010 PMCID: PMC10299909 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
A drug's selectivity for target receptors is essential to its therapeutic utility, but achieving selectivity between similar receptors is challenging. The serendipitous discovery of ligands that stimulate target receptors more strongly than closely related receptors, despite binding with similar affinities, suggests a solution. The molecular mechanism of such 'efficacy-driven selectivity' has remained unclear, however, hindering design of such ligands. Here, using atomic-level simulations, we reveal the structural basis for the efficacy-driven selectivity of a long-studied clinical drug candidate, xanomeline, between closely related muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). Xanomeline's binding mode is similar across mAChRs in their inactive states but differs between mAChRs in their active states, with divergent effects on active-state stability. We validate this mechanism experimentally and use it to design ligands with altered efficacy-driven selectivity. Our results suggest strategies for the rational design of ligands that achieve efficacy-driven selectivity for many pharmaceutically important G-protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vi Pham
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wessel A C Burger
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geoff Thompson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yianni Laloudakis
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas W Barnes
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Center, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Thal
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ron O Dror
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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2
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Jecs E, Tahirovic YA, Wilson RJ, Miller EJ, Kim M, Truax V, Nguyen HH, Akins NS, Saindane M, Wang T, Sum CS, Cvijic ME, Schroeder GM, Burton SL, Derdeyn CA, Xu L, Jiang Y, Wilson LJ, Liotta DC. Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Tetrahydronaphthyridine CXCR4 Antagonists with Improved Drug-like Profiles. J Med Chem 2022; 65:4058-4084. [PMID: 35179893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our first-generation CXCR4 antagonist TIQ15 was rationally modified to improve drug-like properties. Introducing a nitrogen atom into the aromatic portion of the tetrahydroisoquinoline ring led to several heterocyclic variants including the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,6-naphthyridine series, greatly reducing the inhibition of the CYP 2D6 enzyme. Compound 12a demonstrated the best overall properties after profiling a series of isomeric tetrahydronaphthyridine analogues in a battery of biochemical assays including CXCR4 antagonism, CYP 2D6 inhibition, metabolic stability, and permeability. The butyl amine side chain of 12a was substituted with various lipophilic groups to improve the permeability. These efforts culminated in the discovery of compound 30 as a potent CXCR4 antagonist (IC50 = 24 nM) with diminished CYP 2D6 activity, improved PAMPA permeability (309 nm/s), potent inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus entry (IC50 = 7 nM), a cleaner off-target in vitro safety profile, lower human ether a-go-go-related gene channel activity, and higher oral bioavailability in mice (% FPO = 27) compared to AMD11070 and TIQ15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgars Jecs
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yesim A Tahirovic
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Robert J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Eric J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Michelle Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Valarie Truax
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huy H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Nicholas S Akins
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Manohar Saindane
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Chi S Sum
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mary E Cvijic
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Gretchen M Schroeder
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Samantha L Burton
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Cynthia A Derdeyn
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Lingjie Xu
- Hangzhou Junrui Biotechnology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Hangzhou Junrui Biotechnology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Lawrence J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Dennis C Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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3
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The Anticonvulsant Effect of Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br. (Apocynaceae). Neural Plast 2021; 2021:5566890. [PMID: 34257639 PMCID: PMC8257368 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5566890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of currently used drugs have been obtained from medicinal plants which are a major source of drugs. These drugs are either used in their pure form or modified to a semisynthetic drug. Drug discovery through natural product research has been fruitful over the years. Traditionally, Calotropis procera is used extensively in the management of epilepsy. This study is conducted to explore the anticonvulsant effect of a hydroethanolic leaf extract of Calotropis procera (CPE) in murine models. This effect was evaluated using picrotoxin-induced convulsions, strychnine-induced convulsions, and isoniazid- and pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in mice of both sexes. The results showed that CPE (100-300 mg/kg) exhibited an anticonvulsant effect against strychnine-induced clonic seizures by significantly reducing the duration (p = 0.0068) and frequency (p = 0.0016) of convulsions. The extract (100-300 mg/kg) caused a profound dose-dependent delay in the onset of clonic convulsions induced by picrotoxin (p < 0.0001) and tonic convulsions (p < 0.0001) in mice. The duration of convulsions was reduced significantly also for both clonic and tonic (p < 0.0001) seizures as well. CPE (100-300 mg/kg), showed a profound anticonvulsant effect and reduced mortality in the pilocarpine-induced convulsions. ED50 (~0.1007) determined demonstrated that the extract was less potent than diazepam in reducing the duration and onset of convulsions but had comparable efficacies. Flumazenil—a GABAA receptor antagonist—did not reverse the onset or duration of convulsions produced by the extract in the picrotoxin-induced seizure model. In isoniazid-induced seizure, CPE (300 mg kg1, p.o.) significantly (p < 0.001) delayed the onset of seizure in mice and prolonged latency to death in animals. Overall, the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Calotropis procera possesses anticonvulsant properties.
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Weinhart CG, Wifling D, Schmidt MF, Neu E, Höring C, Clark T, Gmeiner P, Keller M. Dibenzodiazepinone-type muscarinic receptor antagonists conjugated to basic peptides: Impact of the linker moiety and unnatural amino acids on M 2R selectivity. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113159. [PMID: 33571911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The family of human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (MRs) is characterized by a high sequence homology among the five subtypes (M1R-M5R), being the reason for a lack of subtype selective MR ligands. In continuation of our work on dualsteric dibenzodiazepinone-type M2R antagonists, a series of M2R ligands containing a dibenzodiazepinone pharmacophore linked to small basic peptides was synthesized (64 compounds). The linker moiety was varied with respect to length, number of basic nitrogens (0-2) and flexibility. Besides proteinogenic basic amino acids (Lys, Arg), shorter homologues of Lys and Arg, containing three and two methylene groups, respectively, as well as D-configured amino acids were incorporated. The type of linker had a marked impact on M2R affinity and also effected M2R selectivity. In contrast, the structure of the basic peptide rather determined M2R selectivity than M2R affinity. For example, the most M2R selective compound (UR-CG188, 89) with picomolar M2R affinity (pKi 9.60), exhibited a higher M2R selectivity (ratio of Ki M1R/M2R/M3R/M4R/M5R: 110:1:5200:55:2300) compared to the vast majority of reported M2R preferring MR ligands. For selected ligands, M2R antagonism was confirmed in a M2R miniG protein recruitment assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna G Weinhart
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David Wifling
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian F Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer-Chemistry-Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eduard Neu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer-Chemistry-Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carina Höring
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer-Chemistry-Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max Keller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Orjatsalo M, Partinen E, Wallukat G, Alakuijala A, Partinen M. Activating autoantibodies against G protein-coupled receptors in narcolepsy type 1. Sleep Med 2020; 77:82-87. [PMID: 33341642 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Narcolepsy type 1 is a rare hypersomnia of central origin, which is caused by loss of hypothalamic neurons that produce the neuropeptides hypocretin-1 and -2. Hypocretin-containing nerve terminals are found in areas known to play a central role in autonomic control and in pain signaling. Cholinergic M2 receptors are found in brain areas involved with the occurrence of hallucinations and cataplexy. In addition to classical symptoms of narcolepsy, the patients suffer frequently from autonomic dysfunction, chronic pain, and hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations. We aimed to test whether narcolepsy type 1 patients have autoantibodies against autonomic β2 adrenergic receptor, M2 muscarinic receptors, or nociception receptors. METHODS We tested the serum of ten narcolepsy type 1 patients (five female) for activating β2 adrenergic receptor autoantibodies, M2 muscarinic receptor autoantibodies, and nociception receptor autoantibodies. RESULTS Ten of ten patients were positive for muscarinic M2 receptor autoantibodies (P < 0.001), 9/10 were positive for autoantibodies against nociception receptors (P < 0.001), and 5/10 were positive for β2 adrenergic receptor autoantibodies (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Narcolepsy type 1 patients harbored activating autoantibodies against M2 muscarinic receptors, nociception receptors, and β2 adrenergic receptors. M2 receptor autoantibodies may be related to the occurrence of cataplexy and, moreover, hallucinations in narcolepsy since they are found in the same brain areas that are involved with these symptoms. The occurrence of nociception receptor autoantibodies strengthens the association between narcolepsy type 1 and pain. The connection between narcolepsy type 1, autonomic complaints, and the presumed cardiovascular morbidity might be associated with the occurrence of β2 adrenergic receptor autoantibodies. On the other hand, the presence of the autoantibodies may be secondary to the destruction of the hypocretin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Orjatsalo
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Eemil Partinen
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Vitalmed Research Center, Helsinki Sleep Clinic, Valimotie 21, 00380, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Anniina Alakuijala
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Partinen
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Vitalmed Research Center, Helsinki Sleep Clinic, Valimotie 21, 00380, Helsinki, Finland
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Bugay V, Wallace DJ, Wang B, Salinas I, Chapparo AP, Smith HR, Dube PH, Brooks EG, Berg KA, Brenner R. Bis-Quinolinium Cyclophane Blockers of SK Potassium Channels Are Antagonists of M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:552211. [PMID: 33041794 PMCID: PMC7525093 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.552211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dequalinium is used as an antimicrobial compound for oral health and other microbial infections. Derivatives of dequalinium, the bis-quinolinium cyclophanes UCL 1684 and UCL 1848, are high affinity SK potassium channel antagonists. Here we investigated these compounds as M3 muscarinic receptor (mACHR) antagonists. We used the R-CEPIAer endoplasmic reticulum calcium reporter to functionally assay for Gq-coupled receptor signaling, and investigated the bis-quinolinium cyclophanes as antagonists of M3 mACHR activation in transfected CHO cells. Given mACHR roles in airway smooth muscle (ASM) contractility, we also tested the ability of UCL 1684 to relax ASM. We find that these compounds antagonized M3 mACHRs with an IC50 of 0.27 μM for dequalinium chloride, 1.5 μM for UCL 1684 and 1.0 μM for UCL 1848. UCL 1684 also antagonized M1 (IC50 0.12 μM) and M5 (IC50 0.52 μM) mACHR responses. UCL 1684 was determined to be a competitive antagonist at M3 receptors as it increased the EC50 for carbachol without a reduction in the maximum response. The Ki for UCL1684 determined from competition binding experiments was 909 nM. UCL 1684 reduced carbachol-evoked ASM contractions (>90%, IC50 0.43 μM), and calcium mobilization in rodent and human lung ASM cells. We conclude that dequalinium and bis-quinolinium cyclophanes antagonized M3 mACHR activation at sub- to low micromolar concentrations, with UCL 1684 acting as an ASM relaxant. Caution should be taken when using these compounds to block SK potassium channels, as inhibition of mACHRs may be a side-effect if excessive concentrations are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Bugay
- Cell and Integrative Physiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Derek J Wallace
- Intensive Care Unit, Methodist Hospital Texsan, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- Cell and Integrative Physiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Irving Salinas
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | | | - Hudson Ryan Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Peter Herbert Dube
- Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Edward G Brooks
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Kelly Ann Berg
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Robert Brenner
- Cell and Integrative Physiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Jolivalt CG, Frizzi KE, Han MM, Mota AJ, Guernsey LS, Kotra LP, Fernyhough P, Calcutt NA. Topical Delivery of Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists Prevents and Reverses Peripheral Neuropathy in Female Diabetic Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 374:44-51. [PMID: 32327528 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.265447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic antagonists promote sensory neurite outgrowth in vitro and prevent and/or reverse multiple indices of peripheral neuropathy in rodent models of diabetes, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, and HIV protein-induced neuropathy when delivered systemically. We measured plasma concentrations of the M1 receptor-selective muscarinic antagonist pirenzepine when delivered by subcutaneous injection, oral gavage, or topical application to the skin and investigated efficacy of topically delivered pirenzepine against indices of peripheral neuropathy in diabetic mice. Topical application of 2% pirenzepine to the paw resulted in plasma concentrations 6 hours postdelivery that approximated those previously shown to promote neurite outgrowth in vitro. Topical delivery of pirenzepine to the paw of mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes dose-dependently (0.1%-10.0%) prevented tactile allodynia, thermal hypoalgesia, and loss of epidermal nerve fibers in the treated paw and attenuated large fiber motor nerve conduction slowing in the ipsilateral limb. Efficacy against some indices of neuropathy was also noted in the contralateral limb, indicating systemic effects following local treatment. Topical pirenzepine also reversed established paw heat hypoalgesia, whereas withdrawal of treatment resulted in a gradual decline in efficacy over 2-4 weeks. Efficacy of topical pirenzepine was muted when treatment was reduced from 5 to 3 or 1 day/wk. Similar local effects were noted with the nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine when applied either to the paw or to the eye. Topical delivery of muscarinic antagonists may serve as a practical therapeutic approach to treating diabetic and other peripheral neuropathies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Muscarinic antagonist pirenzepine alleviates diabetic peripheral neuropathy when applied topically in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne G Jolivalt
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California (C.G.J., K.E.F., M.M.H., A.J.M., L.S.G., N.A.C.); Winsantor Inc. (K.E.F). Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations and Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (L.P.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (P.F.)
| | - Katie E Frizzi
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California (C.G.J., K.E.F., M.M.H., A.J.M., L.S.G., N.A.C.); Winsantor Inc. (K.E.F). Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations and Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (L.P.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (P.F.)
| | - May Madi Han
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California (C.G.J., K.E.F., M.M.H., A.J.M., L.S.G., N.A.C.); Winsantor Inc. (K.E.F). Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations and Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (L.P.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (P.F.)
| | - Andre J Mota
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California (C.G.J., K.E.F., M.M.H., A.J.M., L.S.G., N.A.C.); Winsantor Inc. (K.E.F). Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations and Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (L.P.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (P.F.)
| | - Lucie S Guernsey
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California (C.G.J., K.E.F., M.M.H., A.J.M., L.S.G., N.A.C.); Winsantor Inc. (K.E.F). Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations and Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (L.P.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (P.F.)
| | - Lakshmi P Kotra
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California (C.G.J., K.E.F., M.M.H., A.J.M., L.S.G., N.A.C.); Winsantor Inc. (K.E.F). Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations and Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (L.P.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (P.F.)
| | - Paul Fernyhough
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California (C.G.J., K.E.F., M.M.H., A.J.M., L.S.G., N.A.C.); Winsantor Inc. (K.E.F). Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations and Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (L.P.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (P.F.)
| | - Nigel A Calcutt
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California (C.G.J., K.E.F., M.M.H., A.J.M., L.S.G., N.A.C.); Winsantor Inc. (K.E.F). Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations and Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (L.P.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (P.F.)
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8
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How Sure Can We Be about ML Methods-Based Evaluation of Compound Activity: Incorporation of Information about Prediction Uncertainty Using Deep Learning Techniques. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061452. [PMID: 32210186 PMCID: PMC7144469 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A great variety of computational approaches support drug design processes, helping in selection of new potentially active compounds, and optimization of their physicochemical and ADMET properties. Machine learning is a group of methods that are able to evaluate in relatively short time enormous amounts of data. However, the quality of machine-learning-based prediction depends on the data supplied for model training. In this study, we used deep neural networks for the task of compound activity prediction and developed dropout-based approaches for estimating prediction uncertainty. Several types of analyses were performed: the relationships between the prediction error, similarity to the training set, prediction uncertainty, number and standard deviation of activity values were examined. It was tested whether incorporation of information about prediction uncertainty influences compounds ranking based on predicted activity and prediction uncertainty was used to search for the potential errors in the ChEMBL database. The obtained outcome indicates that incorporation of information about uncertainty of compound activity prediction can be of great help during virtual screening experiments.
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9
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Dopamine D1 and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in dorsal striatum are required for high speed running. Neurosci Res 2019; 156:50-57. [PMID: 31812651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) signaling in the basal ganglia plays important roles in motor control. Motor deficiencies were previously reported in dopamine receptor D1 (D1R) and D2 (D2R) knockout mice. While these results indicate the involvement of DA receptors in motor execution, the null knockout (KO) mouse lacks the specificity necessary to determine when and where in the brain D1R and D2R function in motor execution. To address these questions, we restricted the loss of function temporally and spatially by using D1R conditional knockdown (cKD) mice and mice injected with antagonists against DA receptors directly into the dorsal striatum. In addition, we address the DA and acetylcholine (ACh) balance hypothesis by using antagonists against ACh receptors. We tested the motor ability of the mice with a newly devised task named the accelerating step-wheel. In this task, the maximum running speed was measured in a situation where the wheel rotation speed was gradually accelerated in one trial. We found significant decreases in the maximum running speed of D1R cKD mice and the mice injected with the antagonist against D1R or muscarinic ACh receptor. These results indicated that D1R and muscarinic ACh receptor in the dorsal striatum play pivotal roles in the execution of walking/running.
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10
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Leśniak D, Podlewska S, Jastrzębski S, Sieradzki I, Bojarski AJ, Tabor J. Development of New Methods Needs Proper Evaluation-Benchmarking Sets for Machine Learning Experiments for Class A GPCRs. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:4974-4992. [PMID: 31604014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
New computational approaches for virtual screening applications are constantly being developed. However, before a particular tool is used to search for new active compounds, its effectiveness in the type of task must be examined. In this study, we conducted a detailed analysis of various aspects of preparation of respective data sets for such an evaluation. We propose a protocol for fetching data from the ChEMBL database, examine various compound representations in terms of the possible bias resulting from the way they are generated, and define a new metric for comparing the structural similarity of compounds, which is in line with chemical intuition. The newly developed method is also used for the evaluation of various approaches for division of the data set into training and test set parts, which are also examined in detail in terms of being the source of possible results bias. Finally, machine learning methods are applied in cross-validation studies of data sets constructed within the paper, constituting benchmarks for the assessment of computational methods developed for virtual screening tasks. Additionally, analogous data sets for class A G protein-coupled receptors (100 targets with the highest number of records) were prepared. They are available at http://gmum.net/benchmarks/ , together with script enabling reproduction of all results available at https://github.com/lesniak43/ananas .
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Leśniak
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science , Jagiellonian University , 6 Łojasiewicza Street , 30-348 Kraków , Poland
| | - Sabina Podlewska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs , Jagiellonian University Medical College , 9 Medyczna Street , 30-688 Kraków , Poland.,Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences , 12 Smętna Street , 31-343 Kraków , Poland
| | - Stanisław Jastrzębski
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science , Jagiellonian University , 6 Łojasiewicza Street , 30-348 Kraków , Poland
| | - Igor Sieradzki
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science , Jagiellonian University , 6 Łojasiewicza Street , 30-348 Kraków , Poland
| | - Andrzej J Bojarski
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences , 12 Smętna Street , 31-343 Kraków , Poland
| | - Jacek Tabor
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science , Jagiellonian University , 6 Łojasiewicza Street , 30-348 Kraków , Poland
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11
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Cellular Mechanisms for Antinociception Produced by Oxytocin and Orexins in the Rat Spinal Lamina II-Comparison with Those of Other Endogenous Pain Modulators. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12030136. [PMID: 31527474 PMCID: PMC6789548 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Much evidence indicates that hypothalamus-derived neuropeptides, oxytocin, orexins A and B, inhibit nociceptive transmission in the rat spinal dorsal horn. In order to unveil cellular mechanisms for this antinociception, the effects of the neuropeptides on synaptic transmission were examined in spinal lamina II neurons that play a crucial role in antinociception produced by various analgesics by using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique and adult rat spinal cord slices. Oxytocin had no effect on glutamatergic excitatory transmission while producing a membrane depolarization, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic and glycinergic spontaneous inhibitory transmission enhancement. On the other hand, orexins A and B produced a membrane depolarization and/or a presynaptic spontaneous excitatory transmission enhancement. Like oxytocin, orexin A enhanced both GABAergic and glycinergic transmission, whereas orexin B facilitated glycinergic but not GABAergic transmission. These inhibitory transmission enhancements were due to action potential production. Oxytocin, orexins A and B activities were mediated by oxytocin, orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptors, respectively. This review article will mention cellular mechanisms for antinociception produced by oxytocin, orexins A and B, and discuss similarity and difference in antinociceptive mechanisms among the hypothalamic neuropeptides and other endogenous pain modulators (opioids, nociceptin, adenosine, adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP), noradrenaline, serotonin, dopamine, somatostatin, cannabinoids, galanin, substance P, bradykinin, neuropeptide Y and acetylcholine) exhibiting a change in membrane potential, excitatory or inhibitory transmission in the spinal lamina II neurons.
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12
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Silva GM, Barcelos MP, Poiani JGC, Hage-Melim LIDS, da Silva CHTDP. Allosteric Modulators of Potential Targets Related to Alzheimer's Disease: a Review. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1467-1483. [PMID: 31310701 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Among neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, and there is an urgent need to discover new and efficacious forms of treatment for it. Pathological patterns of AD include cholinergic dysfunction, increased β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide concentration, the appearance of neurofibrillary tangles, among others, all of which are strongly associated with specific biological targets. Interactions observed between these targets and potential drug candidates in AD most often occur by competitive mechanisms driven by orthosteric ligands that sometimes result in the production of side effects. In this context, the allosteric mechanism represents a key strategy; this can be regarded as the selective modulation of such targets by allosteric modulators in an advantageous manner, as this may decrease the likelihood of side effects. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of compounds that act as allosteric modulators of the main biological targets related to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Martins Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14090-901, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pegrucci Barcelos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14090-901, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Gabriel Curtolo Poiani
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lorane Izabel da Silva Hage-Melim
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, KM-02, 68903-419, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Tomich de Paula da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14090-901, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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13
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Schramm S, Agnetta L, Bermudez M, Gerwe H, Irmen M, Holze J, Littmann T, Wolber G, Tränkle C, Decker M. Novel BQCA- and TBPB-Derived M 1 Receptor Hybrid Ligands: Orthosteric Carbachol Differentially Regulates Partial Agonism. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1349-1358. [PMID: 31166078 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recently, investigations of the complex mechanisms of allostery have led to a deeper understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation and signaling processes. In this context, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are highly relevant due to their exemplary role in the study of allosteric modulation. In this work, we compare and discuss two sets of putatively dualsteric ligands, which were designed to connect carbachol to different types of allosteric ligands. We chose derivatives of TBPB [1-(1'-(2-tolyl)-1,4'-bipiperidin-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one] as M1 -selective putative bitopic ligands, and derivatives of benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA) as an M1 positive allosteric modulator, varying the distance between the allosteric and orthosteric building blocks. Luciferase protein complementation assays demonstrated that linker length must be carefully chosen to yield either agonist or antagonist behavior. These findings may help to design biased signaling and/or different extents of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schramm
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Luca Agnetta
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Bermudez
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert Gerwe
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Irmen
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Janine Holze
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Timo Littmann
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Tränkle
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Pegoli A, Wifling D, Gruber CG, She X, Hübner H, Bernhardt G, Gmeiner P, Keller M. Conjugation of Short Peptides to Dibenzodiazepinone-Type Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Ligands Determines M2R Selectivity. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5358-5369. [PMID: 31074983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pegoli
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - David Wifling
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Corinna G. Gruber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Xueke She
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Günther Bernhardt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max Keller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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15
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Paily A, Preziosi G, Trivedi P, Emmanuel A. Anti-muscarinic drugs increase rectal compliance and exacerbate constipation in chronic spinal cord injury : Anti-muscarinic drug effect on neurogenic bowel. Spinal Cord 2019; 57:662-668. [PMID: 30804425 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-019-0263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that anti-muscarinic agents alter rectal compliance in SCI patients and that altered rectal compliance relates to bowel symptomatology. Our primary aim was to compare rectal compliance before and after the institution of anti-muscarinics (solifenacin and tolterodine) and an adrenoceptor agonist (mirabegron) in these patients. Additionally, we wanted to evaluate if anorectal manometry differed before and after use of anti-muscarinic agents. SETTING Tertiary neurogastroenterology clinic, London METHODS: Thirty-five patients with supraconal spinal cord injury (SCI) underwent anal manometry, assessment of rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR) and rectal compliance before and after anti-muscarinic treatment (for overactive bladder) was started (mean follow-up 12 weeks). Patients were assessed identically, pre-and post-treatment (solifenacin n = 17, tolterodine n = 10, mirabegron n = 8). Doses used were as for non-SCI patients. RESULTS Resting, squeeze and cough pressures were unchanged after anti-muscarinic treatment. Rectal compliance was significantly raised after anti-muscarinic treatment (p = 0.001). The percent amplitude of maximal sphincter relaxation of the RAIR was decreased (p < 0.001) and excitation latency was increased (p = 0.006). There was no significant change in the duration of recovery of the RAIR. There was a significant increase of the Wexner Constipation Score (p = 0.001) but no change in the Wexner Incontinence Score. There was a significant correlation between change in rectal compliance and change in Wexner Constipation Score (p = 0.001). Thus, increasing compliance of the rectum is associated with worsening of constipation after anti-muscarinic therapy. However, there were no changes in anorectal manometry or rectal compliance in those who received mirabegron. CONCLUSION Anti-muscarinic therapy for overactive bladder increases compliance of the neurogenic rectum and alters anorectal reflex activity, with worsening of constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Paily
- Department of GI Physiology, University College London Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BU, UK. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Spinal Injuries Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK.
| | - Guiseppe Preziosi
- Department of GI Physiology, University College London Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Prateesh Trivedi
- Department of GI Physiology, University College London Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Anton Emmanuel
- Department of GI Physiology, University College London Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BU, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Spinal Injuries Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
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16
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Kim JE, Yun WB, Lee ML, Choi JY, Park JJ, Kim HR, Song BR, Hong JT, Song HK, Hwang DY. Synergic Laxative Effects of an Herbal Mixture of Liriope platyphylla, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Cinnamomum cassia in Loperamide-Induced Constipation of Sprague Dawley Rats. J Med Food 2019; 22:294-304. [PMID: 30724689 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Constipation is an acute or chronic illness attributed to various causes, ranging from lifestyle habits to side effects of a disease. To improve the laxative effects of some traditional medicines, herbal mixtures of Liriope platyphylla, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Cinnamomum cassia (LGC) were evaluated for their mechanism of action and therapeutic effects in loperamide (Lop)-induced constipated Sprague Dawley rats by examining alterations in excretion parameters, histological structure, mucin secretion, and related protein levels. Food intake and water consumption were constant for all animals. We observed that the Lop+LGC-treated group had significantly greater excretion of stool and urine than was observed in the Lop+Vehicle-treated group. Administration of LGC in the constipation model restored the intestinal transit ratio to normal levels, and increased the number of goblet cells, mucosal layer, and muscle thickness. Mucin secretion was greater in the Lop+LGC-treated group than in the Lop+Vehicle-treated group, and the expression of MUC2 and AQP8 genes were also increased. In addition, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot revealed an increase in the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the Lop+LGC-treated group compared to the Lop+Vehicle-treated group. Furthermore, compared with the Lop+Vehicle-treated group, treatment with LGC reduced the phosphorylation of PKC and PI3K, and expression of Gα protein, but increased levels of IP3. Our results suggest that the traditional herbal mixture of LGC induces a potent laxative effect in Lop-induced constipation through mucosal tissue changes and mucin production. We also demonstrated that the laxative effect of LGC is closely related to the expression of mAChR and its downstream signals, suggesting the possibility of developing a constipation-laxative agent using LGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- 1 Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Woo Bin Yun
- 1 Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Mi Lim Lee
- 1 Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Jun Young Choi
- 1 Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Jin Ju Park
- 1 Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Hye Ryeong Kim
- 1 Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Bo Ram Song
- 1 Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- 2 College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Hyun Keun Song
- 3 Biomedical Science Institute, Changwon National University, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- 1 Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
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17
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Varkhedkar R, Dogra S, Tiwari D, Hussain Y, Yadav PN, Pandey G. Discovery of Novel Muscarinic Receptor Modulators by Integrating a Natural Product Framework and a Bioactive Molecule. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:384-395. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Varkhedkar
- Molecular Synthesis Laboratory, Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR); Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus; Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014 India
| | - Shalini Dogra
- Division of Pharmacology; CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI); Lucknow 226031 India
| | - Divya Tiwari
- Molecular Synthesis Laboratory, Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR); Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus; Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014 India
| | - Yusuf Hussain
- Division of Pharmacology; CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI); Lucknow 226031 India
| | - Prem Narayan Yadav
- Division of Pharmacology; CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI); Lucknow 226031 India
| | - Ganesh Pandey
- Molecular Synthesis Laboratory, Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR); Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus; Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014 India
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18
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C 60 fullerenes disrupt cellular signalling leading to TRPC4 and TRPC6 channels opening by the activation of muscarinic receptors and G-proteins in small intestinal smooth muscles. Cell Signal 2017; 43:40-46. [PMID: 29242169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of water-soluble pristine C60 fullerene nanoparticles (C60NPs) on receptor-operated cation channels formed by TRPC4/C6 proteins in ileal smooth muscle cells was investigated for the first time. Activation of these channels subsequent to acetylcholine binding to the expressed in these cells M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors represents the key event in the parasympathetic control of gastrointestinal smooth muscle motility and cholinergic excitation-contraction coupling. Experiments were performed on single collagenase-dispersed mouse ileal myocytes using patch-clamp techniques with symmetrical 125mM Cs+ solutions and [Ca2+]i 'clamped' at 100nM in order to isolate the muscarinic cation current (mICAT). The current was induced by intracellular infusion of 200μM GTPγS, which activates G-proteins directly, i.e. bypassing the muscarinic receptors. C60NPs applied at 10-6M at peak response to activation of G-proteins caused mICAT inhibition by 47.0±3.5% (n=9). The inhibition developed rather slowly, with the time constant of 119±16s, was voltage-independent and irreversible. Thus, C60NPs are unlikely to cause any direct block of TRPC4/C6 channels; rather, they may accumulate in the membrane and disrupt G-protein signalling leading to mICAT generation. C60NPs may represent a novel class of biocompatible molecules for the treatment of disorders associated with enhanced gastrointestinal motility.
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19
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She X, Pegoli A, Mayr J, Hübner H, Bernhardt G, Gmeiner P, Keller M. Heterodimerization of Dibenzodiazepinone-Type Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Ligands Leads to Increased M 2R Affinity and Selectivity. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:6741-6754. [PMID: 30023530 PMCID: PMC6044897 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In search for selective ligands for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (MR) subtype M2, the dimeric ligand approach, that is combining two pharmacophores in one and the same molecule, was pursued. Different types (agonists, antagonists, orthosteric, and allosteric) of monomeric MR ligands were combined by various linkers with a dibenzodiazepinone-type MR antagonist, affording five types of heterodimeric compounds ("DIBA-xanomeline," "DIBA-TBPB," "DIBA-77-LH-28-1," "DIBA-propantheline," and "DIBA-4-DAMP"), which showed high M2R affinities (pKi > 8.3). The heterodimeric ligand UR-SK75 (46) exhibited the highest M2R affinity and selectivity [pKi (M1R-M5R): 8.84, 10.14, 7.88, 8.59, and 7.47]. Two tritium-labeled dimeric derivatives ("DIBA-xanomeline"-type: [3H]UR-SK71 ([3H]44) and "DIBA-TBPB"-type: [3H]UR-SK59 ([3H]64)) were prepared to investigate their binding modes at hM2R. Saturation-binding experiments showed that these compounds address the orthosteric binding site of the M2R. The investigation of the effect of various allosteric MR modulators [gallamine (13), W84 (14), and LY2119620 (15)] on the equilibrium (13-15) or saturation (14) binding of [3H]64 suggested a competitive mechanism between [3H]64 and the investigated allosteric ligands, and consequently a dualsteric binding mode of 64 at the M2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueke She
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Pegoli
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Judith Mayr
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstr. 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Günther Bernhardt
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstr. 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max Keller
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
- E-mail: . Phone: (+49)941-9433329.
Fax: (+49)941-9434820 (M.K.)
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Pegoli A, She X, Wifling D, Hübner H, Bernhardt G, Gmeiner P, Keller M. Radiolabeled Dibenzodiazepinone-Type Antagonists Give Evidence of Dualsteric Binding at the M2 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3314-3334. [PMID: 28388054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pegoli
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Xueke She
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - David Wifling
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Günther Bernhardt
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max Keller
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Abstract
Xanomeline (1) is an orthosteric muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonist, often referred to as M1/M4-preferring, that received widespread attention for its clinical efficacy in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Despite the compound's promising initial clinical results, dose-limiting side effects limited further clinical development. While xanomeline, and related orthosteric muscarinic agonists, have yet to receive approval from the FDA for the treatment of these CNS disorders, interest in the compound's unique M1/M4-preferring mechanism of action is ongoing in the field of chemical neuroscience. Specifically, the promising cognitive and behavioral effects of xanomeline in both schizophrenia and AD have spurred a renewed interest in the development of safer muscarinic ligands with improved subtype selectivity for either M1 or M4. This Review will address xanomeline's overall importance in the field of neuroscience, with a specific focus on its chemical structure and synthesis, pharmacology, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK), and adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Bender
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Carrie K. Jones
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Xia RY, Li MQ, Wu YS, Qi YX, Ye GY, Huang J. A new family of insect muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 25:362-369. [PMID: 27003873 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Most currently used insecticides are neurotoxic chemicals that target a limited number of sites and insect cholinergic neurotransmission is the major target. A potential target for insecticide development is the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR), which is a metabotropic G-protein-coupled receptor. Insects have A- and B-type mAChRs and the five mammalian mAChRs are close to the A-type. We isolated a cDNA (CG12796) from the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. After heterologous expression in Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells, CG12796 could be activated by acetylcholine [EC50 (half maximal effective concentration), 73 nM] and the mAChR agonist oxotremorine M (EC50 , 48.2 nM) to increase intracellular Ca(2+) levels. Thus, the new mAChR is coupled to Gq/11 but not Gs and Gi/o . The classical mAChR antagonists atropine and scopolamine N-butylbromide at 100 μM completely blocked the acetylcholine-induced responses. The orthologues of CG12796 can also be found in the genomes of other insects, but not in the genomes of the honeybee or parasitoid wasps. Knockdown of CG12796 in the central nervous system had no effect on male courtship behaviours. We suggest that CG12796 represents the first recognized member of a novel mAChR class.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-Y Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - M-Q Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Y-S Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Y-X Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - G-Y Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - J Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Comparative functional selectivity of imidafenacin and propiverine, antimuscarinic agents, for the urinary bladder over colon in conscious rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Jiang S, Li Y, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Bu G, Xu H, Zhang YW. M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:295-307. [PMID: 24590577 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of cholinergic neurons and cholinergic hypofunction are pathologies associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) mediate acetylcholine-induced neurotransmission and five mAChR subtypes (M1-M5) have been identified. Among them, M1 mAChR is widely expressed in the central nervous system and has been implicated in many physiological and pathological brain functions. In addition, M1 mAChR is postulated to be an important therapeutic target for AD and several other neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we review recent progress in understanding the functional involvement of M1 mAChR in AD pathology and in developing M1 mAChR agonists for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangtong Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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25
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Kim JE, Lee YJ, Kwak MH, Ko J, Hong JT, Hwang DY. Aqueous extracts of Liriope platyphylla induced significant laxative effects on loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:333. [PMID: 24274470 PMCID: PMC4222752 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Liriope platyphylla has long been reported as a therapeutic drug for treatment of various human chronic diseases including inflammation, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, obesity, and atopic dermatitis. To investigate the laxative effects of L. platyphylla, alterations in excretion parameters, histological structure, mucin secretion, and related protein levels were investigated in rats with loperamide (Lop)-induced constipation after treatment with aqueous extract of L. platyphylla (AEtLP). Methods Alterations on constipation phenotypes were measured in rats with Lop-induced constipation after treatment with AEtLP using excretion parameter analysis, histological analysis, RT-PCR, western blot and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. Results The amounts of stool and urine excretion were significantly higher in the Lop + AEtLP-treated group than in the Lop + vehicle-treated group, whereas food intake and water consumption were maintained at constant levels. AEtLP treatment also induced an increase in villus length, crypt layer, and muscle thickness in the constipation model. Total mucin secretion was higher in the Lop + AEtLP-treated group than in the Lop + vehicle-treated group, although mucin secretion per crypt was very similar among all groups. Furthermore, RT-PCR and western blot revealed a dramatic reduction of key factors level on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) signaling pathway in the Lop + AEtLP-treated group relative to the Lop + vehicle-treated group. Especially, the accumulation of lipid droplets in enterocytes of crypts following Lop treatment was improved to the level of the No-treated group in response to AEtLP treatment. Conclusion These results suggest that AEtLP improves constipation induced by Lop treatment through an increase in crypt layer and stimulation of lipid droplet secretions. These data are the first to show that the laxative effects of AEtLP are closely related to the down-regulation of mAchRs and their downstream signals.
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Morishima S, Anisuzzaman ASM, Uwada J, Yoshiki H, Muramatsu I. Comparison of subcellular distribution and functions between exogenous and endogenous M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Life Sci 2013; 93:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Bhattacharjee AK, Pomponio JW, Evans SA, Pervitsky D, Gordon RK. Discovery of subtype selective muscarinic receptor antagonists as alternatives to atropine using in silico pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening methods. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2651-62. [PMID: 23523385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) have five known subtypes which are widely distributed in both the peripheral and central nervous system for regulation of a variety of cholinergic functions. Atropine is a well known muscarinic subtype non-specific antagonist that competitively inhibits acetylcholine (ACh) at postganglionic muscarinic sites. Atropine is used to treat organophosphate (OP) poisoning and resulting seizures in the warfighter because it competitively inhibits acetylcholine (ACh) at the muscarinic cholinergic receptors. ACh accumulates due to OP inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that hydrolyzes ACh. However, atropine produces several unwanted side-effects including dilated pupils, blurred vision, light sensitivity, and dry mouth. To overcome these side-effects, our goal was to find an alternative to atropine that emphasizes M1 (seizure prevention) antagonism but has minimum M2 (cardiac) and M3 (e.g., eye) antagonism so that an effective less toxic medical countermeasure may be developed to protect the warfighter against OP and other chemical warfare agents (CWAs). We adopted an in silico pharmacophore modeling strategy to develop features that are characteristics of known M1 subtype-selective compounds and used the model to identify several antagonists by screening an in-house (WRAIR-CIS) compound database. The generated model for the M1 selectivity was found to contain two hydrogen bond acceptors, one aliphatic hydrophobic, and one ring aromatic feature distributed in a 3D space. From an initial identification of about five hundred compounds, 173 compounds were selected through principal component and cluster analyses and in silico ADME/Toxicity evaluations. Next, these selected compounds were evaluated in a subtype-selective in vitro radioligand binding assay. Twenty eight of the compounds showed antimuscarinic activity. Nine compounds showed specificity for M1 receptors and low specificity for M3 receptors. The pK(i) values of the compounds range from 4.5 to 8.5 nM in comparison to a value of 8.7 nM for atropine. 2-(diethylamino)ethyl 2,2-diphenylpropanoate (ZW62841) was found have the best desired selectivity. None of the newly found compounds were previously reported to exhibit antimuscarinic specificity. Both theoretical and experimental results are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba K Bhattacharjee
- Department of Regulated Laboratories, Division of Regulated Activities, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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28
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Lee MC, Yang YC, Chen YC, Huang SC. Muscarinic receptor M3 mediates human gallbladder contraction through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and Rho kinase. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:205-12. [PMID: 23227858 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2012.741615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Muscarinic receptors mediate contraction of the human gallbladder through unclear receptor subtypes. The aim of the present study was to characterize muscarinic acetylcholine receptors mediating contraction of the human gallbladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS Contraction of human gallbladder muscle strips caused by agonists carbachol and muscarine was measured and the inhibition of carbachol-induced contraction by muscarinic receptor antagonists was evaluated. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the existence of muscarinic receptor subtypes. RESULTS Carbachol and muscarine caused concentration-dependent contraction of gallbladder strips. Four receptor antagonists, including atropine, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP), methoctramine, and pirenzepine, inhibited the carbachol-induced contraction. The relative inhibitory potency of these receptor antagonists was atropine > 4-DAMP > methoctramine > pirenzepine. The antagonist affinity estimates (pA(2) values) correlated with the known affinities at M(3), M(4), and M(5) muscarinic receptors. In addition, the M(4)-selective antagonist muscarinic toxin 3 did not inhibit and the M(5)-selective positive allosteric modulator VU0238429 did not potentiate carbachol-induced gallbladder contraction. This suggests that M(3) muscarinic receptors mediate the muscarinic response predominantly. The contractile response of carbachol was attenuated by the voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel inhibitor nifedipine and Rho-kinase inhibitor H-1152, but not affected by protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine. This implies the involvement of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel and Rho kinase but not protein kinase C. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a major role of M(3) muscarinic receptors mediating the human gallbladder contraction through voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels and Rho kinase. M(3)-selective muscarinic receptor antagonists could be of therapeutic importance in the treatment of biliary motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Che Lee
- Department of Surgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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29
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Diefenbach K, Donath F, Maurer A, Quispe Bravo S, Wernecke KD, Schwantes U, Haselmann J, Roots I. Randomised, double-blind study of the effects of oxybutynin, tolterodine, trospium chloride and placebo on sleep in healthy young volunteers. Clin Drug Investig 2012; 23:395-404. [PMID: 17535050 DOI: 10.2165/00044011-200323060-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Central nervous effects of oral anticholinergics may limit the success of incontinence therapy and patient compliance. Only a few studies investigating this topic are available. This study was conducted to determine whether oral anticholinergics alter sleep and psychometric test parameters. DESIGN Randomised, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study. STUDY PARTICIPANTS 24 healthy volunteers (age 22-36 years) without sleeprelated problems. INTERVENTIONS Polysomnographic recordings, sleep questionnaires and psychometric tests (the number combination test [Zahlen-Verbindungs Test; ZVT] and the d2 attention test) were performed following single doses of oxybutynin 15mg, tolterodine 4mg, trospium chloride 45mg or placebo, each separated by an 8-day washout period. RESULTS Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (relative to total sleep time) was the primary parameter of polysomnography. The REM sleep for oxybutynin was significantly lower than that for trospium chloride (18.4% vs 20.2%; p < 0.05) and lower than that for placebo (20.1%; ns). The number combination test (ZVT), the primary parameter of cognitive function, and the d2 test did not reveal any differences in reaction time. With regard to the other sleep parameters, the REM latency for oxybutynin was clearly higher than that for placebo, trospium chloride and tolterodine. Effects on non-REM sleep were observed only after administration of oxybutynin compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Oxybutynin influenced sleep structure, as was reflected by REM suppression and mild sedation, while subjective parameters and psychometric tests remained unaffected. The sleep and psychometric test values for tolterodine and trospium chloride were comparable to those of placebo. The clinical relevance of these effects is small in healthy young volunteers, but these results cannot be extended to the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstanze Diefenbach
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Charité University Medical Centre, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Kohlmeier KA, Ishibashi M, Wess J, Bickford ME, Leonard CS. Knockouts reveal overlapping functions of M(2) and M(4) muscarinic receptors and evidence for a local glutamatergic circuit within the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. J Neurophysiol 2012; 108:2751-66. [PMID: 22956788 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01120.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) and peduncolopontine tegmental (PPT) nuclei regulate reward, arousal, and sensory gating via major projections to midbrain dopamine regions, the thalamus, and pontine targets. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) on LDT neurons produce a membrane hyperpolarization and inhibit spike-evoked Ca(2+) transients. Pharmacological studies suggest M(2) mAChRs are involved, but the role of these and other localized mAChRs (M(1-)-M(4)) has not been definitively tested. To identify the underlying receptors and to circumvent the limited receptor selectivity of available mAChR ligands, we used light- and electron-immunomicroscopy and whole cell recording with Ca(2+) imaging in brain slices from knockout mice constitutively lacking either M(2), M(4), or both mAChRs. Immunomicroscopy findings support a role for M(2) mAChRs, since cholinergic and noncholinergic LDT and pedunculopontine tegmental neurons contain M(2)-specific immunoreactivity. However, whole cell recording revealed that the presence of either M(2) or M(4) mAChRs was sufficient, and that the presence of at least one of these receptors was required for these carbachol actions. Moreover, in the absence of M(2) and M(4) mAChRs, carbachol elicited both direct excitation and barrages of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials (sEPSPs) in cholinergic LDT neurons mediated by M(1) and/or M(3) mAChRs. Focal carbachol application to surgically reduced slices suggest that local glutamatergic neurons are a source of these sEPSPs. Finally, neither direct nor indirect excitation were knockout artifacts, since each was detected in wild-type slices, although sEPSP barrages were delayed, suggesting M(2) and M(4) receptors normally delay excitation of glutamatergic inputs. Collectively, our findings indicate that multiple mAChRs coordinate cholinergic outflow from the LDT in an unexpectedly complex manner. An intriguing possibility is that a local circuit transforms LDT muscarinic inputs from a negative feedback signal for transient inputs into positive feedback for persistent inputs to facilitate different firing patterns across behavioral states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Andersson M, Aronsson P, Doufish D, Lampert A, Tobin G. Muscarinic receptor subtypes involved in urothelium-derived relaxatory effects in the inflamed rat urinary bladder. Auton Neurosci 2012; 170:5-11. [PMID: 22789737 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Functional studies have shown altered cholinergic mechanisms in the inflamed bladder, which partly depend on muscarinic receptor-induced release of nitric oxide (NO). The current study aimed to characterize which muscarinic receptor subtypes that are involved in the regulation of the nitrergic effects in the bladder cholinergic response during cystitis. For this purpose, in vitro examinations of carbachol-evoked contractions of inflamed and normal bladder preparations were performed. The effects of antagonists with different selectivity for the receptor subtypes were assessed on intact and urothelium-denuded bladder preparations. In preparations from cyclophosphamide (CYP; in order to induce cystitis) pre-treated rats, the response to carbachol was about 75% of that of normal preparations. Removal of the urothelium or administration of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor re-established the responses in the inflamed preparations. Administration of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine (4-DAMP) inhibited the carbachol-induced contractile responses of preparations from CYP pre-treated rats less potently than controls. Pirenzepine and p-fluoro-hexahydro-sila-diphenidol (pFHHSiD) affected the carbachol-induced contractile responses to similar extents in preparations of CYP pre-treated and control rats. However, the Schild slopes for the three antagonists were all significantly different from unity in the preparations from CYP pre-treated rats. Again, L-NNA or removal of the urothelium eliminated any difference compared to normal preparations. This study confirms that muscarinic receptor stimulation in the inflamed rat urinary bladder induces urothelial release of NO, which counteracts detrusor contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Andersson
- Department of Pharmacology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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32
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Rawashdeh Y, Austin P, Siggaard C, Bauer S, Franco I, de Jong T, Jorgensen T. International children's continence society's recommendations for therapeutic intervention in congenital neuropathic bladder and bowel dysfunction in children. Neurourol Urodyn 2012; 31:615-20. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.22248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Application of Neurochemical Markers for Assessing Health Effects after Developmental Methylmercury and PCB Coexposure. J Toxicol 2012; 2012:216032. [PMID: 22505887 PMCID: PMC3306999 DOI: 10.1155/2012/216032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic muscarinic receptors (MRs) and monoamine oxidase activity (MAO-B), expressed both in brain and blood cells, were investigated in animals and exposed subjects to assess (i) MeHg (0.5–1 mg/kg/day GD7-PD7) and/or PCB153 (20 mg/kg/day GD10–GD16) effects on cerebellar MAO-B and MRs, and lymphocyte MRs, in dams and offspring 21 days postpartum; (ii) MAO-B in platelets and MRs in lymphocytes of a Faroese 7-year-old children cohort, prenatally exposed to MeHg/PCBs. Animal Data. MAO-B was altered in male cerebellum by MeHg, PCB153, and their combination (35%, 45%, and 25% decrease, resp.). Cerebellar MRs were enhanced by MeHg alone in dams (87%) and male pups (27%). PCB153 alone and in mixture did not modify cerebellar MRs. Similarly to brain, lymphocyte MRs were enhanced in both dams and offspring by MeHg alone. All changes were caused by 1 MeHg mg/kg/day, the lower dose was ineffective. Human Data. Both biomarkers showed homogeneous distributions within the cohort (MRs, range 0.1–36.78 fmol/million cells; MAO-B, 0.95–14.95 nmol/mg protein/h). No correlation was found between the two biomarkers and neurotoxicant concentrations in blood (pre- and postnatally).
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Näreoja K, Näsman J. Selective targeting of G-protein-coupled receptor subtypes with venom peptides. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 204:186-201. [PMID: 21481193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family is one of the largest gene superfamilies with approx. 370 members responding to endogenous ligands in humans and a roughly equal amount of receptors sensitive to external stimuli from the surrounding. A number of receptors from this superfamily are well recognized targets for medical treatment of various disease conditions, whereas for many others the potential medical benefit of interference is still obscure. A general problem associated with GPCR research and therapeutics is the insufficient specificity of available ligands to differentiate between closely homologous receptor subtypes. In this context, venom peptides could make a significant contribution to the development of more specific drugs. Venoms from certain animals specialized in biochemical hunting contain a mixture of molecules that are directed towards a variety of membrane proteins. Peptide toxins isolated from these mixtures usually exhibit high specificity for their targets. Muscarinic toxins found from mamba snakes attracted much attention during the 1990s. These are 65-66 amino acid long peptides with a structural three-finger folding similar to the α-neurotoxins and they target the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in a subtype-selective manner. Recently, several members of the three-finger toxins from mamba snakes as well as conotoxins from marine cone snails have been shown to selectively interact with subtypes of adrenergic receptors. In this review, we will discuss the GPCR-directed peptide toxins found from different venoms and how some of these can be useful in exploring specific roles of receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Näreoja
- Department of Biosciences, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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35
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Woo YJ, Kim JE, Rah SH, Lee JH. The Effects of Stress on Intraocular Pressure and Lacrimal Secretion. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2012.53.9.1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Ji Eob Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Rah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jong Hyuck Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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Molecular conversion of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M(5) to muscarinic toxin 7 (MT7)-binding protein. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:1393-404. [PMID: 22174976 PMCID: PMC3237002 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3111393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic toxin 7 (MT7) is a mamba venom peptide that binds selectively to the M(1) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. We have previously shown that the second (ECL2) and third (ECL3) extracellular loops of the M(1) receptor are critically involved in binding the peptide. In this study we used a mutagenesis approach on the M(5) subtype of the receptor family to find out if this possesses a similar structural architecture in terms of toxin binding as the M(1) receptor. An M(5) receptor construct (M(5)-E(175)Y(184)E(474)), mutated at the formerly deciphered critical residues on ECL2 and 3, gained the ability to bind MT7, but with rather low affinity as determined in a functional assay (apparent K(i) = 24 nM; apparent K(i) for M(1) = 0.5 nM). After screening for different domains and residues, we found a specific residue (P(179) to L in M(5)) in the middle portion of ECL2 that was necessary for high affinity binding of MT7 (M(5)-EL(179)YE, apparent K(i) = 0.5 nM). Mutation of P(179) to A confirmed a role for the leucine side chain in the binding of MT7. Together the results reveal new binding interactions between receptors and the MT7 peptide and strengthen the hypothesis that ECL2 sequence is of utmost importance for MT binding to muscarinic receptors.
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Valant C, Felder CC, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A. Probe dependence in the allosteric modulation of a G protein-coupled receptor: implications for detection and validation of allosteric ligand effects. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 81:41-52. [PMID: 21989256 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.074872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently described 3-amino-5-chloro-6-methoxy-4-methylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid cyclopropylamide (LY2033298) as a novel allosteric modulator of M(4) muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (mAChRs) on the basis of its ability to preferentially potentiate the actions of ACh at the M(4) mAChR subtype. In the current study, we show that LY2033298 can also bind to the M(2) mAChR and mediate robust positive or negative allosteric effects, depending on the orthosteric ligand used as a probe of receptor activity. This finding of striking "probe dependence" indicates that the previously described selectivity of the modulator does not arise as a consequence of selective affinity for a poorly conserved allosteric site but rather is due to subtype-selective cooperativity with ACh upon interaction with a common allosteric binding site. Moreover, a comparison of the effects of the modulator on orthosteric ligand affinity relative to signaling through a [(35)S]guanosine 5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate or extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation assay at the M(2) mAChR revealed that, although the effects on binding were positive in all instances, the effects on signaling were either positive or strongly negative, depending on the agonist and the pathway. Mutational analysis identified residues Tyr177 and Trp99(3.28) (Ballesteros and Weinstein numbers are provided in superscript to indicate relative position of residues within the transmembrane domain) as contributing to the binding of LY2033298, whereas the orthosteric site residues, Tyr104(3.33) and Tyr403(6.51), contributed to the ability of the ligand to impose pathway-biased modulation. Taken together, these findings have important implications for the detection and validation of allosteric modulators of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), because they highlight the potential for ligand misclassification or lack of appreciation of off-target allosteric activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Uwada J, Anisuzzaman ASM, Nishimune A, Yoshiki H, Muramatsu I. Intracellular distribution of functional M(1) -muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells. J Neurochem 2011; 118:958-67. [PMID: 21740440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by muscarinic agonists is thought to result from the activation of cell surface acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) that transmit extracellular signals to intracellular systems. In N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells, we detected both plasma membrane and intracellular M(1) -mAChRs using both biochemical and pharmacological methods. In intact cells, both plasma membrane and intracellular M(1) -mAChRs were detected by the hydrophobic ligand probe, 1-quinuclidinyl-[phenyl-4-(3) H]-benzilate ([(3) H]-QNB) whereas the hydrophilic probe, 1-[N-methyl-(3) H] scopolamine ([(3) H]-NMS), detected only cell surface receptors. These probes detected comparable numbers of receptors in isolated membrane preparations. Immunohistochemical studies with M(1) -mAChR antibody also detected both cell-surface and intracellular M(1) -mAChRs. Carbachol-stimulated phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis and Ca(2+) mobilization were completely inhibited by a cell-impermeable M(1) antagonist, muscarinic toxin -7 and the G(q/11) inhibitor YM-254890. However, carbachol-stimulated extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 activation was unaffected by muscarinic toxin-7, but was blocked by the cell-permeable antagonist, pirenzepine. extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation was resistant to blockade of G(q/11) (YM-254890) and protein kinase C (bisindolylmaleimide I). Our data suggest that the geographically distinct M(1) -mAChRs (cell surface versus intracellular) can signal via unique signaling pathways that are differentially sensitive to cell-impermeable versus cell-permeable antagonists. Our data are of potential physiological relevance to signaling that affects both cognitive and neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsuke Uwada
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformative Sciences, and Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
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A quantitative structure-activity relationship study of tetrabutylphosphonium bromide analogs as muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2011. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc101122102s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) of tetrabutylphosphonium
bromide (TBPB) analogs as muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) was
studied. A suitable set of molecular descriptors was calculated and stepwise
multiple linear regression (SW-MLR) was employed to select those descriptors
that resulted in the best fitted models. A MLR model with three selected
descriptors was obtained. Furthermore, the MLR model was validated using the
leave-one-out (LOO) and leave-group-out (LGO) crossvalidation, and the
Y-randomization test. This model, with high statistical significance (R2
train = 0.982, F = 388.715, Q2 LOO = 0.973, Q2 LGO = 0.977 and R2 test =
0.986) could predict the activity of the molecules with a percentage
prediction error lower than 5 %.
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Harrington AM, Peck CJ, Liu L, Burcher E, Hutson JM, Southwell BR. Localization of muscarinic receptors M1R, M2R and M3R in the human colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:999-1008, e262-3. [PMID: 20146726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (MR) are involved in multiple intestinal reflexes. The cellular localization of subtypes of MRs within enteric circuits mediating muscle and mucosal reflexes remains to be demonstrated. This study aimed to localize the three functionally significant subtypes of MRs in human colon. METHODS Reverse transcriptase-PCR was used to determine expression levels of muscarinic receptor subtype (MRs) M1Rs, M2Rs and M3Rs in human colon. Indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy was used to localize MRs in cryostat-cut sections of human colon. Sections were double labeled for multiple cellular and neurochemical markers. Western blotting was used to confirm specificity of the muscarinic antisera used. KEY RESULTS All three MR subtypes were expressed in human colon. Immunoreactivity (IR) for M2Rs and M3Rs was most abundant in circular and longitudinal muscle. M1R-IR was most abundant on myenteric and submucosal nerve cells, both cholinergic and nitrergic. M3R-IR was also present on populations on myenteric nerve cell bodies. Immunoreactivity for all three receptors was present on nerve fibers in the circular muscle. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES In the human colon, subtypes of MRs were present on multiple cell types within the enteric circuits underlying motility, secretory and vasoactive reflexes. The cellular distribution for MRs found in this study agrees with data from functional studies, providing insight into the role MRs have in mediating enteric cholinergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Harrington
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
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Cabadak H, Aydin B, Kan B. Regulation of M2, M3, and M4 muscarinic receptor expression in K562 chronic myelogenous leukemic cells by carbachol. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2010; 31:26-32. [PMID: 20684668 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2010.506484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Muscarinic receptors mediate a variety of cellular responses to acetylcholine, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositide and modulation of ion channels. These receptors are relatively abundant in the central nervous system and peripheral parasympathetic nervous system. Many cells express a mixture of muscarinic receptor transcripts. Changes in muscarinic M(2) and M(3) receptor mRNA levels in response to agonist treatment have been reported in cerebellar granule cells, Chinese hamster ovary cells, lymphocytes and in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the effects of agonist stimulation on cell proliferation and on the levels of muscarinic receptor expression in K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. METHODS Total RNA and crude membrane fractions were prepared from K562 cells challenged with carbachol (CCh). Muscarinic receptor subtype expression was determined by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Proliferation and cell viability were evaluated by the trypan blue exclusion test and BrDU labeling. RESULTS We showed that CCh-treatment leads to changes in muscarinic M(2), M(3), and M(4) receptor transcripts as well as M(2) and M(3) protein levels. We also found that CCh decreased proliferation of K562 cells in a time dependent manner, an effect prevented by atropine. These results suggest that CCh modulates K562 chronic myelogenous leukemic cells proliferation through muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Cabadak
- Department of Biophysics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Bharucha AE, Ravi K, Zinsmeister AR. Comparison of selective M3 and nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonists on gastrointestinal transit and bowel habits in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G215-9. [PMID: 20395537 PMCID: PMC2904119 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00072.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although in vitro studies show that muscarinic M(3) receptors primarily mediate the effects of acetylcholine on gastrointestinal contractility, the muscarinic receptor subtypes regulating gastrointestinal motor activity and transit in humans in vivo are unclear. We hypothesized that muscarinic M(3)-specific but not nonspecific receptor antagonists would delay gastrointestinal and colonic transit in humans. In this parallel-group study, gastric emptying, small intestinal transit, and colonic transit were assessed by scintigraphy on days 4-6 in 72 healthy subjects (49 women) who received placebo (n = 16), the M(3) antagonist darifenacin ER [7.5 mg (n = 20) or 15 mg daily (n = 17)], or the nonspecific antagonist tolterodine [4 mg daily (n = 19)] for 6 days. Bowel habits were recorded by daily diaries. Both doses of darifenacin substantially delayed [P < 0.01 vs. placebo (for both doses), P < 0.01 vs. tolterodine (for 15 mg)] small intestinal transit, i.e., colonic filling at 6 h (placebo [59.6 +/- 6.4%, mean +/- SE], 7.5 mg ER [34.4 +/- 6.1%], 15 mg ER [20.4 +/- 6.3%)]. Darifenacin (15 mg) also delayed (P < 0.01 vs. placebo and tolterodine) half-time for ascending colonic emptying [placebo (12.0 +/- 1.5 h), 7.5 mg (18.6 +/- 1.9 h), 15 mg (22.9 +/- 2.6 h)] and colonic transit (geometric center) at 24 [placebo (2.8 +/- 0.2), 7.5 mg (2.4 +/- 0.2), 15 mg (1.9 +/- 0.2)] but not 48 h. Darifenacin did not affect gastric emptying and tolterodine did not affect bowel habits or gastrointestinal transit. With muscarinic antagonists used at clinically approved doses, these findings demonstrate that muscarinic M(3) receptors regulate small intestinal and colonic transit in humans; colonic effects are more pronounced in the right than left colon. At doses that affect small and large intestinal transit, M(3) antagonists do not affect gastric emptying in humans. The efficacy of darifenacin in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil E. Bharucha
- 1Clinical and Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research Program (C.E.N.T.E.R.) and
| | - Karthik Ravi
- 1Clinical and Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research Program (C.E.N.T.E.R.) and
| | - Alan R. Zinsmeister
- 2Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
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Gregory KJ, Hall NE, Tobin AB, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A. Identification of orthosteric and allosteric site mutations in M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors that contribute to ligand-selective signaling bias. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:7459-74. [PMID: 20051519 PMCID: PMC2844194 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.094011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors contain at least one allosteric site that is topographically distinct from the acetylcholine, orthosteric binding site. Although studies have investigated the basis of allosteric modulation at these receptors, less is known about putative allosteric ligands that activate the receptor in their own right. We generated M(2) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mutations in either the orthosteric site in transmembrane helices 3 and 6 (TM3 and -6) or part of an allosteric site involving the top of TM2, the second extracellular (E2) loop, and the top of TM7 and investigated their effects on the binding and function of the novel selective (putative allosteric) agonists (AC-42 (4-n-butyl-1-(4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl)piperidine HCl), 77-LH-28-1 (1-(3-(4-butyl-1-piperidinyl)propyl)-3,3-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone), and N-desmethylclozapine) as well as the bitopic orthosteric/allosteric ligand, McN-A-343 (4-(m-chlorophenyl-carbamoyloxy)-2-butynyltrimethylammonium). Four classes of agonists were identified, depending on their response to the mutations, suggesting multiple, distinct modes of agonist-receptor interaction. Interestingly, with the exception of 77-LH-28-1, allosteric site mutations had no effect on the affinity of any of the agonists tested, but some mutations in the E2 loop influenced the efficacy of both orthosteric and novel selective agonists, highlighting a role for this region of the receptor in modulating activation status. Two point mutations (Y104(3.33)A (Ballesteros and Weinstein numbers in superscript) in the orthosteric and Y177A in the allosteric site) unmasked ligand-selective and signaling pathway-selective effects, providing evidence for the existence of pathway-specific receptor conformations. Molecular modeling of 77-LH-28-1 and N-desmethylclozapine yielded novel binding poses consistent with the possibility that the functional selectivity of such agents may arise from a bitopic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J. Gregory
- From the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia and
| | - Nathan E. Hall
- From the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia and
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- the Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- From the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia and
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- From the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia and
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Scapecchi S, Nesi M, Matucci R, Bellucci C, Buccioni M, Dei S, Guandalini L, Manetti D, Martelli C, Martini E, Marucci G, Orlandi F, Romanelli MN, Teodori E, Cirilli R. Synthesis, affinity profile and functional activity of potent chiral muscarinic antagonists with a pyrrolidinylfuran structure. J Med Chem 2010; 53:201-7. [PMID: 19928767 DOI: 10.1021/jm901048j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Starting from the structure of previously studied muscarinic agonists, characterized by a pyrrolidinylfuran scaffold, a new series of muscarinic antagonists was synthesized by substituting the 5-position of the furane cycle with bulky hydrophobic groups. Both tertiary amines and the corresponding iodomethyl derivatives were obtained and studied. All the new compounds show high affinity toward cloned human muscarinic M(1)-M(5) receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and behave as competitive antagonists on classical models of muscarinic receptors. The diastereoisomeric mixture of the highest affinity compound of the series was resolved into the four optical isomers by chiral HPLC. The relative and absolute configuration of the obtained compounds was established by means of a combined strategy based on X-ray crystallography and chiroptical techniques. Although generally fairly potent, the compounds showed only modest subtype selectivity, with the exception of 2a and 6a, which in functional assays presented clear-cut selectivity for the muscarinic receptors present in rabbit vas deferens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Scapecchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Peretto I, Petrillo P, Imbimbo BP. Medicinal chemistry and therapeutic potential of muscarinic M3 antagonists. Med Res Rev 2010; 29:867-902. [PMID: 19399831 DOI: 10.1002/med.20158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors belong to the G-protein-coupled receptors family. Currently five different receptor subtypes have been identified and cloned. M3 receptor subtypes are coupled to G(q) family proteins and increase phosphatidyl inositol hydrolysis and calcium release from internal stores. They are widely distributed both in the central nervous system and in the periphery. At the central level, M3 receptor subtypes are involved in modulation of neurotransmitter release, temperature homeostasis, and food intake, while in the periphery they induce smooth muscle contraction, gland secretion, indirect relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, and miosis. The main therapeutic applications of M3 antagonists include overactive bladder (OAB), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pain-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The introduction of selective M3 antagonists has not improved clinical efficacy compared with the old non-selective antimuscarinics but has reduced the rate of adverse events mediated by the blockade of cardiac M2 receptors (tachycardia) and central M1 receptors (cognitive impairment). Improved tolerability has been obtained also with controlled release or with inhaled formulations. However, there is still a need for safer M3 antagonists for the treatment of COPD and better-tolerated and more effective compounds for the therapy of OAB. New selective muscarinic M3 antagonists currently in early discovery and under development have been designed to address these issues. However, as M3 receptors are widely located in various tissues including salivary glands, gut smooth muscles, iris, and ciliary muscles, further clinical improvements may derive from the discovery and the development of new compounds with tissue rather than muscarinic receptor subtype selectivity.
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Singh J, Mehendiratta V, Del Galdo F, Jimenez SA, Cohen S, DiMarino AJ, Rattan S. Immunoglobulins from scleroderma patients inhibit the muscarinic receptor activation in internal anal sphincter smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G1206-13. [PMID: 19779020 PMCID: PMC2850093 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00286.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) IgGs affecting the M(3)-muscarinic receptor (M(3)-R) have been proposed to be responsible for the gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility in this disease. However, the effect of SSc IgGs on smooth muscle cell (SMC) function has not been studied. We determined the effect of SSc IgGs on the muscarinic receptor activation by bethanechol (BeCh; methyl derivate of carbachol) in SMC and smooth muscle strips from rat internal anal sphincter. IgGs were purified from GI-symptomatic SSc patients and normal volunteers, with protein G-Sepharose columns. SMC lengths were determined via computerized digital micrometry. The presence of M(3)-R and IgG-M(3)-R complex was determined by Western blot. IgGs from SSc patients but not from normal volunteers caused significant and concentration-dependent inhibition of BeCh response (P < 0.05). The maximal shortening of 22.2 +/- 1.2% caused by 10(-4) M BeCh was significantly attenuated to 8.3 +/- 1.2% by 1 mg/ml of SSc IgGs (P < 0.05). Experiments performed in smooth muscle strips revealed a similar effect of SSc IgG that was fully reversible. In contrast to the effect on BeCh, the SSc IgGs caused no significant effect (P > 0.05) on K(+) depolarization and alpha(1)-adrenoceptor activation by phenylephrine. Western blot studies revealed the specific presence of SSc IgG-M(3)-R complex. SSc IgGs attenuated M(3)-R activation, which was reversible with antibody removal. These data suggest that SSc GI dysmotility may be caused by autoantibodies that inhibit the muscarinic neurotransmission. Future treatment of SSc patients may be directed at the removal or neutralization of these antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagmohan Singh
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and
| | | | - Francesco Del Galdo
- 2Scleroderma Center and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sergio A. Jimenez
- 2Scleroderma Center and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Satish Rattan
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and
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Effect of Novel Amino Acids and Dipeptides Substituted 3-Morpholino Arecoline Derivatives as Muscarinic Receptor 1 Agonists in Alzheimer’s Dementia Models. Int J Pept Res Ther 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-009-9194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Resende RR, Adhikari A. Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Cell Commun Signal 2009; 7:20. [PMID: 19712465 PMCID: PMC2744676 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-7-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) has been shown to modulate neuronal differentiation during early development. Both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) regulate a wide variety of physiological responses, including apoptosis, cellular proliferation and neuronal differentiation. However, the intracellular mechanisms underlying these effects of AChR signaling are not fully understood. It is known that activation of AChRs increase cellular proliferation and neurogenesis and that regulation of intracellular calcium through AChRs may underlie the many functions of ACh. Intriguingly, activation of diverse signaling molecules such as Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt, protein kinase C and c-Src is modulated by AChRs. Here we discuss the roles of ACh in neuronal differentiation, cell proliferation and apoptosis. We also discuss the pathways involved in these processes, as well as the effects of novel endogenous AChRs agonists and strategies to enhance neuronal-differentiation of stem and neural progenitor cells. Further understanding of the intracellular mechanisms underlying AChR signaling may provide insights for novel therapeutic strategies, as abnormal AChR activity is present in many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo R Resende
- Department of Physics, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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Wan Z, Laine DI, Yan H, Zhu C, Widdowson KL, Buckley PT, Burman M, Foley JJ, Sarau HM, Schmidt DB, Webb EF, Belmonte KE, Palovich M. Discovery of (3-endo)-3-(2-cyano-2,2-diphenylethyl)-8,8-dimethyl-8-azoniabicyclo[3.2.1]octane bromide as an efficacious inhaled muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist for the treatment of COPD. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4560-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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50
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Malviya M, Kumar YCS, Mythri RB, Venkateshappa C, Subhash MN, Rangappa KS. Muscarinic receptor 1 agonist activity of novel N-aryl carboxamide substituted 3-morpholino arecoline derivatives in Alzheimer's presenile dementia models. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5526-34. [PMID: 19595599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2009] [Revised: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Earlier we have reported the effect of arecoline thiazolidinone and morpholino arecoline derivatives as muscarinic receptor 1 agonists in Alzheimer's presenile dementia models. To elucidate further our Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) studies on the chemistry and muscarinic receptor 1 binding efficacy, a series of novel carboxamide derivatives of 2-(1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl)morpholine molecule have been designed and synthesized as a new class of M1 receptor agonists with a low toxicity effect profile that enhances memory function in animal models of Alzheimer's presenile dementia and also modulates the APP secretion from rat brain cerebrocortical slices by activating M1 receptor in vitro. Results suggest that compound 9b having methyl group at the para position of the aryl group attached to the carboxamide of morpholino arecoline could emerge as a potent molecule having antidementia activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Malviya
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, Karnataka, India
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