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Jiang C, Liu S, Zhang T, Liu Q, Alvarez PJJ, Chen W. Current Methods and Prospects for Analysis and Characterization of Nanomaterials in the Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7426-7447. [PMID: 35584364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Analysis and characterization of naturally occurring and engineered nanomaterials in the environment are critical for understanding their environmental behaviors and defining real exposure scenarios for environmental risk assessment. However, this is challenging primarily due to the low concentration, structural heterogeneity, and dynamic transformation of nanomaterials in complex environmental matrices. In this critical review, we first summarize sample pretreatment methods developed for separation and preconcentration of nanomaterials from environmental samples, including natural waters, wastewater, soils, sediments, and biological media. Then, we review the state-of-the-art microscopic, spectroscopic, mass spectrometric, electrochemical, and size-fractionation methods for determination of mass and number abundance, as well as the morphological, compositional, and structural properties of nanomaterials, with discussion on their advantages and limitations. Despite recent advances in detecting and characterizing nanomaterials in the environment, challenges remain to improve the analytical sensitivity and resolution and to expand the method applications. It is important to develop methods for simultaneous determination of multifaceted nanomaterial properties for in situ analysis and characterization of nanomaterials under dynamic environmental conditions and for detection of nanoscale contaminants of emerging concern (e.g., nanoplastics and biological nanoparticles), which will greatly facilitate the standardization of nanomaterial analysis and characterization methods for environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjia Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Rd., Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Songlin Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Rd., Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Rd., Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Rd., Tianjin 300350, China
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2
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nES-DMA with Charge-reduction based on Soft X-ray Radiation: Analysis of a Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1182:122925. [PMID: 34543886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the fast growing importance of monoclonal antibodies in biomedical research, bioanalytics and human therapy, sensitive, fast and reliable methods are needed to monitor their production, target their characteristics, and for their final quality control. Application of a nano electrospray (nES) with soft X-ray radiation (SXR) based charge reduction and differential mobility analysis (DMA, aka nano electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis, nES GEMMA) allows the size-separation and detection of macromolecules and (bio-)nanoparticles from a few nm up to several hundreds of nm in diameter in a native-like environment. The current study focuses on the analysis of a 148 kDa recombinant monoclonal antibody (rmAb) with the above mentioned instrumental setup and applying an universal detector, i.e. a water-based condensation particle detector (CPC). Next to the intact rmAb, its aggregates and fragment products after digestion with IdeS protease were analyzed. Additionally, influence of temperature treatment and pH variation on the stability of the rmAb was monitored. In this context, changes in electrophoretic mobility diameter (EMD) values, peak shape, and signal intensity based on particle numbers were of interest. Molecular weights calculated by application of a correlation derived from respective standard protein compounds were compared to mass spectrometric values and were found to be in good accordance. To conclude, we demonstrate that nES-DMA is a valuable tool in the characterization and quality control of rmABs.
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3
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Rahman MM, Lee DJ, Jo A, Yun SH, Eun JB, Im MH, Shim JH, Abd El-Aty AM. Onsite/on-field analysis of pesticide and veterinary drug residues by a state-of-art technology: A review. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2310-2327. [PMID: 33773036 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides and veterinary drugs are generally employed to control pests and insects in crop and livestock farming. However, remaining residues are considered potentially hazardous to human health and the environment. Therefore, regular monitoring is required for assessing and legislation of pesticides and veterinary drugs. Various approaches to determining residues in various agricultural and animal food products have been reported. Most analytical methods involve sample extraction, purification (cleanup), and detection. Traditional sample preparation is time-consuming labor-intensive, expensive, and requires a large amount of toxic organic solvent, along with high probability for the decomposition of a compound before the analysis. Thus, modern sample preparation techniques, such as the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method, have been widely accepted in the scientific community for its versatile application; however, it still requires a laboratory setup for the extraction and purification processes, which also involves the utilization of a toxic solvent. Therefore, it is crucial to elucidate recent technologies that are simple, portable, green, quick, and cost-effective for onsite and infield residue detections. Several technologies, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, quantum dots, biosensing, and miniaturized gas chromatography, are now available. Further, several onsite techniques, such as ion mobility-mass spectrometry, are now being upgraded; some of them, although unable to analyze field sample directly, can analyze a large number of compounds within very short time (such as time-of-flight and Orbitrap mass spectrometry). Thus, to stay updated with scientific advances and analyze organic contaminants effectively and safely, it is necessary to study all of the state-of-art technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Musfiqur Rahman
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ju Lee
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Jo
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Yun
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Bang Eun
- Department of Food Science and Technology and BK 21 plus Program, Graduate School of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Hyeog Im
- Department of Food Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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4
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Conant CR, Attah IK, Garimella SVB, Nagy G, Bilbao A, Smith RD, Ibrahim YM. Evaluation of Waveform Profiles for Traveling Wave Ion Mobility Separations in Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:225-236. [PMID: 33126794 PMCID: PMC8170696 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM) have recently enabled a powerful implementation of traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS) for ultrahigh resolution separations; however, experimental parameters have not been optimized, and potential significant gains may be feasible. Most TWIMS separations have utilized square-shaped waveforms applied by time-dependent voltage stepping across repeating sets of electrodes, but alternative waveforms may provide further improvements to resolution. Here, we characterize five waveforms (including square and sine) in terms of their transmission efficiency, IMS resolution, and resolving power, and explore the effects of TW amplitude and speed on the performance of each. We found, consistent with previous work, separations were generally improved with higher TW amplitudes, moderately improved by lower speeds (limited by ion "surfing" with the waves), and found decreases in signal intensity at the extremes of operating conditions. The triangle and asymmetric "ramp forward" shaped profiles were found to provide modestly greater resolution and resolving power, an observation we tentatively attribute to their relatively uniform fields and minimal low-field regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Conant
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Isaac K Attah
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sandilya V B Garimella
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gabe Nagy
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Aivett Bilbao
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yehia M Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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5
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Tamadate T, Higashi H, Hogan CJ, Seto T. The charge reduction rate for multiply charged polymer ions via ion-ion recombination at atmospheric pressure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25215-25226. [PMID: 33125012 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03989f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The charge reduction of multiply charged macromolecular ions via recombination with small ions in the gas phase is commonly employed to modulate the charge on macromolecules prior to mass spectrometric and mobility analyses. We employ a recently developed continuum-Molecular Dynamics (MD) calculation approach to determine the recombination rate coefficient of multiply charged (1 to 7 excess positive charged) polyethylene glycol ions (mass of 4600 Da) with smaller singly charged anions, modeled as NO2- ions. The continuum-MD approach accounts explicitly for the influence of the background gas on the recombination process, accounts explicitly for ion translational, vibrational, and rotational motion, and enables recombination rate coefficient calculation in nitrogen near atmospheric pressure, wherein neither low pressure nor high pressure recombination theories are strictly applicable. Continuum-MD simulations yield recombination rate coefficients near 3.9 × 10-14 m3 s-1 for singly charged ions, increasing to 3.0 × 10-11 m3 s-1 for the +7 ion. Pre-existing collision rate coefficient expressions for rigid ions are found to be within a factor of 2-5 of calculations for all charge states, but their use requires knowledge of an appropriate collision distance, which is not well-defined for flexible polymer ions. Continuum-MD-inferred rate coefficients are incorporated into a model of charge reduction, and the charge state distribution versus anion concentration determined with it is compared to charge reduction measurements made via atmospheric pressure differential mobility analysis. Good agreement is observed between simulations and experiments; although results are extremely sensitive to the recombination rate coefficients, experimental results are bound by models utilizing rates within a factor of 2 (0.5-2.0×) of the continuum-MD rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Tamadate
- Faculty of Natural System, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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6
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Li A, Nagy G, Conant CR, Norheim RV, Lee JY, Giberson C, Hollerbach AL, Prabhakaran V, Attah IK, Chouinard CD, Prabhakaran A, Smith RD, Ibrahim YM, Garimella SV. Ion Mobility Spectrometry with High Ion Utilization Efficiency Using Traveling Wave-Based Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14930-14938. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Li
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gabe Nagy
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Christopher R. Conant
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Randolph V. Norheim
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Joon Yong Lee
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Cameron Giberson
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Adam L. Hollerbach
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Venkateshkumar Prabhakaran
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Isaac K. Attah
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Christopher D. Chouinard
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Aneesh Prabhakaran
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Richard D. Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yehia M. Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sandilya V.B. Garimella
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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7
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Larriba-Andaluz C, Prell JS. Fundamentals of ion mobility in the free molecular regime. Interlacing the past, present and future of ion mobility calculations. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2020.1826708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Larriba-Andaluz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
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8
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Dodds JN, Baker ES. Ion Mobility Spectrometry: Fundamental Concepts, Instrumentation, Applications, and the Road Ahead. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2185-2195. [PMID: 31493234 PMCID: PMC6832852 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a rapid separation technique that has experienced exponential growth as a field of study. Interfacing IMS with mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) provides additional analytical power as complementary separations from each technique enable multidimensional characterization of detected analytes. IMS separations occur on a millisecond timescale, and therefore can be readily nested into traditional GC and LC/MS workflows. However, the continual development of novel IMS methods has generated some level of confusion regarding the advantages and disadvantages of each. In this critical insight, we aim to clarify some common misconceptions for new users in the community pertaining to the fundamental concepts of the various IMS instrumental platforms (i.e., DTIMS, TWIMS, TIMS, FAIMS, and DMA), while addressing the strengths and shortcomings associated with each. Common IMS-MS applications are also discussed in this review, such as separating isomeric species, performing signal filtering for MS, and incorporating collision cross-section (CCS) values into both targeted and untargeted omics-based workflows as additional ion descriptors for chemical annotation. Although many challenges must be addressed by the IMS community before mobility information is collected in a routine fashion, the future is bright with possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Dodds
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Erin S Baker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Activation of sub 2 nm Water Soluble and Insoluble Standard Ions with Saturated Vapors of Butanol in a Boosted TSI Ultrafine CPC. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10110665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tetraheptylammonium bromide (THABr), tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) and tetraethylammonium bromide (TEABr) dissolved in methanol or water methanol mixtures (~ 1mM) produce via positive electrospray atomization and high resolution classification electrical classification standard clean ions (monomer and dimer) which are singly charged. THABr is hydrophobic and insoluble in water, TBABr and TEABr are hygroscopic and water soluble (0.6 and 2.8 kg/l respectively). These ions are used to study the effect of hygroscopicity on the activation of aerosol particles in the sub 2 nm range via the detection efficiency measurement of a boosted ultrafine TSI condensation particle counter (3025A). Water solubility of particles seems to play a role in the activation and growth with butanol vapor in the CPC (condensation particle counter) independently of the size.
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10
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Pukala T. Importance of collision cross section measurements by ion mobility mass spectrometry in structural biology. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33 Suppl 3:72-82. [PMID: 30265417 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The field of ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has developed rapidly in recent decades, with new fundamental advances underpinning innovative applications. This has been particularly noticeable in the field of biomacromolecular structure determination and structural biology, with pioneering studies revealing new structural insight for complex protein assemblies which control biological function. This perspective offers a review of recent developments in IM-MS which have enabled expanding applications in protein structural biology, principally focusing on the quantitative measurement of collision cross sections and their interpretation to describe higher order protein structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Pukala
- Discipline of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005
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11
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Gabelica V, Shvartsburg AA, Afonso C, Barran P, Benesch JL, Bleiholder C, Bowers MT, Bilbao A, Bush MF, Campbell JL, Campuzano ID, Causon T, Clowers BH, Creaser CS, De Pauw E, Far J, Fernandez‐Lima F, Fjeldsted JC, Giles K, Groessl M, Hogan CJ, Hann S, Kim HI, Kurulugama RT, May JC, McLean JA, Pagel K, Richardson K, Ridgeway ME, Rosu F, Sobott F, Thalassinos K, Valentine SJ, Wyttenbach T. Recommendations for reporting ion mobility Mass Spectrometry measurements. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2019; 38:291-320. [PMID: 30707468 PMCID: PMC6618043 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a guide to ion mobility mass spectrometry experiments, which covers both linear and nonlinear methods: what is measured, how the measurements are done, and how to report the results, including the uncertainties of mobility and collision cross section values. The guide aims to clarify some possibly confusing concepts, and the reporting recommendations should help researchers, authors and reviewers to contribute comprehensive reports, so that the ion mobility data can be reused more confidently. Starting from the concept of the definition of the measurand, we emphasize that (i) mobility values (K0 ) depend intrinsically on ion structure, the nature of the bath gas, temperature, and E/N; (ii) ion mobility does not measure molecular surfaces directly, but collision cross section (CCS) values are derived from mobility values using a physical model; (iii) methods relying on calibration are empirical (and thus may provide method-dependent results) only if the gas nature, temperature or E/N cannot match those of the primary method. Our analysis highlights the urgency of a community effort toward establishing primary standards and reference materials for ion mobility, and provides recommendations to do so. © 2019 The Authors. Mass Spectrometry Reviews Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Gabelica
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM and CNRS, ARNA Laboratory, IECB site2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600PessacFrance
| | | | | | - Perdita Barran
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass SpectrometryManchester Institute for Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Justin L.P. Benesch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | - Christian Bleiholder
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFlorida32311
| | | | - Aivett Bilbao
- Biological Sciences DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWashington
| | - Matthew F. Bush
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | | | | | - Tim Causon
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)Department of Chemistry, Division of Analytical ChemistryViennaAustria
| | - Brian H. Clowers
- Department of ChemistryWashington State UniversityPullmanWashington
| | - Colin S. Creaser
- Centre for Analytical ScienceDepartment of Chemistry, Loughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse (L.S.M.) − Molecular SystemsUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Johann Far
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse (L.S.M.) − Molecular SystemsUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | | | | | | | - Michael Groessl
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of BioMedical ResearchInselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland and TofwerkThunSwitzerland
| | | | - Stephan Hann
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)Department of Chemistry, Division of Analytical ChemistryViennaAustria
| | - Hugh I. Kim
- Department of ChemistryKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | | | - Jody C. May
- Department of ChemistryCenter for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee
| | - John A. McLean
- Department of ChemistryCenter for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Freie Universitaet BerlinInstitute for Chemistry and BiochemistryBerlinGermany
| | | | | | - Frédéric Rosu
- CNRS, INSERM and University of BordeauxInstitut Européen de Chimie et BiologiePessacFrance
| | - Frank Sobott
- Antwerp UniversityBiomolecular & Analytical Mass SpectrometryAntwerpBelgium
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- School of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Konstantinos Thalassinos
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of BiosciencesUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
- United Kingdom and Institute of Structural and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of LondonLondonWC1E 7HXUK
| | - Stephen J. Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of ChemistryWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWest Virginia
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12
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Tauber C, Chen X, Wagner PE, Winkler PM, Hogan CJ, Maißer A. Heterogeneous Nucleation onto Monoatomic Ions: Support for the Kelvin-Thomson Theory. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:3144-3149. [PMID: 30238689 PMCID: PMC6391949 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the process of heterogeneous nucleation is investigated by coupling a high‐resolution differential mobility analyser (DMA) to an expansion‐type condensation particle counter, the size‐analyzing nuclei counter (SANC). More specifically, we measured the activation probabilities of monoatomic ions of both polarities by using n‐butanol as condensing liquid. All seed ions were activated to grow into macroscopic sizes at saturation ratios well below the onset of homogeneous nucleation, showing for the first time that the SANC is capable of detecting sub‐nanometer sized, atomic seed ions. The measured onset saturation ratios for each ion were compared to the Kelvin‐Thomson (KT) theory. Despite the fact that certain dependencies of activation behaviour on seed ion properties cannot be predicted by the KT theory, it was found that with a simple adjustment of the n‐butanol molecular volume (9–15 % lower compared to bulk properties) good agreement with experimental results is achievable. The corresponding density increase may result from the dipole‐charge interaction. This study thus offers support for the application of the KT model for heterogeneous, ion‐induced nucleation studies at the sub‐nanometer level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Tauber
- Aerosol Physics & Environmental Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaoshuang Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paul E Wagner
- Aerosol Physics & Environmental Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul M Winkler
- Aerosol Physics & Environmental Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher J Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anne Maißer
- Aerosol Physics & Environmental Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,The Cyprus Institute, Aglandjia, Cyprus
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13
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Maiβer A, Hogan CJ. Examination of Organic Vapor Adsorption onto Alkali Metal and Halide Atomic Ions by using Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:3039-3046. [PMID: 28834069 PMCID: PMC5704694 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We utilize ion mobility mass spectrometry with an atmospheric pressure differential mobility analyzer coupled to a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer (DMA‐MS) to examine the formation of ion‐vapor molecule complexes with seed ions of K+, Rb+, Cs+, Br−, and I− exposed to n‐butanol and n‐nonane vapor under subsaturated conditions. Ion‐vapor molecule complex formation is indicated by a shift in the apparent mobility of each ion. Measurement results are compared to predicted mobility shifts based upon the Kelvin–Thomson equation, which is commonly used in predicting rates of ion‐induced nucleation. We find that n‐butanol at saturation ratios as low as 0.03 readily binds to all seed ions, leading to mobility shifts in excess of 35 %. Conversely, the binding of n‐nonane is not detectable for any ion for saturation ratios in the 0–0.27 range. An inverse correlation between the ionic radius of the initial seed and the extent of n‐butanol uptake is observed, such that at elevated n‐butanol concentrations, the smallest ion (K+) has the smallest apparent mobility and the largest (I−) has the largest apparent mobility. Though the differences in behavior of the two vapor molecules types examined and the observed effect of ionic seed radius are not accounted for by the Kelvin–Thomson equation, its predictions are in good agreement with measured mobility shifts for Rb+, Cs+, and Br− in the presence of n‐butanol (typically within 10 % of measurements).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Maiβer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,The Cyprus Institute, Aglandjia, Cyprus
| | - Christopher J Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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14
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Nahin M, Oberreit D, Fukushima N, Larriba-Andaluz C. Modeling of an Inverted Drift Tube for Improved Mobility Analysis of Aerosol Particles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6456. [PMID: 28744005 PMCID: PMC5527120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06448-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A new mobility particle analyzer, which has been termed Inverted Drift Tube, has been modeled analytically as well as numerically and proven to be a very capable instrument. The basis for the new design have been the shortcomings of the previous ion mobility spectrometers, in particular (a) diffusional broadening which leads to degradation of instrument resolution and (b) inadequate low and fixed resolution (not mobility dependent) for large sizes. To overcome the diffusional broadening and have a mobility based resolution, the IDT uses two varying controllable opposite forces, a flow of gas with velocity v gas , and a linearly increasing electric field that opposes the movement. A new parameter, the separation ratio Λ = v drift /v gas , is employed to determine the best possible separation for a given set of nanoparticles. Due to the system's need to operate at room pressure, two methods of capturing the ions at the end of the drift tube have been developed, Intermittent Push Flow for a large range of mobilities, and Nearly-Stopping Potential Separation, with very high separation but limited only to a narrow mobility range. A chromatography existing concept of resolving power is used to differentiate between peak resolution in the IDT and acceptable separation between similar mobility sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Nahin
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute(INDI), IUPUI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indianapolis, IN, 46106, USA
| | | | | | - Carlos Larriba-Andaluz
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute(INDI), IUPUI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indianapolis, IN, 46106, USA.
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15
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Ibrahim YM, Hamid AM, Deng L, Garimella SVB, Webb IK, Baker ES, Smith RD. New frontiers for mass spectrometry based upon structures for lossless ion manipulations. Analyst 2017; 142:1010-1021. [PMID: 28262893 PMCID: PMC5431593 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00031f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM) provide a new paradigm for efficient, complex and extended gas phase ion manipulations. SLIM are created from electric fields generated by the application of DC and RF potentials to arrays of electrodes patterned on two parallel surfaces. The electric fields provide lossless ion manipulations, including effective ion transport and storage. SLIM modules have been developed using both constant and oscillatory electric fields (e.g. traveling waves) to affect the ion motion. Ion manipulations demonstrated to date with SLIM include: extended trapping, ion selection, ion dissociation, and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) separations achieving unprecedented ultra high resolution. SLIM thus provide the basis for previously impractical manipulations, such as very long path length ion mobility separations where ions traverse a serpentine path multiple times, as well as new capabilities that extend the utility of these developments based on temporal and spatial compression of ion mobility separations and other ion distributions. The evolution of SLIM devices developed over the last three years is reviewed and we provide examples of various ion manipulations performed, and briefly discuss potential applications and new directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia M Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Ahmed M Hamid
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Liulin Deng
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Sandilya V B Garimella
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Ian K Webb
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Erin S Baker
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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16
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Pollutant Formation during the Occurrence of Flame Instabilities under Very-Lean Combustion Conditions in a Liquid-Fuel Burner. ENERGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/en10030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Buckley DT, Hogan CJ. Determination of the transfer function of an atmospheric pressure drift tube ion mobility spectrometer for nanoparticle measurements. Analyst 2017; 142:1800-1812. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00328e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new method is introduced to determine the transfer/transmission function of a drift tube ion mobility spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Buckley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
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18
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Kortshagen UR, Sankaran RM, Pereira RN, Girshick SL, Wu JJ, Aydil ES. Nonthermal Plasma Synthesis of Nanocrystals: Fundamental Principles, Materials, and Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:11061-127. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe R. Kortshagen
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - R. Mohan Sankaran
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Rui N. Pereira
- Department
of Physics and I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Walter
Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Steven L. Girshick
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jeslin J. Wu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Eray S. Aydil
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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19
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Jeon S, Oberreit DR, Van Schooneveld G, Hogan CJ. Liquid Nebulization–Ion Mobility Spectrometry Based Quantification of Nanoparticle–Protein Conjugate Formation. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7667-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seongho Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | | | - Christopher J. Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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20
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Larriba-Andaluz C, Fernández-García J, Ewing MA, Hogan CJ, Clemmer DE. Gas molecule scattering & ion mobility measurements for organic macro-ions in He versus N2 environments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:15019-29. [PMID: 25988389 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A pending issue in linking ion mobility measurements to ion structures is that the collisional cross section (CCS, the measured structural parameter in ion mobility spectrometry) of an ion is strongly dependent upon the manner in which gas molecules effectively impinge on and are reemitted from ion surfaces (when modeling ions as fixed structures). To directly examine the gas molecule impingement and reemission processes and their influence, we measured the CCSs of positively charged ions of room temperature ionic liquids 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (EMIM-N(CN)2) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIM-BF4) in N2 using a differential mobility analyzer-mass spectrometer (DMA-MS) and in He using a drift tube mobility spectrometer-mass spectrometer (DT-MS). Cluster ions, generated via electrosprays, took the form (AB)N(A)z, spanning up to z = 20 and with masses greater than 100 kDa. As confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations, at the measurement temperature (∼300 K), such cluster ions took on globular conformations in the gas phase. Based upon their attained charge levels, in neither He nor N2 did the ion-induced dipole potential significantly influence gas molecule-ion collisions. Therefore, differences in the CCSs measured for ions in the two different gases could be primarily attributed to differences in gas molecule behavior upon collision with ions. Overwhelmingly, by comparison of predicted CCSs with selected input impingement-reemission laws to measurements, we find that in N2, gas molecules collide with ions diffusely--they are reemitted at random angles relative to the gas molecule incoming angle--and inelastically. Meanwhile, in He, gas molecules collide specularly and elastically and are emitted from ion surfaces at determined angles. The results can be rationalized on the basis of the momentum transferred per collision; in the case of He, individual gas molecule collisions minimally perturb the atoms within a cluster ion (internal motion), while in the case of N2, individual gas molecules have sufficiently large momentum to alter the internal motion in organic ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Larriba-Andaluz
- University of Minnesota, Mechanical Engineering Department, 111 Church st. RM 2101A, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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21
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Jeon S, Oberreit DR, Van Schooneveld G, Hogan CJ. Nanomaterial size distribution analysis via liquid nebulization coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (LN-IMS). Analyst 2016; 141:1363-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02150b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry is used for nanomaterial size distribution measurement without the need of electrospray based aerosolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongho Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
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22
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Chouinard CD, Wei MS, Beekman CR, Kemperman RHJ, Yost RA. Ion Mobility in Clinical Analysis: Current Progress and Future Perspectives. Clin Chem 2016; 62:124-33. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.238840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a rapid separation tool that can be coupled with several sampling/ionization methods, other separation techniques (e.g., chromatography), and various detectors (e.g., mass spectrometry). This technique has become increasingly used in the last 2 decades for applications ranging from illicit drug and chemical warfare agent detection to structural characterization of biological macromolecules such as proteins. Because of its rapid speed of analysis, IMS has recently been investigated for its potential use in clinical laboratories.
CONTENT
This review article first provides a brief introduction to ion mobility operating principles and instrumentation. Several current applications will then be detailed, including investigation of rapid ambient sampling from exhaled breath and other volatile compounds and mass spectrometric imaging for localization of target compounds. Additionally, current ion mobility research in relevant fields (i.e., metabolomics) will be discussed as it pertains to potential future application in clinical settings.
SUMMARY
This review article provides the authors' perspective on the future of ion mobility implementation in the clinical setting, with a focus on ambient sampling methods that allow IMS to be used as a “bedside” standalone technique for rapid disease screening and methods for improving the analysis of complex biological samples such as blood plasma and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael S Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | | | - Richard A Yost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics (SECIM), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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23
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Thomas JM, He S, Larriba-Andaluz C, DePalma JW, Johnston MV, Hogan Jr. CJ. Ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry examination of the structures, stabilities, and extents of hydration of dimethylamine–sulfuric acid clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:22962-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03432b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Uptake of water molecules by dimethylamine–sulfuric acid cluster ions mitigates dissociation in atmospheric pressure ion source mass spectrometer inlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikku M. Thomas
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Siqin He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | | | - Joseph W. DePalma
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
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24
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Hamid AM, Ibrahim YM, Garimella SVB, Webb IK, Deng L, Chen TC, Anderson GA, Prost SA, Norheim RV, Tolmachev AV, Smith RD. Characterization of Traveling Wave Ion Mobility Separations in Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11301-8. [PMID: 26510005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report on the development and characterization of a traveling wave (TW)-based Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (TW-SLIM) module for ion mobility separations (IMS). The TW-SLIM module uses parallel arrays of rf electrodes on two closely spaced surfaces for ion confinement, where the rf electrodes are separated by arrays of short electrodes, and using these TWs can be created to drive ion motion. In this initial work, TWs are created by the dynamic application of dc potentials. The capabilities of the TW-SLIM module for efficient ion confinement, lossless ion transport, and ion mobility separations at different rf and TW parameters are reported. The TW-SLIM module is shown to transmit a wide mass range of ions (m/z 200-2500) utilizing a confining rf waveform (∼1 MHz and ∼300 Vp-p) and low TW amplitudes (<20 V). Additionally, the short TW-SLIM module achieved resolutions comparable to existing commercially available low pressure IMS platforms and an ion mobility peak capacity of ∼32 for TW speeds of <210 m/s. TW-SLIM performance was characterized over a wide range of rf and TW parameters and demonstrated robust performance. The combined attributes of the flexible design and low voltage requirements for the TW-SLIM module provide a basis for devices capable of much higher resolution and more complex ion manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Hamid
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yehia M Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sandilya V B Garimella
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ian K Webb
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Liulin Deng
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Tsung-Chi Chen
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gordon A Anderson
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Spencer A Prost
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Randolph V Norheim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Aleksey V Tolmachev
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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25
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Havlik M, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Friedbacher G, Winkler W, Messner P, Perez-Burgos L, Tauer C, Allmaier G. Comprehensive size-determination of whole virus vaccine particles using gas-phase electrophoretic mobility macromolecular analyzer, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8657-64. [PMID: 26266988 PMCID: PMC4563941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biophysical properties including particle size distribution, integrity, and shape of whole virus vaccine particles at different stages in tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccines formulation were analyzed by a new set of methods. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used as a conservative sample preparation for vaccine particle fractionation and gas-phase electrophoretic mobility macromolecular analyzer (GEMMA) for analyzing electrophoretic mobility diameters of isolated TBE virions. The derived particle diameter was then correlated with molecular weight. The diameter of the TBE virions determined after SEC by GEMMA instrumentation was 46.8 ± 1.1 nm. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were implemented for comparison purposes and to gain morphological information on the virion particle. Western blotting (Dot Blot) as an immunological method confirmed biological activity of the particles at various stages of the developed analytical strategy. AFM and TEM measurements revealed higher diameters with much higher SD for a limited number of virions, 60.4 ± 8.5 and 53.5 ± 5.3 nm, respectively. GEMMA instrumentation was also used for fractionation of virions with specifically selected diameters in the gas-phase, which were finally collected by means of an electrostatic sampler. At that point (i.e., after particle collection), AFM and TEM showed that the sampled virions were still intact, exhibiting a narrow size distribution (i.e., 59.8 ± 7.8 nm for AFM and 47.5 ± 5.2 nm for TEM images), and most importantly, dot blotting confirmed immunological activity of the collected samples. Furthermore dimers and virion artifacts were detected, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Havlik
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gernot Friedbacher
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Winkler
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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26
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Weiss V, Bereszcazk JZ, Havlik M, Kallinger P, Gösler I, Kumar M, Blaas D, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Heck AJR, Szymanski WW, Allmaier G. Analysis of a common cold virus and its subviral particles by gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis and native mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8709-17. [PMID: 26221912 PMCID: PMC4558612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (GEMMA) separates nanometer-sized, single-charged particles according to their electrophoretic mobility (EM) diameter after transition to the gas-phase via a nano electrospray process. Electrospraying as a soft desorption/ionization technique preserves noncovalent biospecific interactions. GEMMA is therefore well suited for the analysis of intact viruses and subviral particles targeting questions related to particle size, bioaffinity, and purity of preparations. By correlating the EM diameter to the molecular mass (Mr) of standards, the Mr of analytes can be determined. Here, we demonstrate (i) the use of GEMMA in purity assessment of a preparation of a common cold virus (human rhinovirus serotype 2, HRV-A2) and (ii) the analysis of subviral HRV-A2 particles derived from such a preparation. (iii) Likewise, native mass spectrometry was employed to obtain spectra of intact HRV-A2 virions and empty viral capsids (B-particles). Charge state resolution for the latter allowed its Mr determination. (iv) Cumulatively, the data measured and published earlier were used to establish a correlation between the Mr and EM diameter for a range of globular proteins and the intact virions. Although a good correlation resulted from this analysis, we noticed a discrepancy especially for the empty and subviral particles. This demonstrates the influence of genome encapsulation (preventing analytes from shrinking upon transition into the gas-phase) on the measured analyte EM diameter. To conclude, GEMMA is useful for the determination of the Mr of intact viruses but needs to be employed with caution when subviral particles or even empty viral capsids are targeted. The latter could be analyzed by native MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor
U. Weiss
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jessica Z. Bereszcazk
- Bijvoet
Centre for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marlene Havlik
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Kallinger
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Gösler
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Bijvoet
Centre for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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27
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Tsona NT, Henschel H, Bork N, Loukonen V, Vehkamäki H. Structures, Hydration, and Electrical Mobilities of Bisulfate Ion–Sulfuric Acid–Ammonia/Dimethylamine Clusters: A Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:9670-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narcisse T. Tsona
- Division
of Atmospheric Sciences,
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henning Henschel
- Division
of Atmospheric Sciences,
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicolai Bork
- Division
of Atmospheric Sciences,
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Loukonen
- Division
of Atmospheric Sciences,
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Division
of Atmospheric Sciences,
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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28
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D'Atri V, Porrini M, Rosu F, Gabelica V. Linking molecular models with ion mobility experiments. Illustration with a rigid nucleic acid structure. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:711-26. [PMID: 26259654 PMCID: PMC4440389 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry experiments allow the mass spectrometrist to determine an ion's rotationally averaged collision cross section Ω(EXP). Molecular modelling is used to visualize what ion three-dimensional structure(s) is(are) compatible with the experiment. The collision cross sections of candidate molecular models have to be calculated, and the resulting Ω(CALC) are compared with the experimental data. Researchers who want to apply this strategy to a new type of molecule face many questions: (1) What experimental error is associated with Ω(EXP) determination, and how to estimate it (in particular when using a calibration for traveling wave ion guides)? (2) How to generate plausible 3D models in the gas phase? (3) Different collision cross section calculation models exist, which have been developed for other analytes than mine. Which one(s) can I apply to my systems? To apply ion mobility spectrometry to nucleic acid structural characterization, we explored each of these questions using a rigid structure which we know is preserved in the gas phase: the tetramolecular G-quadruplex [dTGGGGT]4, and we will present these detailed investigation in this tutorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina D'Atri
- Univ. Bordeaux, IECB, ARNA laboratoryPessac, F-33600, France
- INSERM, U869, ARNA laboratoryBordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Massimiliano Porrini
- Univ. Bordeaux, IECB, ARNA laboratoryPessac, F-33600, France
- INSERM, U869, ARNA laboratoryBordeaux, F-33000, France
| | | | - Valérie Gabelica
- Univ. Bordeaux, IECB, ARNA laboratoryPessac, F-33600, France
- INSERM, U869, ARNA laboratoryBordeaux, F-33000, France
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29
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Higashi H, Tokumi T, Hogan CJ, Suda H, Seto T, Otani Y. Simultaneous ion and neutral evaporation in aqueous nanodrops: experiment, theory, and molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:15746-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01730k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutral and ion evaporation from aqueous nanodrops is examined experimentally, numerically, and theoretically, demonstrating the validity of analytical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Higashi
- Faculty of Natural Systems
- Institute of Science and Engineering
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa
- Japan
| | - Takuya Tokumi
- Faculty of Natural Systems
- Institute of Science and Engineering
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa
- Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Suda
- Home Appliances Development Center
- Corporate Engineering Division
- Appliances Company
- Panasonic Corporation
- Kusatsu
| | - Takafumi Seto
- Faculty of Natural Systems
- Institute of Science and Engineering
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa
- Japan
| | - Yoshio Otani
- Faculty of Natural Systems
- Institute of Science and Engineering
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa
- Japan
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30
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Larriba-Andaluz C, Hogan CJ. Collision cross section calculations for polyatomic ions considering rotating diatomic/linear gas molecules. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:194107. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4901890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Larriba-Andaluz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St. S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Christopher J. Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St. S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Kumar A, Kang S, Larriba-Andaluz C, Ouyang H, Hogan CJ, Sankaran RM. Ligand-free Ni nanocluster formation at atmospheric pressure via rapid quenching in a microplasma process. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:385601. [PMID: 25180756 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/38/385601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The production of metal nanoclusters composed of less than 10(3) atoms is important for applications in energy conversion and medicine, and for fundamental studies of nanomaterial nucleation and growth. Unfortunately, existing synthesis methods do not enable adequate control of cluster formation, particularly at atmospheric pressure wherein formation typically occurs on sub-millisecond timescales. Here, we demonstrate that ligand-free, unagglomerated nickel nanoclusters can be continuously synthesized at atmospheric pressure via the decomposition of bis(cyclopentadienyl)nickel(II) (nickelocene) in a spatially-confined microplasma process that rapidly quenches particle growth and agglomeration. The clusters were measured on line by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and further analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our results reveal that stable clusters with spherical equivalent mean diameters below 10 Åare produced, and by controlling the nickelocene concentration, the mean diameter can be tuned up to ∼50 Å. Although diameter is often the sole metric used in nanocluster and nanoparticle characterization, to infer the number of atoms in AFM and IMS detected clusters, we compare measured AFM heights and IMS inferred collision cross sections to theoretical predictions based on both bulk matter approximations and density functional theory and Hartree-Fock calculated Ni nanocluster structures (composed of 2-15 atoms for the latter). The calculations suggest that Ni nanoclusters composed of less than 10(2) atoms can be produced repeatably with simple microplasma reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, USA
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Bouza M, López-Vidal S, Pisonero J, Bordel N, Pereiro R, Sanz-Medel A. Characterization of a new mobility separation tool: HRIMS as differential mobility analyzer. Talanta 2014; 130:400-7. [PMID: 25159427 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High resolution ion mobility spectrometer (HRIMS) is a new instrument that uses parallel plate Differential Mobility Analysis as principle of separation. Gas phase analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been performed for the characterization of this new mobility system using an UV-lamp for ionization. Studies of the effect of temperature and the presence of a desiccant are detailed. Identification of the different peaks obtained with an electrometer was successfully carried out for a group of alcohols, aromatic compounds and ketones (ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-heptanol, acetone, 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, 2-octanone, benzene, toluene, xylene and bromobenzene) following a modified Millikan equation. Moreover, the investigation of the discrimination capabilities within the different VOCs families as well as the mobility dependence with molecular mass was successfully achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Bouza
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Pisonero
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Oviedo, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nerea Bordel
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Oviedo, 33007 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Rosario Pereiro
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alfredo Sanz-Medel
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Gillig KJ, Chen CH. Increasing the Performance of Portable Ion Mobility Analyzers: Development of the Periodic Focusing Differential Mobility Analyzer (PFDMA). Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2014; 3:S0032. [PMID: 26819904 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) as a stand-alone technique has become increasingly important for applications in security, defense, and environmental monitoring, and also in biological applications such as molecular structure and -omic analysis when combined with mass spectrometry. Yet, the majority of these devices are drift cell based and limited by low duty cycles because of ion gating. Differential Mobility Analyzers (DMAs) are attractive alternatives due to their continuous ion transmission and success in analyzing aerosol particles in real time environmental tests. But, the resolution of a DMA is low due to difficulties in achieving laminar gas flow, low sample gas flow to sheath gas flow ratio, and high velocity sheath gas using small pumps, if portability is a concern. To overcome these challenges, we will introduce a new ion mobility spectrometer that increases the amount of work done on the ions during separation by introducing an electric field opposing the gas flow direction while simultaneously preserving laminar gas flow. The development of the Periodic Focusing Differential Mobility Analyzer (PFDMA) can lead to a portable device that exhibits both high resolution and sensitivity, to meet the needs of today's expanding applications.
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Kulmala M, Petäjä T, Ehn M, Thornton J, Sipilä M, Worsnop D, Kerminen VM. Chemistry of Atmospheric Nucleation: On the Recent Advances on Precursor Characterization and Atmospheric Cluster Composition in Connection with Atmospheric New Particle Formation. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2014; 65:21-37. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040412-110014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kulmala
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - T. Petäjä
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - M. Ehn
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-8), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - J. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - M. Sipilä
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - D.R. Worsnop
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821
| | - V.-M. Kerminen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
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Lanucara F, Holman SW, Gray CJ, Eyers CE. The power of ion mobility-mass spectrometry for structural characterization and the study of conformational dynamics. Nat Chem 2014; 6:281-94. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Menlyadiev MR, Tadjimukhamedov FK, Tarassov A, Wollnik H, Eiceman GA. Low-mobility-pass filter between atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization sources and a single quadrupole mass spectrometer: computational models and measurements. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:135-142. [PMID: 24285398 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mixtures of ions produced in sources at atmospheric pressure, including chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) can be simplified at or near ambient pressure using ion mobility based filters. METHODS A low-mobility-pass filter (LMPF) based on a simple mechanical design and simple electronic control was designed, modeled and tested with vapors of 2-hexadecanone in an APCI source and with spray of peptide solutions in an ESI source. The LMPF geometry was planar and small (4 mm wide × 13 mm long) and electric control was through a symmetric waveform in low kHz with amplitude between 0 and 10 V. RESULTS Computational models established idealized performance for transmission efficiency of ions of several reduced mobility coefficients over the range of amplitudes and were matched by computed values from ion abundances in mass spectra. The filter exhibited a broad response function, equivalent to a Bode Plot in electronic filters, suggesting that ion filtering could be done in blocks ~50 m/z units wide. CONCLUSIONS The benefit of this concept is that discrimination against ions of high mobility is controlled by only a single parameter: waveform amplitude at fixed frequency. The effective removal of high mobility ions, those of low mass-to-charge, can be beneficial for applications with ion-trap-based mass spectrometers to remove excessive levels of solvent or matrix ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlen R Menlyadiev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
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Oberreit DR, McMurry PH, Hogan CJ. Analysis of heterogeneous uptake by nanoparticles via differential mobility analysis–drift tube ion mobility spectrometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:6968-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54842b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tandem differential mobility analysis–drift tube ion mobility spectrometry enables examination of heterogeneous vapor uptake by nanoscale particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek R. Oberreit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis, USA
| | - Peter H. McMurry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis, USA
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Hinterwirth H, Wiedmer SK, Moilanen M, Lehner A, Allmaier G, Waitz T, Lindner W, Lämmerhofer M. Comparative method evaluation for size and size-distribution analysis of gold nanoparticles. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2952-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Hinterwirth
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | | | - Maria Moilanen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Finland
| | - Angela Lehner
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics; Vienna University of Technology; Vienna Austria
| | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics; Vienna University of Technology; Vienna Austria
| | - Thomas Waitz
- Faculty of Physics; Physics of Nanostructured Materials; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Wolfgang Lindner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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Larriba C, Hogan CJ. Ion Mobilities in Diatomic Gases: Measurement versus Prediction with Non-Specular Scattering Models. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:3887-901. [DOI: 10.1021/jp312432z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Larriba
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
| | - Christopher J. Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
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Vidal-de-Miguel G, Macía M, Cuevas J. Transversal Modulation Ion Mobility Spectrometry (TM-IMS), a new mobility filter overcoming turbulence related limitations. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7831-7. [PMID: 22924856 DOI: 10.1021/ac301127u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of ions according to their mobility is a technique that is attracting increasing interest. The new technology presented here, which we have termed Transversal Modulation Ion Mobility Spectrometry (TM-IMS), utilizes only electric fields, operates at atmospheric pressure, produces a continuous output of mobility selected ions (according to their true mobility and not to nonlinear effects), and has a very accessible inlet and outlet. These features would make it an ideal choice for tandem IMS-MS analysis in combination with most commercial Atmospheric Pressure Interface MS (API-MS) systems. We modeled and evaluated two different TM-IMS configurations (TM-IMS, and multistage TM-IMS), and we concluded that the most promising configuration would be a two-stage TM-IMS. We developed and tested a TM-IMS, and the measured resolving power is R = 55. The TM-IMS behaves similarly to the planar Differential Mobility Analyzer, but the TM-IMS utilizes only electric fields, and no fragile flow with high Reynolds numbers is required. We tested the robustness of the TM-IMS, which proves to be a very robust and reliable analyzer: the required voltage accuracy is 5 V in 10 kV, and the mechanical precision is 1 mm in 5 cm.
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Mostofi R, Noël A, Haghighat F, Bahloul A, Lara J, Cloutier Y. Impact of two particle measurement techniques on the determination of N95 class respirator filtration performance against ultrafine particles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 217-218:51-7. [PMID: 22464753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this experimental study was to compare two different particle measurement devices; an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), to measure the number concentration and the size distribution of NaCl salt aerosols to determine the collection efficiency of filtering respirators against poly disperse aerosols. Tests were performed on NIOSH approved N95 filtering face-piece respirators (FFR), sealed on a manikin head. Ultrafine particles found in the aerosols were also collected and observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). According to the results, there is a systematic difference for the particle size distribution measured by the SMPS and the ELPI. It is largely attributed to the difference in the measurement techniques. However, in spite of these discrepancies, reasonably similar trends were found for the number concentration with both measuring instruments. The particle penetration, calculated based on mobility and aerodynamic diameters, never exceeded 5% for any size range measured at constant flow rate of 85 L/min. Also, the most penetrating particle size (MPPS), with the lowest filtration efficiency, would occur at a similar ultrafine size range <100 nm. With the ELPI, the MPPS was at 70 nm aerodynamic diameter, whereas it occurred at 40 nm mobility diameter with the SMPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mostofi
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Zhong Y, Hyung SJ, Ruotolo BT. Ion mobility-mass spectrometry for structural proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2012; 9:47-58. [PMID: 22292823 DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility coupled to mass spectrometry has been an important tool in the fields of chemical physics and analytical chemistry for decades, but its potential for interrogating the structure of proteins and multiprotein complexes has only recently begun to be realized. Today, ion mobility-mass spectrometry is often applied to the structural elucidation of protein assemblies that have failed high-throughput crystallization or NMR spectroscopy screens. Here, we highlight the technology, approaches and data that have led to this dramatic shift in use, including emerging trends such as the integration of ion mobility-mass spectrometry data with more classical (e.g., 'bottom-up') proteomics approaches for the rapid structural characterization of protein networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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43
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Hogan CJ, de la Mora JF. Ion mobility measurements of nondenatured 12-150 kDa proteins and protein multimers by tandem differential mobility analysis-mass spectrometry (DMA-MS). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:158-172. [PMID: 21472554 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-010-0014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The mobilities of electrosprayed proteins and protein multimers with molecular weights ranging from 12.4 kDa (cytochrome C monomers) to 154 kDa (nonspecific concanavalin A hexamers) were measured in dry air by a planar differential mobility analyzer (DMA) coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). The DMA determines true mobility at atmospheric pressure, without perturbing ion structure from that delivered by the electrospray. A nondenaturing aqueous 20 mM triethylammonium formate buffer yields compact ions with low charge states, moderating polarization effects on ion mobility. Conversion of mobilities into cross-sections involves a reduction factor ξ for the actual mobility relative to that associated with elastic specular collisions with smooth surfaces. ξ is known to be 1.36 in air from Millikan's oil drop experiments. A similar enhancement effect ascribed to atomic-scale surface roughness has been found in numerical simulations. Adopting Millikan's value ξ=1.36 and assuming a spherical geometry yields a gas-phase protein density ρ(p)=0.949±0.053 g cm(-3) for all our protein data. This is substantially higher than the 0.67 g cm(-3) found in recent low-resolution DMA measurements of singly charged proteins. DMA-MS can distinguish nonspecific protein aggregates formed during the electrospray process from those formed preferentially in solution. The observed charge versus diameter relation is compatible with a protein charge reduction mechanism based on the evaporation of triethylammonium ions from electrosprayed drops.
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Allmaier G, Maißer A, Laschober C, Messner P, Szymanski WW. Parallel differential mobility analysis for electrostatic characterization and manipulation of nanoparticles and viruses. Trends Analyt Chem 2011; 30:123-132. [PMID: 25892833 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The electrophoretic mobility of charged, airborne nanoparticles (NPs) or macromolecules and their specific complexes opens new avenues for their analysis and handling. The newly developed parallel differential mobility analyzer in combination with an electrostatic particle sampler enables not only the characterization of bio-NPs, but even their sampling while preserving their bioactivity (e.g., the enzyme activity of galactosidase). Precondition for the applicability of this technique is a well-defined charging status of the NPs in question. This charge conditioning can be achieved by means of a radioactive source, Po-210, even if the yield in terms of charged particles is low for sub-20-nm particles and the aging of the source influences the size spectra measured. Nevertheless, this technique enables size-defined sampling and enrichment, combined with real-time measurement of the size of both NPs and viruses. Furthermore, it allows determination of the number of attached biospecific antibodies, thereby providing information about the surface coverage of viruses by antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Allmaier
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Maißer
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Laschober
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna, Austria; University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna, Austria
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Maißer A, Premnath V, Ghosh A, Nguyen TA, Attoui M, Hogan CJ. Determination of gas phase protein ion densities via ion mobility analysis with charge reduction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:21630-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22127b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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46
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Hogan CJ, Fernandez de la Mora J. Ion-pair evaporation from ionic liquid clusters. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:1382-1386. [PMID: 20447834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A differential mobility analyzer (DMA) is used in atmospheric pressure N(2) to select a narrow range of electrical mobilities from a complex mix of cluster ions of composition (CA)(n)(C(+))(z). The clusters are introduced into the N(2) gas by electrospraying concentrated (approximately 20 mM) acetonitrile solutions of ionic liquids (molten salts) of composition CA (C(+) = cation, A(-) = anion). Mass analysis of these mobility-selected ions reveals the occurrence of individual neutral ion-pair evaporation events from the smallest singly charged clusters: (CA)(n)C(+)-->(CA)(n-1)C(+)+CA. Although bulk ionic liquids are effectively involatile at room temperature, up to six sequential evaporation events are observed. Because this requires far more internal energy than available in the original clusters, substantial heating (approximately 10 eV) must take place in the ion guides leading to the mass analyzer. The observed increase in IL evaporation rate with decreasing size is drastic, in qualitative agreement with the exponential vapor pressure dependence predicted by Kelvin's formula. A single evaporation event is barely detectable at n = 13, while two or more are prominent for n < or = 9. Magic number clusters (CA)(4)C(+) with singularly low volatilities are found in three of the four ionic liquids studied. Like their recently reported liquid phase prenucleation cluster analogs, these magic number clusters could play a key role as gas-phase nucleation seeds. All the singularly involatile clusters seen are cations, which may help understand commonly observed sign effects in ion-induced nucleation. No other charge-sign asymmetry is seen on cluster evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, USA
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Hogan Jr. CJ, Ogorzalek Loo RR, Loo JA, Mora JFDL. Ion mobility–mass spectrometry of phosphorylase B ions generated with supercharging reagents but in charge-reducing buffer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:13476-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01208d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Cheng X, Basuray S, Senapati S, Chang HC. Identification and separation of DNA-hybridized nanocolloids by Taylor cone harmonics. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3236-41. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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49
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Heitbrink WA, Evans DE, Ku BK, Maynard AD, Slavin TJ, Peters TM. Relationships among particle number, surface area, and respirable mass concentrations in automotive engine manufacturing. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2009; 6:19-31. [PMID: 18982535 DOI: 10.1080/15459620802530096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationships between particle number, surface area, and respirable mass concentration measured simultaneously in a foundry and an automotive engine machining and assembly center. Aerosol concentrations were measured throughout each plant with a condensation particle counter for number concentration, a diffusion charger for active surface area concentration, and an optical particle counter for respirable mass concentration. At selected locations, particle size distributions were characterized with the optical particle counter and an electrical low pressure impactor. Statistical analyses showed that active surface area concentration was correlated with ultrafine particle number concentration and weakly correlated with respirable mass concentration. Correlation between number and active surface area concentration was stronger during winter (R2 = 0.6 for both plants) than in the summer (R2 = 0.38 and 0.36 for the foundry and engine plant respectively). The stronger correlation in winter was attributed to use of direct-fire gas fired heaters that produced substantial numbers of ultrafine particles with a modal diameter between 0.007 and 0.023 mu m. These correlations support findings obtained through theoretical analysis. Such analysis predicts that active surface area increasingly underestimates geometric surface area with increasing particle size, particularly for particles larger than 100 nm. Thus, a stronger correlation between particle number concentration and active surface area concentration is expected in the presence of high concentrations of ultrafine particles. In general, active surface area concentration may be a concentration metric that is distinct from particle number concentration and respirable mass concentration. For future health effects or toxicological studies involving nano-materials or ultrafine aerosols, this finding needs to be considered, as exposure metrics may influence data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Heitbrink
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-5000, USA.
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50
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Hogan CJ, Carroll JA, Rohrs HW, Biswas P, Gross ML. Combined charged residue-field emission model of macromolecular electrospray ionization. Anal Chem 2009; 81:369-77. [PMID: 19117463 PMCID: PMC2613577 DOI: 10.1021/ac8016532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the multiple charging of macromolecules in electrospray ionization (ESI) continues to inspire debate and controversy. Recently, we proposed that the number of charges on a macromolecule is determined by the emission of small charge carriers from macromolecule-containing nanodroplets and that, after solvent evaporation, the remaining charge is transferred to the macromolecule. In this study, we tested the applicability of this new theory for macromolecular, positive-ion ESI mass spectrometry by measuring the mean charge states and charge distributions of globular proteins under non-denaturing and denaturing conditions. Predictions of protein mean charge states for native state proteins are in excellent agreement with mass spectrometric measurements, giving strong credence to the proposed theory. Theoretical predictions are also in good agreement with mean charge states measured for proteins in basic solutions (pH = 11.5). For some proteins in acidic solutions (pH = 2.1), the measured mean charge states are anomalously higher than the Rayleigh limit of a water droplet with a volume equivalent to that of the protein. We propose that some macromolecules that are highly charged in solution may desorb from charged droplets of the same polarity in a similar manner to that whereby charge carriers emit from nanodroplets, leading to "supercharged" macromolecular ions. Examination of rate expressions for solvent evaporation and charge-carrier emission demonstrates that the newly proposed model for ESI is consistent with previously reported ion-emission kinetics. Overall, we obtained additional experimental evidence for the charge carrier emission model for macromolecular charging, suggesting opportunities for understanding and applying ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Hogan
- Department of Energy, Environmental, & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
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