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Gerba CP, Betancourt WQ, Kitajima M, Rock CM. Reducing uncertainty in estimating virus reduction by advanced water treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 133:282-288. [PMID: 29407709 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of wastewater for potable reuse requires the reduction of enteric viruses to levels that pose no significant risk to human health. Advanced water treatment trains (e.g., chemical clarification, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, advanced oxidation) have been developed to provide reductions of viruses to differing levels of regulatory control depending upon the levels of human exposure and associated health risks. Importance in any assessment is information on the concentration and types of viruses in the untreated wastewater, as well as the degree of removal by each treatment process. However, it is critical that the uncertainty associated with virus concentration and removal or inactivation by wastewater treatment be understood to improve these estimates and identifying research needs. We reviewed the critically literature to assess to identify uncertainty in these estimates. Biological diversity within families and genera of viruses (e.g. enteroviruses, rotaviruses, adenoviruses, reoviruses, noroviruses) and specific virus types (e.g. serotypes or genotypes) creates the greatest uncertainty. These aspects affect the methods for detection and quantification of viruses and anticipated removal efficiency by treatment processes. Approaches to reduce uncertainty may include; 1) inclusion of a virus indicator for assessing efficiency of virus concentration and detection by molecular methods for each sample, 2) use of viruses most resistant to individual treatment processes (e.g. adenoviruses for UV light disinfection and reoviruses for chlorination), 3) data on ratio of virion or genome copies to infectivity in untreated wastewater, and 4) assessment of virus removal at field scale treatment systems to verify laboratory and pilot plant data for virus removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Gerba
- University of Arizona, Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA.
| | - Walter Q Betancourt
- University of Arizona, Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA.
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Channah M Rock
- University of Arizona, Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, Maricopa Agricultural Center, 37860, W. Smith-Enke Road, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA.
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2
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Xu R, Shieh YC, Stewart DS. Comparison of RNA extraction kits for the purification and detection of an enteric virus surrogate on green onions via RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 2016; 239:61-68. [PMID: 27836658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) offers a rapid and sensitive molecular method for detection of enteric viruses. Unfortunately, these assays are often hampered by the low virus titre found in foods and PCR inhibition due to matrix carryover during RNA extraction. Four commercial RNA extraction kits (Qiagen's QIAamp Viral RNA Mini and UltraSens Virus kits, MoBio UltraClean Tissue & Cells RNA Isolation kit, and Ambion MagMAX Viral RNA Isolation kit) were evaluated for their ability to extract and purify MS2 bacteriophage RNA, an enteric virus surrogate, from inoculated green onions, a food which has been associated with viral gastroenteritis outbreaks. Inoculated green onion wash concentrates and green onion pieces with and without Qiagen QIAshredder homogenization were assayed in the kit comparison. MS2 detection and PCR inhibition were evaluated using a duplex real-time RT-PCR for MS2 and an exogenous internal amplification control (IAC) assay. Without homogenization, MS2 inoculated at 40pfu/g was detected in at least 4 lots of green onion wash concentrates using the silica-membrane spin-column kits. Inhibition was a factor for the magnetic silica-based MagMAX kit, which resulted in detection of MS2 in 1 of 5. Addition of QIAshredder homogenization prior to extraction did not adversely affect the silica-membrane kit results but improved the MS2 detection by MagMAX to 5 of 5 lots. Use of a 1:10 dilution of primary RNA extracts also improved detection. The QIAamp Viral RNA Mini and MagMAX kits were further compared for detection of MS2 from green onion pieces inoculated at 20 and 5pfu/g. Using homogenization, the MagMAX kit detected 20pfu/g in only 1 of 2 green onion lots, whereas the QIAamp Viral RNA kit detected 2 of 2 lots at 5 pfu/g without homogenization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyang Xu
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, 6502 S. Archer Road, Bedford Park, IL 60501, United States.
| | - Y Carol Shieh
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 6502 S. Archer Road, Bedford Park, IL 60501, United States.
| | - Diana S Stewart
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 6502 S. Archer Road, Bedford Park, IL 60501, United States.
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Uyaguari-Diaz MI, Chan M, Chaban BL, Croxen MA, Finke JF, Hill JE, Peabody MA, Van Rossum T, Suttle CA, Brinkman FSL, Isaac-Renton J, Prystajecky NA, Tang P. A comprehensive method for amplicon-based and metagenomic characterization of viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotes in freshwater samples. MICROBIOME 2016; 4:20. [PMID: 27391119 PMCID: PMC5011856 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of environmental microbiota typically target only specific groups of microorganisms, with most focusing on bacteria through taxonomic classification of 16S rRNA gene sequences. For a more holistic understanding of a microbiome, a strategy to characterize the viral, bacterial, and eukaryotic components is necessary. RESULTS We developed a method for metagenomic and amplicon-based analysis of freshwater samples involving the concentration and size-based separation of eukaryotic, bacterial, and viral fractions. Next-generation sequencing and culture-independent approaches were used to describe and quantify microbial communities in watersheds with different land use in British Columbia. Deep amplicon sequencing was used to investigate the distribution of certain viruses (g23 and RdRp), bacteria (16S rRNA and cpn60), and eukaryotes (18S rRNA and ITS). Metagenomic sequencing was used to further characterize the gene content of the bacterial and viral fractions at both taxonomic and functional levels. CONCLUSION This study provides a systematic approach to separate and characterize eukaryotic-, bacterial-, and viral-sized particles. Methodologies described in this research have been applied in temporal and spatial studies to study the impact of land use on watershed microbiomes in British Columbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel I. Uyaguari-Diaz
- British Columbia Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Michael Chan
- British Columbia Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Canada
| | - Bonnie L. Chaban
- South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, Sir Ernst Chain Building, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Matthew A. Croxen
- British Columbia Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Canada
| | - Jan F. Finke
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Janet E. Hill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4 Canada
| | - Michael A. Peabody
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, South Science Building, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Thea Van Rossum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, South Science Building, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Curtis A. Suttle
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8 Canada
| | - Fiona S. L. Brinkman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, South Science Building, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Judith Isaac-Renton
- British Columbia Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Natalie A. Prystajecky
- British Columbia Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Patrick Tang
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
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4
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Yama IN, Garba M, Britton-Davidian J, Thiberville SD, Dobigny G, Gould EA, de Lamballerie X, Charrel RN. Comparative analysis of rodent tissue preservation methods and nucleic acid extraction techniques for virus screening purposes. J Virol Methods 2013; 189:311-6. [PMID: 23470543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become an essential method for the detection of viruses in tissue specimens. However, it is well known that the presence of PCR inhibitors in tissue samples may cause false-negative results. Hence the identification of PCR inhibitors and evaluation and optimization of nucleic acid extraction and preservation methods is of prime concern in virus discovery programs dealing with animal tissues. Accordingly, to monitor and remove inhibitors we have performed comparative analyses of two commonly used tissue storage methods and five RNA purification techniques using a variety of animal tissues, containing quantified levels of added MS2 bacteriophages as the indicator of inhibition. The results showed (i) no significant difference between the two methods of sample preservation, viz. direct storage at -80°C or 4°C in RNAlater, (ii) lung rodent tissues contained lower levels of inhibitor than liver, kidney and spleen, (iii) RNA extraction using the EZ1+PK RNA kit was the most effective procedure for removal of RT-PCR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines N Yama
- Aix-Marseille University, French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", 13005 Marseille, France.
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Cai Z, Lou G, Cai T, Yang J, Wu N. Development of a novel genotype-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification technique for Hepatitis B virus genotypes B and C genotyping and quantification. J Clin Virol 2011; 52:288-94. [PMID: 21908234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is the need for a rapid, economical method for genotyping Hepatitis B virus (HBV) to support clinical practice. OBJECTIVES To develop a novel HBV genotyping process using genotype specific loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). STUDY DESIGN HBV genotypes B and C specific LAMP methods were evaluated using standard panel. A comparative analysis of the LAMP test against Taqman assay using 105 clinical samples, was undertaken to evaluate the quantitation capacity of the method. 111 clinical samples were used to test the clinical applicability of the genotype specific LAMP method. The results were compared with those obtained by real-time PCR based genotyping and sequencing. RESULTS Using genotype-specific primers, the LAMP assay correctly identified all predefined genotypes B and C, and no cross-reaction was observed. Real-time format of this assay provides simultaneous identification and quantification of genotypes B and C. The detection sensitivity of the method was found to be 323 and 515 copies/ml for genotypes B and C specific LAMP assay respectively. High correlation (R(2)=0.91) and good agreement between the LAMP method and the real-time PCR test were achieved for HBV quantitation. Samples from 111 HBV-infected patients were genotyped with LAMP, revealing 53% HBV as genotype B, 36% as genotype C, and 12% as mixed genotypes B and C. LAMP method showed coincidence rates of 96.7% with the real-time PCR genotyping results. CONCLUSION This approach is a promising tool for HBV genotyping and quantitation. It appears to be useful for routine clinical practice even in field investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhejun Cai
- The Second Clinical Medicine College, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
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6
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Abstract
To examine the long-term infectivity of human norovirus in water, 13 study subjects were challenged at different time points with groundwater spiked with the prototype human norovirus, Norwalk virus. Norwalk virus spiked in groundwater remained infectious after storage at room temperature in the dark for 61 days (the last time point tested). The Norwalk virus-seeded groundwater was stored for 1,266 days and analyzed, after RNase treatment, by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to detect Norwalk virus RNA contained within intact capsids. Norwalk virus RNA within intact capsids was detected in groundwater for 1,266 days, with no significant log(10) reduction throughout 427 days and a significant 1.10-log(10) reduction by day 1266. Purified Norwalk virus RNA (extracted from Norwalk virus virions) persisted for 14 days in groundwater, tap water, and reagent-grade water. This study demonstrates that Norwalk virus in groundwater can remain detectable for over 3 years and can remain infectious for at least 61 days. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00313404.).
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Randomized, double-blinded clinical trial for human norovirus inactivation in oysters by high hydrostatic pressure processing. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:5476-82. [PMID: 21705552 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02801-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of oysters with human noroviruses (HuNoV) constitutes a human health risk and may lead to severe economic losses in the shellfish industry. There is a need to identify a technology that can inactivate HuNoV in oysters. In this study, we conducted a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial to assess the effect of high hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP) on Norwalk virus (HuNoV genogroup I.1) inactivation in virus-seeded oysters ingested by subjects. Forty-four healthy, positive-secretor adults were divided into three study phases. Subjects in each phase were randomized into control and intervention groups. Subjects received Norwalk virus (8FIIb, 1.0 × 10(4) genomic equivalent copies) in artificially seeded oysters with or without HPP treatment (400 MPa at 25°C, 600 MPa at 6°C, or 400 MPa at 6°C for 5 min). HPP at 600 MPa, but not 400 MPa (at 6° or 25°C), completely inactivated HuNoV in seeded oysters and resulted in no HuNoV infection among these subjects, as determined by reverse transcription-PCR detection of HuNoV RNA in subjects' stool or vomitus samples. Interestingly, a white blood cell (granulocyte) shift was identified in 92% of the infected subjects and was significantly associated with infection (P = 0.0014). In summary, these data suggest that HPP is effective at inactivating HuNoV in contaminated whole oysters and suggest a potential intervention to inactivate infectious HuNoV in oysters for the commercial shellfish industry.
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8
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Bosch A, Sánchez G, Abbaszadegan M, Carducci A, Guix S, Le Guyader FS, Netshikweta R, Pintó RM, van der Poel WHM, Rutjes S, Sano D, Taylor MB, van Zyl WB, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Kovač K, Sellwood J. Analytical Methods for Virus Detection in Water and Food. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-010-9161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Gonzalez A, Ciobanu D, Sayers M, Sirr N, Dalton T, Davies M. Gene transcript amplification from cell lysates in continuous-flow microfluidic devices. Biomed Microdevices 2007; 9:729-36. [PMID: 17492382 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-007-9083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow analysis, where samples circulate encapsulated in a carrier fluid is an attractive alternative to batch processing for high-throughput devices that use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Challenges of continuous-flow prototypes include the hydrodynamic and biological incompatibility of the carrier fluid, microchannel fouling, sample carryover and the integration of a nucleic acid extraction and reverse transcription step. We tested two homemade, continuous-flow thermocycler microdevices for amplification of reverse-transcribed messages from cell lysates without nucleic acid extraction. Amplification yield and specificity were assessed with state-of-the-art, real-time quantitative equipment. Carryover contamination between consecutive samples was absent. Amplification specificity and interference by genomic DNA were optimized by primer design. Robust detection of the low-copy transcript CLIC5 from 18 cells per microliter is demonstrated in cultured lymphoblasts. The results prove the concept that the development of micro-total analysis systems (micro-TAS) for continuous gene expression directly from cell suspensions is viable with current technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asensio Gonzalez
- Northern Ireland Regional Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Blood Transfusion Service, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, BT9 7TS, and Stokes Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland, UK.
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10
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West JAA, Satterfield BC. Fabrication of porous polymer monoliths in microfluidic chips for selective nucleic acid concentration and purification. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 385:9-21. [PMID: 18365701 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-426-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and rapid isolation of nucleic acids is of significant importance in the field of genomics for a variety of applications. Current techniques for the isolation of specific nucleic acids or genes typically involve multiple rounds of amplification of the target sequence using polymerase chain reaction. Described here is a recent development in the fabrication and modification of porous polymer monoliths for the selective concentration and extraction of nucleic acids sequences. The rigid monoliths are cast to shape and are tunable for functionalization using a variety of amine-terminated molecules including oligonucleotide capture probes. Efficient and rapid isolation of nucleic acids can be performed using polymer monoliths in microchannels in a time frame as short as 2 s. The described materials and methods offer the ability to perform concentration of nucleic acids in solution and elute purified samples in volumes as low as 3 microL without the requirement of altering salt concentration in the wash and elution buffers.
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Welzel TM, Miley WJ, Parks TL, Goedert JJ, Whitby D, Ortiz-Conde BA. Real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of hepatitis B virus genotypes A to G. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3325-33. [PMID: 16954268 PMCID: PMC1594718 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00024-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection and quantification of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA play an important role in diagnosing and monitoring HBV infection as well as assessing therapeutic response. The great variability among HBV genotypes and the enormous range of clinical HBV DNA levels present challenges for PCR-based amplification techniques. In this study, we describe the development, evaluation, and validation of a novel real-time PCR assay designed to provide accurate quantification of DNA from all eight HBV genotypes in patient plasma specimens. A computer algorithm was used to design degenerate real-time PCR primers and probes based upon a large number (n = 340) of full-length genomic sequences including HBV genotypes A to H from Europe, Africa, Asia, and North and South America. Genotype performance was tested and confirmed using 59 genotype A to G specimens from two commercially available worldwide genotype panels. This assay has a dynamic range of at least 8 log(10) without the need for specimen dilution, good clinical intra- and interassay precision, and excellent correlation with the Bayer Diagnostics VERSANT HBV DNA 3.0 (branched DNA) assay (r = 0.93). Probit analysis determined the 95% detection level was 56 IU/ml, corresponding to 11 copies per PCR well. The high sensitivity, wide linear range, good reproducibility, and genotype inclusivity, combined with a small sample volume requirement and low cost, make this novel quantitative HBV real-time PCR assay particularly well suited for application to large clinical and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Welzel
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland 20892, USA
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Garson JA, Grant PR, Ayliffe U, Ferns RB, Tedder RS. Real-time PCR quantitation of hepatitis B virus DNA using automated sample preparation and murine cytomegalovirus internal control. J Virol Methods 2005; 126:207-13. [PMID: 15847939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Quantitation of circulating hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA is important for monitoring disease progression and for assessing the response to antiviral therapy. Several commercial and 'in house' assays for HBV DNA quantitation have been described but many of these have limitations of relatively low sensitivity and limited dynamic range. This study describes the development and evaluation of a FRET-based real-time PCR assay designed to overcome these limitations and to provide accurate quantitation of DNA from all eight genotypes of HBV (A-H). The assay employs a fully automated nucleic acid extraction system permitting high-sample throughput with minimal 'hands-on' time and incorporates a murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) internal control to prevent false negative results and under-reporting due to unrecognised problems with viral lysis, DNA purification or PCR amplification. Sensitivity, assessed by Probit analysis at the 95% detection level, was 24.4 IU/ml, associated with an extremely wide dynamic range (approximately 9 log10). Coefficients of variation were low for both intra-assay and inter-assay variability (CV%, 7-11%) and quantitative data correlated well (R2 = 0.97) with the Digene hybrid capture assay. This assay provides an ideal system for therapeutic monitoring and for studying the relationship between HBV viral load and stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Garson
- Centre for Virology, Department of Infection, University College London, London, UK.
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13
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Rutjes SA, Italiaander R, van den Berg HHJL, Lodder WJ, de Roda Husman AM. Isolation and detection of enterovirus RNA from large-volume water samples by using the NucliSens miniMAG system and real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:3734-40. [PMID: 16000783 PMCID: PMC1169005 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.7.3734-3740.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Concentration of water samples is a prerequisite for the detection of the low virus levels that are present in water and may present a public health hazard. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid, standardized molecular method for the detection of enteroviruses in large-volume surface water samples, using a concentration method suitable for the detection of infectious viruses as well as virus RNA. Concentration of water was achieved by a conventional filter adsorption-elution method and ultrafiltration, resulting in a 10,000-fold concentration of the sample. Isolation of virus RNA by a silica-based RNA extraction method was compared with the nonmagnetic and magnetic NucliSens RNA isolation methods. By using the silica-based RNA extraction method in two out of five samples, enterovirus RNA was detected, whereas four out of five samples were positive following RNA isolation with magnetic silica beads. Moreover, estimated RNA levels increased at least 100 to 500 times. Furthermore, we compared enterovirus detection by an in-house reverse transcription (RT)-PCR with a novel commercially available real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) assay. We found that the rapid real-time NASBA assay was slightly less sensitive than our in-house RT-PCR. The advantages, however, of a commercial real-time NASBA assay, like the presence of an internal control RNA, standardization, and enormous decrease in turnaround time, makes it an attractive alternative to RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A Rutjes
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection (MGB), Health-Related Water Microbiology, P.O. Box 1/Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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14
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Laassri M, Dragunsky E, Enterline J, Eremeeva T, Ivanova O, Lottenbach K, Belshe R, Chumakov K. Genomic analysis of vaccine-derived poliovirus strains in stool specimens by combination of full-length PCR and oligonucleotide microarray hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:2886-94. [PMID: 15956413 PMCID: PMC1151934 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.6.2886-2894.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Revised: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sabin strains of poliovirus used in the manufacture of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) are prone to genetic variations that occur during growth in cell cultures and the organisms of vaccine recipients. Such derivative viruses often have increased neurovirulence and transmissibility, and in some cases they can reestablish chains of transmission in human populations. Monitoring for vaccine-derived polioviruses is an important part of the worldwide campaign to eradicate poliomyelitis. Analysis of vaccine-derived polioviruses requires, as a first step, their isolation in cell cultures, which takes significant time and may yield viral stocks that are not fully representative of the strains present in the original sample. Here we demonstrate that full-length viral cDNA can be PCR amplified directly from stool samples and immediately subjected to genomic analysis by oligonucleotide microarray hybridization and nucleotide sequencing. Most fecal samples from healthy children who received OPV were found to contain variants of Sabin vaccine viruses. Sequence changes in the 5' untranslated region were common, as were changes in the VP1-coding region, including changes in a major antigenic site. Analysis of stool samples taken from cases of acute flaccid paralysis revealed the presence of mixtures of recombinant polioviruses, in addition to the emergence of new sequence variants. Avoiding the need for cell culture isolation dramatically shortened the time needed for identification and analysis of vaccine-derived polioviruses and could be useful for preliminary screening of clinical samples. The amplified full-length viral cDNA can be archived and used to recover live virus for further virological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Laassri
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 1401 Rockville Pike, HFM-470, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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15
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Pastorino B, Bessaud M, Grandadam M, Murri S, Tolou HJ, Peyrefitte CN. Development of a TaqMan® RT-PCR assay without RNA extraction step for the detection and quantification of African Chikungunya viruses. J Virol Methods 2005; 124:65-71. [PMID: 15664052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Revised: 11/02/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a member of the alphavirus genus, is of considerable public health concern in Southeast Asian and African countries. However, despite serological evidence, the diagnosis of this arthropod-borne human disease is confirmed infrequently and needs to be improved. In fact, illness caused by CHIKV can be confused with diseases such as dengue or yellow fever, based on the similarity of the symptoms, and laboratory confirmation of suspected cases is required to launch control measures during an epidemic. Moreover, no quantitative molecular tool is described to study CHIKV replication or detection in clinical samples and cell culture supernatants. In this study, a specific and sensitive CHIKV one-step TaqMan RT-PCR assay was developed as a tool for the diagnosis of African CHIKV as well as a rapid indicator of active infection by quantifying viral load. This study also showed that a simple heat viral RNA release during the reverse transcription step constituted an alternative to the conventional RNA extraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Pastorino
- Unité de virologie tropicale, Laboratoire associé au Centre national de référence pour les arbovirus, Institut de médecine tropicale du service de santé des armées, BP 46, Parc du Pharo, 13998 Marseille Armées, France.
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