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Din GU, Wu C, Tariq Z, Hasham K, Amjad MN, Shen B, Yue L, Raza MA, Ashraf MA, Chen L, Hu Y. Unlocking influenza B: exploring molecular biology and reverse genetics for epidemic control and vaccine innovation. Virol J 2024; 21:196. [PMID: 39180083 PMCID: PMC11344405 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious acute viral illness that affects the respiratory system, posing a significant global public health concern. Influenza B virus (IBV) causes annual seasonal epidemics. The exploration of molecular biology and reverse genetics of IBV is pivotal for understanding its replication, pathogenesis, and evolution. Reverse genetics empowers us to purposefully alter the viral genome, engineer precise genetic modifications, and unveil the secrets of virulence and resistance mechanisms. It helps us in quickly analyzing new virus strains by viral genome manipulation and the development of innovative influenza vaccines. Reverse genetics has been employed to create mutant or reassortant influenza viruses for evaluating their virulence, pathogenicity, host range, and transmissibility. Without this technique, these tasks would be difficult or impossible, making it crucial for preparing for epidemics and protecting public health. Here, we bring together the latest information on how we can manipulate the genes of the influenza B virus using reverse genetics methods, most importantly helper virus-independent techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghayyas Ud Din
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunchen Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zahra Tariq
- Sundas Molecular Analysis Center, Sundas Foundation, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Kinza Hasham
- Sundas Molecular Analysis Center, Sundas Foundation, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nabeel Amjad
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lihuan Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Muhammad Asif Raza
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Awais Ashraf
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingdie Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yihong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Svancarova P, Svetlikova D, Betakova T. Synergic and antagonistic effect of small hairpin RNAs targeting the NS gene of the influenza A virus in cells and mice. Virus Res 2014; 195:100-11. [PMID: 25192613 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we demonstrate the effect of individual and mixtures of shRNAs targeting the NS gene to treat an established infection of influenza A virus (IAV). We prepared 10 shRNAs targeting the NS gene of the IAV, and these shRNAs were tested individually or in mixtures 16h after infection. Our results revealed: (i) shRNA targeting the NS1 transcript decreased the virus titre up to 21% (P<0.01), (ii) shRNA targeting NEP transcript did not influence the replication of IAV in the infected cells; (iii) a mixture of shRNAs targeting the NS1 transcript was less effective than the individual shRNAs and decreased the virus titre up to 42% in vitro; (iv) a mixture of individually inactive shRNAs targeting the NEP transcript significantly inhibited the replication of IAV in vitro; (v) the activities of the individual shRNAs in vivo predominantly corresponded to their activities in vitro; (vi) a synergistic effect of the shRNAs was observed in vivo; and (vii) a shRNA targeting the region common to both the NS1 and NEP transcripts, shNS593, exhibited the strongest inhibition and reduced the virus titre up to 16.4% in vitro, prolonged the survival of the mice by three days and abolished the protective effect of other shRNAs in vivo. shRNAs inhibited influenza virus infection in a gene-specific manner. NS1 mRNA was significantly reduced in lungs treated with shRNAs and the levels of RIG-1, IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-γ mRNAs shRNAs were not altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Svancarova
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Darina Svetlikova
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Tatiana Betakova
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Centre for Molecular Medicine, Vlarska 3-7, 831 01 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Engelhardt OG. Many ways to make an influenza virus--review of influenza virus reverse genetics methods. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 7:249-56. [PMID: 22712782 PMCID: PMC5779834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods to introduce targeted mutations into a genome or, in the context of virology, into a virus are subsumed under the term reverse genetics (RG). Influenza viruses are important human pathogens that continue to surprise us. The development of RG for influenza viruses has greatly expanded our knowledge about influenza virus and enabled researchers to generate influenza viruses with rationally designed genotypes. Currently, a wide array of influenza virus RG methods is available. These can all be traced to fundamental principles essential in any RG system for negative-strand RNA viruses. This review gives an overview of these principles and of the multitude of RG methods, categorising them by technical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othmar G Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Potters Bar, UK.
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