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Sedghi M, Vael C, Hu WH, Bauer M, Padula D, Landi A, Lukovic M, Diethelm M, Wetzelaer GJ, Blom PWM, Nüesch F, Hany R. Formation of electron traps in semiconducting polymers via a slow triple-encounter between trap precursor particles. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2024; 25:2312148. [PMID: 38361531 PMCID: PMC10868412 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2024.2312148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Already in 2012, Blom et al. reported (Nature Materials 2012, 11, 882) in semiconducting polymers on a general electron-trap density of ≈3 × 1017 cm-3, centered at an energy of ≈3.6 eV below vacuum. It was suggested that traps have an extrinsic origin, with the water-oxygen complex [2(H2O)-O2] as a possible candidate, based on its electron affinity. However, further evidence is lacking and the origin of universal electron traps remained elusive. Here, in polymer diodes, the temperature-dependence of reversible electron traps is investigated that develop under bias stress slowly over minutes to a density of 2 × 1017 cm-3, centered at an energy of 3.6 eV below vacuum. The trap build-up dynamics follows a 3rd-order kinetics, in line with that traps form via an encounter between three diffusing precursor particles. The accordance between universal and slowly evolving traps suggests that general electron traps in semiconducting polymers form via a triple-encounter process between oxygen and water molecules that form the suggested [2(H2O)-O2] complex as the trap origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sedghi
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Vael
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Fluxim AG, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Wei-Hsu Hu
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bauer
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Padula
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimia e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Landi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mirko Lukovic
- Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Diethelm
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Frank Nüesch
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roland Hany
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Sharma S, Wright TG, Besley NA. Reactivity of the O2+·(H2O)n and NO+·(H2O)n cluster ions in the D-region of the ionosphere. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:25931-25938. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05681a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations reveal different reactivities of NO+·(H2O)n and O2+·(H2O)n cluster ions in the D-region of the ionosphere.
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Cappelletti D, Candori P, Roncaratti L, Pirani F. A molecular beam scattering study of the weakly bound complexes of water and hydrogen sulphide with the main components of air. Mol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2010.495733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pérez-Badell Y, Crespo-Otero R, Méndez-Vega E, Montero LA. Molecular orbital model of the influence of interaction between O2 and aluminosilicate sites on the triplet-singlet energy gap and reactivity. J Mol Graph Model 2010; 28:746-54. [PMID: 20189855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of O(2) molecule in models of acid aluminosilicate sites on any kind of material was investigated using reliable QM ab initio calculations. The triplet-singlet energy gap of isolated O(2) was calculated at confident levels of theory with different basis sets as a reference. Models of aluminosilicate active sites interacting with oxygen in their singlet and triplet electronic states were considered for two kinds of O(2) arrangements. Geometry optimizations were performed on both non-corrected and corrected BSSE potential energy surfaces, realizing that good modeling of heavy atom-hydrogen interactions is sensitive to BSSE corrections during these processes. Energies were further evaluated at higher level of theory to test tendencies. Singlet oxygen appears more attractive to active aluminosilicate sites than those calculated with triplet oxygen, indicating a source of oxidative efficiency for designed nanostructures containing such molecular residues. It was clearly seen that aluminosilicate groups, appearing ubiquitously in several materials, could reduce the O(2) triplet-singlets energy gap by at least 10 kJ/mol. Some elegant features of oxygen interactions with such sites were further analyzed by means of the atoms in molecules (AIM) theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoana Pérez-Badell
- Laboratorio de Química Computacional y Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana, 10400 Havana, Cuba
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Wheatley RJ, Harvey AH. The water-oxygen dimer: First-principles calculation of an extrapolated potential energy surface and second virial coefficients. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:074303. [PMID: 17718609 DOI: 10.1063/1.2756524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The systematic intermolecular potential extrapolation routine (SIMPER) is applied to the water-oxygen complex to obtain a five-dimensional potential energy surface. This is the first application of SIMPER to open-shell molecules, and it is the first use, in this context, of asymptotic dispersion energy coefficients calculated using the unrestricted time-dependent coupled-cluster method. The potential energy surface is extrapolated to the complete basis set limit, fitted as a function of intermolecular geometry, and used to calculate (mixed) second virial coefficients, which significantly extend the range of the available experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Wheatley
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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Calculating intermolecular potentials with SIMPER: the water–nitrogen and water–oxygen interactions, dispersion energy coefficients, and preliminary results for larger molecules. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/01442350701371539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Karakus N, Ozkan R. Ab initio study of atmospheric reactions of the hydroxyl radical–water complex (OH–H2O) with saturated hydrocarbons (methane, ethane and propane). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2004.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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