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Ruiz FX, Hoang A, Dilmore CR, DeStefano JJ, Arnold E. Structural basis of HIV inhibition by L-nucleosides: opportunities for drug development and repurposing. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1832-1846. [PMID: 35218925 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection with HIV can cripple the immune system and lead to AIDS. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepadnavirus that causes human liver diseases. Both pathogens are major public health problems affecting millions of people worldwide. The polymerases from both viruses are the most common drug target for viral inhibition, sharing common architecture at their active sites. The L-nucleoside drugs emtricitabine and lamivudine are widely used HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) and HBV polymerase (Pol) inhibitors. Nevertheless, structural details of their binding to RT(Pol)/nucleic acid remained unknown until recently. Here, we discuss the implications of these structures, alongside related complexes with L-dNTPs, for the development of novel L-nucleos(t)ide drugs, and prospects for repurposing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc X Ruiz
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Anthony Hoang
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christopher R Dilmore
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jeffrey J DeStefano
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Eddy Arnold
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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2
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Berrino E, Angeli A, Zhdanov DD, Kiryukhina AP, Milaneschi A, De Luca A, Bozdag M, Carradori S, Selleri S, Bartolucci G, Peat TS, Ferraroni M, Supuran CT, Carta F. Azidothymidine "Clicked" into 1,2,3-Triazoles: First Report on Carbonic Anhydrase-Telomerase Dual-Hybrid Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7392-7409. [PMID: 32463228 PMCID: PMC8154556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
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Cancer cells rely on the enzyme telomerase
(EC 2.7.7.49) to promote
cellular immortality. Telomerase inhibitors (i.e., azidothymidine)
can represent promising antitumor agents, although showing high toxicity
when administered alone. Better outcomes were observed within a multipharmacological
approach instead. In this context, we exploited the validated antitumor
targets carbonic anhydrases (CAs; EC 4.2.1.1) IX and XII to attain
the first proof of concept on CA–telomerase dual-hybrid inhibitors.
Compounds 1b, 7b, 8b, and 11b showed good in vitro
inhibition potency against the CAs IX and XII, with KI values in the low nanomolar range, and strong antitelomerase
activity in PC-3 and HT-29 cells (IC50 values ranging from
5.2 to 9.1 μM). High-resolution X-ray crystallography on selected
derivatives in the adduct with hCA II as a model study allowed to
determine their binding modes and thus to set the structural determinants
necessary for further development of compounds selectively targeting
the tumoral cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Berrino
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Dmitry D Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia.,Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya st. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna P Kiryukhina
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrea Milaneschi
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Alessandro De Luca
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Murat Bozdag
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Silvia Selleri
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Thomas S Peat
- CSIRO, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Marta Ferraroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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3
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Armando RG, Gómez DLM, Gomez DE. New drugs are not enough‑drug repositioning in oncology: An update. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:651-684. [PMID: 32124955 PMCID: PMC7010222 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.4966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repositioning refers to the concept of discovering novel clinical benefits of drugs that are already known for use treating other diseases. The advantages of this are that several important drug characteristics are already established (including efficacy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicity), making the process of research for a putative drug quicker and less costly. Drug repositioning in oncology has received extensive focus. The present review summarizes the most prominent examples of drug repositioning for the treatment of cancer, taking into consideration their primary use, proposed anticancer mechanisms and current development status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Gabriela Armando
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Bernal B1876, Argentina
| | - Diego Luis Mengual Gómez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Bernal B1876, Argentina
| | - Daniel Eduardo Gomez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Bernal B1876, Argentina
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4
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Jain N, Friedman SH. Multiple weak intercalation as a strategy for the inhibition of polymerases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:424-429. [PMID: 30579791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work we have developed specific inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by targeting the RNA/DNA duplex that is a principal substrate of the enzyme. To accomplish this, we have developed what we are calling the "weak intercalator" approach, wherein we attempt to simultaneously bind multiple weak intercalators to critical polymerase nucleic acids. We define weak intercalators as planar sp2 hybridized molecules with only two cycles, that have poor binding affinity individually and can only bind with high affinity if two or more weak intercalation events can take place. Using this approach, we have identified linear and cyclic molecules that present two weak intercalators that can inhibit HIV-1-RT 50 to 100 times more effectively than single weak intercalators. Specifically, a cyclic peptide motif that presents two quinoxaline rings inhibits HIV-1-RT at low µM concentration, shows no inhibition of DNA polymerase and in addition maintains a majority of its inhibitory power in the presence of 90,000 fold excess duplex DNA. These results suggest that the weak intercalator approach may prove effective as a way of targeting increasingly complex nucleic acid structures in a highly specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Jain
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Simon H Friedman
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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Gomez DE, Armando RG, Alonso DF. AZT as a telomerase inhibitor. Front Oncol 2012; 2:113. [PMID: 22973556 PMCID: PMC3434370 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is a highly specialized reverse transcriptase (RT) and the maintenance of telomeric length is determined by this specific enzyme. The human holoenzyme telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein composed by a catalytic subunit, hTERT, an RNA component, hTR, and a group of associated proteins. Telomerase is normally expressed in embryonic cells and is repressed during adulthood. The enzyme is reexpressed in around 85% of solid tumors. This observation makes it a potential target for developing drugs that could be developed for therapeutic purposes. The identification of the hTERT as a functional catalytic RT prompted studies of inhibiting telomerase with the HIV RT inhibitor azidothymidine (AZT). Previously, we have demonstrated that AZT binds preferentially to telomeres, inhibits telomerase and enhances tumor cell senescence, and apoptosis after AZT treatment in breast mammary adenocarcinoma cells. Since then, several studies have considered AZT for telomerase inhibition and have led to potential clinical strategies for anticancer therapy. This review covers present thinking of the inhibition of telomerase by AZT and future treatment protocols using the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Gomez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Science and Technology, Quilmes National University, Bernal Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wińska P, Miazga A, Poznański J, Kulikowski T. Partial selective inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and human DNA polymerases γ and β by thiated 3'-fluorothymidine analogue 5'-triphosphates. Antiviral Res 2010; 88:176-81. [PMID: 20739003 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
3'-Deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine (FLT, alovudine(®)) belongs to the most potent agents inhibiting HIV-1 replication. Its 5'-triphosphate (FLTTP) is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV RT). Unfortunately, FLT exerts substantial hematologic toxicity both in vitro and in vivo. It was suggested that this toxicity may be related to inhibition of human DNA polymerases, especially mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ, by nucleoside analogue 5'-triphosphates leading to termination of DNA synthesis and mitochondrial dysfunction. To decrease the toxicity of FLT, its thiated analogues, 4-SFLT and 2-SFLT, were previously synthesized and shown to be potent inhibitors of HIV-1 with low in vitro cytotoxicity. To explain this phenomenon in the present study the synthesis of 5'-triphosphates of thiated FLT analogues was undertaken and their interaction with recombinant HIV-1 RT and human DNA polymerases γ (pol γ) and β (pol β) was investigated. It was shown that 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoro-4-thiothymidine 5'-triphosphate (4-SFLTTP) and 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoro-2-thiothymidine 5'-triphosphate (2-SFLTTP) were, similarly to FLTTP, potent competitive inhibitors of HIV-1 RT, with K(i)(app) values of 0.091 and 0.022 μM respectively. It is of interest that 2-SFLTTP, a compound in an unusual syn conformation around the glycosidic bond was an uncompetitive inhibitor of human mitochondrial DNA pol γ with K(i)(app) of 0.174 μM, while 4-SFLTTP in anti conformation inhibited this enzyme similarly to FLTTP, i.e., non-competitively, with K(i)(app) of 0.055 μM. Both 4-SFLTTP and 2-SFLTTP were competitive inhibitors of human DNA pol β, with K(i)(app) values of 16.84 and 4.04 μM, respectively. The results point to partially selective inhibition of HIV RT by thiated 3'-fluorothymidine 5'-triphosphate analogues. Of special interest is that 2-SFLTTP, showing syn conformation, is a less potent inhibitor of human mitochondrial pol γ than 4-SFLTTP and FLTTP, both in the anti conformation, and has a higher inhibitory activity against HIV-1 RT than 4-SFLTTP. Moreover, the parent nucleoside 2-SFLT possessing the syn conformation shows a more potent anti-HIV-1 activity and a better selectivity index than its 4-thio isomer in the anti conformation (Matthes et al., 1989; Poopeiko et al., 1995), 2-SFLT is a potent and selective anti-HIV-1 agent with the selectivity index 4-fold higher than that of FLT. Findings regarding the mechanisms of antiviral and cytotoxic activities of FLT and its thioanalogues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Wińska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5A Pawińskiego St., 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
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Gallois-Montbrun S, Faraj A, Seclaman E, Sommadossi JP, Deville-Bonne D, Véron M. Broad specificity of human phosphoglycerate kinase for antiviral nucleoside analogs. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:1749-56. [PMID: 15450940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs used in antiviral therapies need to be phosphorylated to their tri-phospho counterparts in order to be active on their cellular target. Human phosphoglycerate kinase (hPGK) was recently reported to participate in the last step of phosphorylation of cytidine L-nucleotide derivatives [Krishnan PGE, Lam W, Dutschman GE, Grill SP, Cheng YC. Novel role of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, a glycolytic enzyme, in the activation of L-nucleoside analogs, a new class of anticancer and antiviral agents. J Biol Chem 2003;278:36726-32]. In the present work, we extended the enzymatic study of human PGK specificity to purine and pyrimidine nucleotide derivatives in both D- and L-configuration. Human PGK demonstrated catalytic efficiencies in the 10(4)-10(5)M(-1)s(-1) range for purine ribo-, deoxyribo- and dideoxyribonucleotide derivatives, either in D- or L-configuration. In contrast, it was poorly active with natural pyrimidine D-nucleotides (less than 10(3)M(-1)s(-1)). Pyrimidine L-enantiomers, which are promising therapeutic analogs against B hepatitis, were 2-25 times better substrates than their D-counterparts. The broad specificity of substrate of human PGK suggests that this enzyme may be involved in the cellular activation of several antiviral nucleoside analogs including dideoxyinosine, acyclovir, L-2'-deoxycytosine and L-2'-deoxythymidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gallois-Montbrun
- Unité de Régulation Enzymatique des Activités Cellulaires, CNRS URA 2185, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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