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Zhang L, Liu Z, Zhao S, Wang J. Semantic plausibility preferentially affects the semantic preview benefit in Chinese reading: evidence from an eye-movement study. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15291. [PMID: 37159829 PMCID: PMC10163867 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies have confirmed that skilled readers can benefit from a semantically related preview word (i.e., semantic preview benefit, SPB), suggesting that readers can extract semantic information from the parafovea to achieve efficient reading. It is still under debate whether the occurrence of this benefit is because of the semantic association between the preview and target words or because of the contextual fit of the preview word in the sentence context. Methods Two independent factors, preview plausibility (preview plausible/implausible) and semantic relatedness (semantically related/unrelated), were manipulated, and we further strictly controlled for syntactic plausibility in the present study. Results The results showed that the first-pass reading times of the target words were significantly shorter in the plausible preview condition than in the implausible preview condition. However, the main effect of semantic relatedness was found only in the gaze duration measure. Discussion The pattern of results revealed that semantic plausibility affects the semantic preview benefit preferentially in Chinese reading, supporting the contextual fit account. Our findings have implications for a better understanding of parafoveal processing and provide empirical support for the eye-movement control model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- School of Education and Psychology, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan, China
| | - Sainan Zhao
- School of Education, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Jingxin Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
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Tsang YK, Zou Y. An ERP megastudy of Chinese word recognition. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14111. [PMID: 35609148 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the first ERP (event-related potential) megastudy in traditional Chinese word recognition. Fifty-one native Chinese undergraduates in Hong Kong, who were native Cantonese speakers, provided ERP data to 1020 two-character words and 204 two-character pseudowords in a go/no-go lexical decision task (go trials: pseudowords). The item list and the ERP data were compiled into a database called "E-MELD" (ERP MEgastudy of Lexical Decision). To illustrate how E-MELD can be utilized in research of traditional Chinese word recognition, a series of linear mixed-effects (LME) models were conducted to examine how properties at word (contextual diversity, number of strokes, and concreteness) and character (contextual diversity, number of homophones, and semantic transparency ratings) levels influenced the ERP amplitudes in different time windows. The results showed that in all time windows, both word and character variables influenced the amplitudes of ERP signals, which argued against the proposal that Chinese two-character words are recognized holistically. At the same time, there was no evidence that character effects preceded word effects (i.e., no evidence of character-mediated word recognition). Overall, the pattern suggests that characters and words are accessed simultaneously in Chinese word recognition. E-MELD is made available online, such that interested researchers can download it and use the data innovatively for their research purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiu-Kei Tsang
- Department of Education Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Centre for Learning Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yun Zou
- Department of Education Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Yang J, Li N, Wang S, Slattery TJ, Rayner K. Encoding the target or the plausible preview word? The nature of the plausibility preview benefit in reading Chinese. VISUAL COGNITION 2014; 22:193-213. [PMID: 24910514 DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2014.890689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that a plausible preview word can facilitate the processing of a target word as compared to an implausible preview word (a plausibility preview benefit effect) when reading Chinese (Yang, Wang, Tong, & Rayner, 2012; Yang, 2013). Regarding the nature of this effect, it is possible that readers processed the meaning of the plausible preview word and did not actually encode the target word (given that the parafoveal preview word lies close to the fovea). The current experiment examined this possibility with three conditions wherein readers received a preview of a target word that was either (1) identical to the target word (identical preview), (2) a plausible continuation of the pre-target text, but the post-target text in the sentence was incompatible with it (initially plausible preview), or (3) not a plausible continuation of the pre-target text, nor compatible with the post-target text (implausible preview). Gaze durations on target words were longer in the initially plausible condition than the identical condition. Overall, the results showed a typical preview benefit, but also implied that readers did not encode the initially plausible preview. Also, a plausibility preview benefit was replicated: gaze durations were longer with implausible previews than the initially plausible ones. Furthermore, late eye movement measures did not reveal differences between the initially plausible and the implausible preview conditions, which argues against the possibility of misreading the plausible preview word as the target word. In sum, these results suggest that a plausible preview word provides benefit in processing the target word as compared to an implausible preview word, and this benefit is only present in early but not late eye movement measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmian Yang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China ; Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, 92092, USA
| | - Nan Li
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631,China
| | - Suiping Wang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631,China
| | - Timothy J Slattery
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Keith Rayner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, 92092, USA
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Wang S, Mo D, Xiang M, Xu R, Chen HC. The time course of semantic and syntactic processing in reading Chinese: Evidence from ERPs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2012.660169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tsang YK, Chen HC. Eye movement control in reading: Logographic Chinese versus alphabetic scripts. Psych J 2012; 1:128-42. [DOI: 10.1002/pchj.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiu-Kei Tsang
- Department of Psychology; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Hsuan-Chih Chen
- Department of Psychology; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
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Abstract
Two picture-word interference experiments were conducted to investigate the nature of effective phonological units in Cantonese spoken word production. The names of the pictures were Cantonese monosyllables with a consonant+vowel+consonant (CVC) structure. Participants' picture-naming responses were faster when the target (e.g., "star" /sing1/) and the distractor shared the same CVC component (e.g., /sing4/, meaning "city"), the same CV component (e.g., /sik6/, "eat"), or the same VC component (e.g., /ging2/, "region"), as opposed to when they were unrelated, and the facilitation effects observed were comparable in size. Also, similar facilitation effects were obtained across the CV+tone-related and the VC+tone-related conditions, whereas no reliable effect was found in the V+tone-related condition. These results indicate that an effective phonological unit in spoken word planning is neither a syllable (without tone) nor a segmental unit, and that the possible candidates lie between the two, at least in Cantonese.
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The time course of semantic and syntactic processing in Chinese sentence comprehension: Evidence from eye movements. Mem Cognit 2009; 37:1164-76. [PMID: 19933459 DOI: 10.3758/mc.37.8.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tsang YK, Chen HC. Do position-general radicals have a role to play in processing Chinese characters? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01690960802154615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wang S, Chen HC, Yang and Lei Mo J. Immediacy of integration in discourse comprehension: Evidence from Chinese readers’ eye movements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/01690960701437061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suiping Wang
- a South China Normal University , Guang Zhou, China
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Schirmer A, Lui M, Maess B, Escoffier N, Chan M, Penney TB. Task and sex modulate the brain response to emotional incongruity in Asian listeners. Emotion 2006; 6:406-17. [PMID: 16938082 DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In order to recognize banter or sarcasm in social interactions, listeners must integrate verbal and vocal emotional expressions. Here, we investigated event-related potential correlates of this integration in Asian listeners. We presented emotional words spoken with congruous or incongruous emotional prosody. When listeners classified word meaning as positive or negative and ignored prosody, incongruous trials elicited a larger late positivity than congruous trials in women but not in men. Sex differences were absent when listeners evaluated the congruence between word meaning and emotional prosody. The similarity of these results to those obtained in Western listeners suggests that sex differences in emotional speech processing depend on attentional focus and may reflect culturally independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Schirmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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CHEUNG H, LIN AMY. DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN AUTOMATIC AND STRATEGIC CONTROL PROCESSES: TOWARD A MODEL OF COGNITIVE MOBILIZATION IN BILINGUAL READING. PSYCHOLOGIA 2005. [DOI: 10.2117/psysoc.2005.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Lee C, Tinsley C, Bobko P. Cross-cultural Variance in Goal Orientations and their Effects. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/1464-0597.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen HC, Shu H. Lexical activation during the recognition of Chinese characters: evidence against early phonological activation. Psychon Bull Rev 2001; 8:511-8. [PMID: 11700902 DOI: 10.3758/bf03196186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In two primed-naming experiments involving Chinese character recognition, one with native Mandarin-speaking subjects and another with native Cantonese-speaking subjects, we varied both the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) and the prime-target similarity along various lexical dimensions. Across both experiments, the results were as follows: (1) Relatively strong and reliable semantic priming appeared very early across various SOAs, and its onset was not affected by meaning precision, (2) either homophonic priming had negligible effects on target naming or the effects appeared relatively late (only at 57 msec), and (3) graphic inhibition was found across different SOAs. Since the same set of stimuli and procedure were adopted as those in the study of Perfetti and Tan (1998), the present findings raise questions about the reliability and validity of the results from their study that have been used to support the notion that phonology is a constitutive element of character recognition and precedes meaning access in the identification process. Instead, the present results suggest that phonology is optional for accessing meaning in Chinese character recognition among skilled adult readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Chen
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Chen HC, Cheung H, Tang SL, Wong YT. Effects of antecedent order and semantic context on Chinese pronoun resolution. Mem Cognit 2000; 28:427-38. [PMID: 10881560 DOI: 10.3758/bf03198558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three reading time experiments were conducted in order to examine the relative contributions of order of antecedents and semantic context to the resolution of temporarily ambiguous Chinese pronouns. These pronouns were ambiguous because each of them was preceded by two antecedents, both of which were likely candidates for coreference. The identity of the pronoun was revealed by subsequent disambiguating information that constrained the pronoun to one particular interpretation. Experiment 1 showed that reading of the disambiguating phrase was slower when the phrase confined the pronoun to the second rather than to the first antecedent. Experiment 2 produced the same effect of antecedent order (first vs. second antecedent) regardless of whether the target antecedent was an action-performing or an action-receiving entity. In Experiment 3, the order effect was eliminated by a biasing modifier inserted immediately before the pronoun. These results indicate that in a semantically neutral environment, the first-appearing antecedent is the preferred candidate for coreferencing the ambiguous Chinese pronoun. The interaction between order of antecedents and semantic context (in the form of preposed biasing modifiers) suggests that the initial comprehension of Chinese pronouns depends as much on contextual as on structural factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Chen
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.
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Wong KFE, Chen HC. Orthographic and Phonological Processing in Reading Chinese Text: Evidence From Eye Fixations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/016909699386158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Cheung H, Chen HC. Lexical and conceptual processing in Chinese-English bilinguals: further evidence for asymmetry. Mem Cognit 1998; 26:1002-13. [PMID: 9796232 DOI: 10.3758/bf03201179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
According to the asymmetry model of bilingual representation (Kroll & Stewart, 1994), the first language (L1) lexicon is closely tied to an underlying conceptual memory, whereas second language (L2) items are mostly associated with their L1 equivalents. An outcome of this architecture is that L1-to-L2, or forward, translation must be mediated by the conceptual memory, whereas L2-to-L1 (backward) translation takes a direct lexical path. Some predictions derived from this hypothetical structure were tested in the present study, which took into account, through analysis of covariance, variations in response production time, concept retrieval time, and some other characteristics associated with the individual test items. Proficient Chinese-English bilinguals were tested on delayed production (Balota & Chumbley, 1985), picture naming, word translation, and category matching. The expected asymmetrical pattern of translation latencies (i.e., forward > backward) was demonstrated, although it could be statistically explained by the item characteristic of familiarity; matching an L1 item to a category name was faster than matching an L2 item, suggesting relatively strong L1 conceptual links. The present results are best accommodated by a form of asymmetry that allows for nondominant L2-concept linkage, the use of which is conditional upon the familiarity of the test item to the bilingual.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cheung
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
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Chen HC, Cheung H, Lau S. Examining and reexamining the structure of Chinese-English bilingual memory. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1998; 60:270-83. [PMID: 9440364 DOI: 10.1007/bf00419413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetry model of bilingual memory proposed by Kroll and Stewart assumes that translation from a first language (L1) into a second language (L2), or forward translation, is mediated by an underlying conceptual memory, whereas L2-to-L1, or backward, translation is lexical and direct. Lexical links from L2 to L1 are hypothesized to be stronger than those from L1 to L2, but conceptual links are stronger for L1 than L2. These assumptions were evaluated in this study, which used stimulus items with similar recognition thresholds. Proficient Chinese-English bilinguals were tested on picture naming, word naming, word translation and category matching. The translation asymmetry effect predicted by the model (i.e., backward being faster than forward translation) was demonstrated; matching an L1 item to a category name was also faster than matching an L2 item. This pattern of results, nevertheless, did not completely hold after an adjustment procedure which sought to control for variations in response production and concept retrieval times due to stimulus types. The present findings are consistent with previous ones which show increased L2 conceptual processing for the proficient bilingual. They also suggest that an extended version of the asymmetry model should take into account possible biasing effects associated with some conventionally used bilingual tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Chen
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.
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Orthographic and phonological activation in recognizing Chinese characters. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00571102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bu Rabia S, Siegel LS. DIFFERENT ORTHOGRAPHIES DIFFERENT CONTEXT EFFECTS: THE EFFECTS OF ARABIC SENTENCE CONTEXT IN SKILLED AND POOR READERS. READING PSYCHOLOGY 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/0270271950160101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ho CS, Chen HC. Effects of syntactic structure in the memory of concrete and abstract Chinese sentences. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 1993; 22:505-518. [PMID: 8246206 DOI: 10.1007/bf01068251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Smith (1981) found that concrete English sentences were better recognized than abstract sentences and that this concreteness effect was potent only when the concrete sentence was also affirmative but the effect switched to an opposite end when the concrete sentence was negative. These results were partially replicated in Experiment 1 by using materials from a very different language (i.e., Chinese): concrete-affirmative sentences were better remembered than concrete-negative and abstract sentences, but no reliable difference was found between the latter two types. In Experiment 2, the task was modified by using a visual presentation instead of an oral one as in Experiment 1. Both concrete-affirmative and concrete-negative sentences were better memorized then abstract ones in Experiment 2. The findings in the two experiments are explained by a combination of the dual-coding model and Marschark's (1985) item-specific and relational processing. The differential effects of experience with different language systems on processing verbal materials in memory are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Ho
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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