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Makarov MS, Sysoev YI, Guzenko MK, Prikhodko VA, Korkotian E, Okovityi SV. Color Coding Assessment of Haloperidol Effects on Animal Behavior in the Open Field Test. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093023010222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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Smith BJH, Usherwood JR. An instrumented centrifuge for studying mouse locomotion and behaviour under hypergravity. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.043018. [PMID: 31189660 PMCID: PMC6602334 DOI: 10.1242/bio.043018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gravity may influence multiple aspects of legged locomotion, from the periods of limbs moving as pendulums to the muscle forces required to support the body. We present a system for exposing mice to hypergravity using a centrifuge and studying their locomotion and activity during exposure. Centrifuge-induced hypergravity has the advantages that it both allows animals to move freely, and it affects both body and limbs. The centrifuge can impose two levels of hypergravity concurrently, using two sets of arms of different lengths, each carrying a mouse cage outfitted with a force and speed measuring exercise wheel and an infrared high-speed camera; both triggered automatically when a mouse begins running on the wheel. Welfare is monitored using infrared cameras. As well as detailing the design of the centrifuge and instrumentation, we present example data from mice exposed to multiple levels of hypergravity and details of how they acclimatized to hypergravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J H Smith
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - James R Usherwood
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
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Hansen C, Dinis TM, Vidal G, Ben-Mansour K, Bresson D, Egles C, Marin F. In-vivo analysis of nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in a rat model. Int Biomech 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23335432.2016.1233077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Clint Hansen
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC), Compiègne, France
| | - Tony M. Dinis
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC), Compiègne, France
| | - Guillaume Vidal
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC), Compiègne, France
| | - Khalil Ben-Mansour
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC), Compiègne, France
| | - Damien Bresson
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC), Compiègne, France
| | - Christophe Egles
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC), Compiègne, France
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frédéric Marin
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC), Compiègne, France
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Zennou-Azogui Y, Catz N, Xerri C. Hypergravity within a critical period impacts on the maturation of somatosensory cortical maps and their potential for use-dependent plasticity in the adult. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:2740-60. [PMID: 26888103 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00900.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated experience-dependent plasticity of somatosensory maps in rat S1 cortex during early development. We analyzed both short- and long-term effects of exposure to 2G hypergravity (HG) during the first 3 postnatal weeks on forepaw representations. We also examined the potential of adult somatosensory maps for experience-dependent plasticity after early HG rearing. At postnatal day 22, HG was found to induce an enlargement of cortical zones driven by nail displacements and a contraction of skin sectors of the forepaw map. In these remaining zones serving the skin, neurons displayed expanded glabrous skin receptive fields (RFs). HG also induced a bias in the directional sensitivity of neuronal responses to nail displacement. HG-induced map changes were still found after 16 wk of housing in normogravity (NG). However, the glabrous skin RFs recorded in HG rats decreased to values similar to that of NG rats, as early as the end of the first week of housing in NG. Moreover, the expansion of the glabrous skin area and decrease in RF size normally induced in adults by an enriched environment (EE) did not occur in the HG rats, even after 16 wk of EE housing in NG. Our findings reveal that early postnatal experience critically and durably shapes S1 forepaw maps and limits their potential to be modified by novel experience in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoh'i Zennou-Azogui
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 7260, Fédération de Recherches Comportement-Cerveau-Cognition 3512, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Catz
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 7260, Fédération de Recherches Comportement-Cerveau-Cognition 3512, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Xerri
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 7260, Fédération de Recherches Comportement-Cerveau-Cognition 3512, Marseille, France
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Intermittent application of hypergravity by centrifugation attenuates disruption of rat gait induced by 2 weeks of simulated microgravity. Behav Brain Res 2015; 287:276-84. [PMID: 25819803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of intermittent hypergravity on gait alterations and hindlimb muscle atrophy in rats induced by 2 weeks of simulated microgravity were investigated. Rats were submitted to hindlimb unloading for 2 weeks (unloading period), followed by 2 weeks of reloading (recovery period). During the unloading period, animals were subjected to the following treatments: (1) free in cages (Control); (2) continuous unloading (UL); (3) released from unloading for 1 hour per day (UL+1G); (4) hypergravity for 1h per day using a centrifuge for small animals (UL+2G). The relative weights of muscles to the whole body weight and kinematics properties of hindlimbs during gait were evaluated. UL rats walked with their hindlimbs overextended, and the oscillation of their limb motion had become narrowed and forward-shifted after the unloading period, and this persisted for at least 2 weeks after the termination of unloading. However, these locomotor alterations were attenuated in rats subjected to UL+2G centrifugation despite minor systematic changes in muscle recovery. These findings indicate hypergravity application could counteract the adverse effects of simulated or actual microgravity environments.
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Tajino J, Ito A, Nagai M, Zhang X, Yamaguchi S, Iijima H, Aoyama T, Kuroki H. Discordance in recovery between altered locomotion and muscle atrophy induced by simulated microgravity in rats. J Mot Behav 2015; 47:397-406. [PMID: 25789843 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2014.1003779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to a microgravity environment leads to adverse effects in motion and musculoskeletal properties. However, few studies have investigated the recovery of altered locomotion and muscle atrophy simultaneously. The authors investigated altered locomotion in rats submitted to simulated microgravity by hindlimb unloading for 2 weeks. Motion deficits were characterized by hyperextension of the knees and ankle joints and forward-shifted limb motion. Furthermore, these locomotor deficits did not revert to their original form after a 2-week recovery period, although muscle atrophy in the hindlimbs had recovered, implying discordance in recovery between altered locomotion and muscle atrophy, and that other factors such as neural drives might control behavioral adaptations to microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Tajino
- a Department of Motor Function Analysis , Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Japan
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JOÃO FILIPA, VELOSO ANTÓNIO, AMADO SANDRA, ARMADA-DA-SILVA PAULO, MAURÍCIO ANAC. CAN GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE COMPENSATE FOR MARKER SKIN MOVEMENT IN RAT KINEMATICS? J MECH MED BIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519414500651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The motion of the skeletal estimated from skin attached marker-based motion capture(MOCAP) systems is known to be affected by significant bias caused by anatomical landmarks mislocation but especially by soft tissue artifacts (such as skin deformation and sliding, inertial effects and muscle contraction). As a consequence, the error associated with this bias can propagate to joint kinematics and kinetics data, particularly in small rodents. The purpose of this study was to perform a segmental kinematic analysis of the rat hindlimb during locomotion, using both global optimization as well as segmental optimization methods. Eight rats were evaluated for natural overground walking and motion of the right hindlimb was captured with an optoeletronic system while the animals walked in the track. Three-dimensional (3D) biomechanical analyses were carried out and hip, knee and ankle joint angular displacements and velocities were calculated. Comparison between both methods demonstrated that the magnitude of the kinematic error due to skin movement increases in the segmental optimization when compared with the global optimization method. The kinematic results assessed with the global optimization method matches more closely to the joint angles and ranges of motion calculated from bone-derived kinematics, being the knee and hip joints with more significant differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- FILIPA JOÃO
- Univ Tecn Lisboa, Fac Motricidade Humana-CIPER-LBMF, Estrada da Costa, P-1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - ANTÓNIO VELOSO
- Univ Tecn Lisboa, Fac Motricidade Humana-CIPER-LBMF, Estrada da Costa, P-1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - SANDRA AMADO
- Univ Tecn Lisboa, Fac Motricidade Humana-CIPER-LBMF, Estrada da Costa, P-1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - PAULO ARMADA-DA-SILVA
- Univ Tecn Lisboa, Fac Motricidade Humana-CIPER-LBMF, Estrada da Costa, P-1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - ANA C. MAURÍCIO
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Porto University (UP), P-4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Jamon M. The development of vestibular system and related functions in mammals: impact of gravity. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:11. [PMID: 24570658 PMCID: PMC3916785 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This chapter reviews the knowledge about the adaptation to Earth gravity during the development of mammals. The impact of early exposure to altered gravity is evaluated at the level of the functions related to the vestibular system, including postural control, homeostatic regulation, and spatial memory. The hypothesis of critical periods in the adaptation to gravity is discussed. Demonstrating a critical period requires removing the gravity stimulus during delimited time windows, what is impossible to do on Earth surface. The surgical destruction of the vestibular apparatus, and the use of mice strains with defective graviceptors have provided useful information on the consequences of missing gravity perception, and the possible compensatory mechanisms, but transitory suppression of the stimulus can only be operated during spatial flight. The rare studies on rat pups housed on board of space shuttle significantly contributed to this problem, but the use of hypergravity environment, produced by means of chronic centrifugation, is the only available tool when repeated experiments must be carried out on Earth. Even though hypergravity is sometimes considered as a mirror situation to microgravity, the two situations cannot be confused because a gravitational force is still present. The theoretical considerations that validate the paradigm of hypergravity to evaluate critical periods are discussed. The question of adaption of graviceptor is questioned from an evolutionary point of view. It is possible that graviception is hardwired, because life on Earth has evolved under the constant pressure of gravity. The rapid acquisition of motor programming by precocial mammals in minutes after birth is consistent with this hypothesis, but the slow development of motor skills in altricial species and the plasticity of vestibular perception in adults suggest that gravity experience is required for the tuning of graviceptors. The possible reasons for this dichotomy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Jamon
- Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1106, Aix-Marseille University Marseille, France
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Bojados M, Herbin M, Jamon M. Kinematics of treadmill locomotion in mice raised in hypergravity. Behav Brain Res 2013; 244:48-57. [PMID: 23352767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study compared the motor performance of adult C57Bl/6J mice previously exposed to a 2G gravity environment during different periods of their development. 12 mice were housed in a large diameter centrifuge from the conception to Postnatal day 10 (P10). Another group of 10 mice was centrifuged form P10 to P30, and a third group of 9 mice was centrifuged from conception to P30. Their gait parameters, and kinematics of joint excursions were compared with 11 control mice, at the age of 2 months using a video-radiographic apparatus connected to a motorized treadmill. The mice that returned to Earth gravity level at the age of P10 showed a motor pattern similar to control mice. At variance the two groups that were centrifuged from P10 to P30 showed a different motor pattern with smaller and faster strides to walk at the same velocity as controls. On the other hand all the centrifuged mice showed significant postural changes, particularly with a more extended ankle joint, but the mice centrifuged during the whole experimental period differed even more. Our results showed that the exposure to hypergravity before P10 sufficed to modify the posture, suggesting that postural control starts before the onset of locomotion, whereas the gravity constraint perceived between P10 and P30 conditioned the tuning of quadruped locomotion with long term consequences. These results support the existence of a critical period in the acquisition of locomotion in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Bojados
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM UMR 1106, 13385 Marseille, France
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Beraneck M, Bojados M, Le Séac'h A, Jamon M, Vidal PP. Ontogeny of mouse vestibulo-ocular reflex following genetic or environmental alteration of gravity sensing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40414. [PMID: 22808156 PMCID: PMC3393735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The vestibular organs consist of complementary sensors: the semicircular canals detect rotations while the otoliths detect linear accelerations, including the constant pull of gravity. Several fundamental questions remain on how the vestibular system would develop and/or adapt to prolonged changes in gravity such as during long-term space journey. How do vestibular reflexes develop if the appropriate assembly of otoliths and semi-circular canals is perturbed? The aim of present work was to evaluate the role of gravity sensing during ontogeny of the vestibular system. In otoconia-deficient mice (ied), gravity cannot be sensed and therefore maculo-ocular reflexes (MOR) were absent. While canals-related reflexes were present, the ied deficit also led to the abnormal spatial tuning of the horizontal angular canal-related VOR. To identify putative otolith-related critical periods, normal C57Bl/6J mice were subjected to 2G hypergravity by chronic centrifugation during different periods of development or adulthood (Adult-HG) and compared to non-centrifuged (control) C57Bl/6J mice. Mice exposed to hypergravity during development had completely normal vestibulo-ocular reflexes 6 months after end of centrifugation. Adult-HG mice all displayed major abnormalities in maculo-ocular reflexe one month after return to normal gravity. During the next 5 months, adaptation to normal gravity occurred in half of the individuals. In summary, genetic suppression of gravity sensing indicated that otolith-related signals might be necessary to ensure proper functioning of canal-related vestibular reflexes. On the other hand, exposure to hypergravity during development was not sufficient to modify durably motor behaviour. Hence, 2G centrifugation during development revealed no otolith-specific critical period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Beraneck
- CNRS UMR 8194, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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A comparison of two-dimensional and three-dimensional techniques for the determination of hindlimb kinematics during treadmill locomotion in rats following spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 173:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pereira JE, Cabrita AM, Filipe VM, Bulas-Cruz J, Couto PA, Melo-Pinto P, Costa LM, Geuna S, Maurício AC, Varejão ASP. A comparison analysis of hindlimb kinematics during overground and treadmill locomotion in rats. Behav Brain Res 2006; 172:212-8. [PMID: 16777243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 04/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The convenience of the motor-driven treadmill makes it an attractive instrument for investigating rat locomotion. However, no data are available to indicate whether hindlimb treadmill kinematic findings may be compared or generalized to overground locomotion. In this investigation, we compared overground and treadmill locomotion for differences in the two-dimensional angular kinematics and temporal and spatial measurements for the hindlimb. Ten female rats were evaluated at the same speed for natural overground and treadmill walking. The walking velocity, swing duration and stride length were statistically indistinguishable between the two testing conditions. Significant differences were found between overground and treadmill locomotion for step cycle duration and stance phase duration parameters. During the stance phase of walking, the angular movement of the hip, knee and ankle joints were significantly different in the two conditions, with greater flexion occurring on the overground. Despite this, the sagittal joint movements of the hindlimb were similar between the two walking conditions, with only three parameters being significantly different in the swing. Hip height and angle-angle cyclograms were also only found to display subtle differences. This study suggests that reliable kinematic measurements can be obtained from the treadmill gait analysis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, CETAV, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, P.O. Box 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Filipe VM, Pereira JE, Costa LM, Maurício AC, Couto PA, Melo-Pinto P, Varejão ASP. Effect of skin movement on the analysis of hindlimb kinematics during treadmill locomotion in rats. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 153:55-61. [PMID: 16337686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In rat gait kinematics, the method most frequently used for measuring hindlimb movement involves placing markers on the skin surface overlying the joints being analyzed. Soft tissue movement around the knee joint has been considered the principle source of error when estimating hindlimb joint kinematics in rodents. However, the motion of knee marker was never quantified, nor the different variations in joint angle associated with this gait analysis system. The purpose of this study was two-fold. The first purpose was to expand upon the limited pool of information describing the effect of soft tissue movement over the knee upon the angular positions of the hip, knee and ankle of rats during treadmill locomotion. Secondly, it was a goal of this study to document the magnitude of the skin displacement when using markers that were attached superficially to the knee joint. This was examined by comparing the hindlimb kinematics in sagittal plane during treadmill locomotion determined from the marker attached to the knee and when the knee position was determined indirectly by computer analysis. Results showed that there is a considerable skin movement artefact which propagates to knee joint position and hindlimb kinematics estimates. It was concluded that these large errors can decrease data reliability in the research of rat gait analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor M Filipe
- Department of Engineering, CETAV, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, P.O. Box 1013, 5001-911 Vila Real, Portugal
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Bouët V, Dijk F, Ijkema-Paassen J, Wubbels RJ, van der Want JJ, Gramsbergen A. Early hypergravity exposure effects calbindin-D28k and inositol-3-phosphate expression in Purkinje cells. Neurosci Lett 2005; 382:10-5. [PMID: 15911113 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study the effects of hypergravity were analyzed on cerebellar Purkinje cells during early development in rats. The cerebellum is a key structure in the control and the adaptation of posture and anti-gravity activities. This holds particularly when external conditions are modified. Three groups of rats were conceived, born and reared in hypergravity (2g). At postnatal day 5 (P5), P10 or P15, they were exposed to normal gravity and at P40, the cerebella were investigated on the expression of calbindin-D28k and inositol-3-phosphate (IP3) in Purkinje cells. Control animals were bred in the same conditions but at 1g. Immunoreactivity of Purkinje cells was studied in lobules III and IX of the vermis. Lobule IX of the vermis is one of the targets of primary otolithic vestibular projections, and lobule III served as a control, being much less related with vestibular inputs. The results show that hypergravity induces a decrease in calbindin and IP3 labeling in 20% of Purkinje cells of lobule IX without any change in lobule III. Animals transferred from 2g to 1g at P5 or P10 showed the most pronounced effects and much less at P15. This study demonstrates that early development of the cerebellum is highly sensitive to changes in gravity. Ages until P10 are critical for the development of vestibulo-cerebellar connections, and in particularly the calcium signaling in Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Bouët
- Medical Physiology Department, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Bouët V, Wubbels RJ, de Jong HAA, Gramsbergen A. Behavioural consequences of hypergravity in developing rats. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 153:69-78. [PMID: 15464219 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2004.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gravity represents a stable reference for the nervous system. When the individual is increasing in size and weight, gravity may influence several aspects of the sensory and motor developments. To clarify this role, we studied age-dependent modifications of several exteroceptive and proprioceptive reflexes in five groups of rats conceived, born and reared in hypergravity (2 g). Rats were transferred to normal gravity (1 g) at P5 (post-natal day 5), P10, P15, P21, and P27. Aspects of neural development and adaptation to 1 g were assessed until P40. Hypergravity induced a delay in growth and a retardation in the development of contact-righting, air-righting, and negative geotaxis. However, we found an advance in eye opening by about 2-3 days in HG-P5 and HG-P10 rats and an increase in grip-time. No differences were found in tail and grasp reflexes. Our results show that hypergravity leads to a retarded development of motor aspects which are mainly dependent upon the vestibular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bouët
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan, 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
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