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Wu X, Liu Y, Weng Y, Li L, Lin S. Isolation, identification and toxicity of three strains of Heterocapsa (Dinophyceae) in a harmful event in Fujian, China. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 120:102355. [PMID: 36470604 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterocapsa is a genus of dinoflagellates including species that can form harmful algae blooms (HABs) and cause deleterious ecological effects. To date two species ( H circularisquama and H bohaiensis) are known to be toxic. Here we isolated three strains of Heterocapsa from a multi-species dinoflagellate bloom in the aquaculture area of Fujian, China in June, 2019 that caused mass mortality of farmed abalone. Morphological analysis using light, transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy along with phylogenetic analyses with small (SSU) and large (LSU) subunit rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene sequences showed that these strains were H. cf. niei H. horiguchii, and H. cf. pygmaea, respectively. Furthermore, rabbit erythrocyte assay revealed hemolytic activity in all three strains in cell density dependent fashion, and only in the presence of light. In addition, the strains caused significant mortality of Artemia salina, and the toxicity was also cell density dependent. The Heterocapsa cultures and toxicity information obtained in this study expanded our knowledge of toxic species of Heterocapsa, and will facilitate further investigating the mechanism of their toxicity and developing monitoring tools for their blooms in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yinglin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yubin Weng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coast and Island Management Technology Study, Fujian Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Li XD, Wang XY, Xu ME, Jiang Y, Yan T, Wang XC. Progress on the usage of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in marine ecotoxicology: A review. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 229:105678. [PMID: 33197688 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, is a widely used model species in marine ecotoxicology for evaluating pollutions, toxins, and harmful algae. In this paper, the marine ecotoxicology of Brachionus plicatilis was reviewed, including toxicity measurements of harmful algae species and environmental stresses. In addition, marine pollution involving pesticides, heavy metals, drugs, petroleum, and petrochemicals were addressed. Methods for measuring toxicity were also discussed. The standard acute lethal assay and the chronic population dynamics test were indicated as common methods of toxicity evaluating using B. plicatilis. Research on other biomarkers, such as behaviour, enzyme activity, or gene expression, are also reported here, with potential applications for fast detection or the scientific exploration of underlying molecular mechanisms. It is suggested that the methods selected should reflect the experimental purpose. Additionally, series assays should be conducted for comprehensive evaluation of ecotoxicity as well as to elucidate the correct mechanisms. Genetic methods, such as transcriptomics, were suggested as useful tools for exploring the toxicity mechanism using the rotifer B. plicatilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Meng-En Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Tian Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
| | - Xiao-Cheng Wang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Centre, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116023, China
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Vidyarathna NK, Papke E, Coyne KJ, Cohen JH, Warner ME. Functional trait thermal acclimation differs across three species of mid-Atlantic harmful algae. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 94:101804. [PMID: 32414505 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the thermal niche of harmful algae is crucial for understanding and projecting the effects of future climate change on harmful algal blooms. The effects of 6 different temperatures (18-32 °C) on the growth, photophysiology, and toxicity were examined in the dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum, and the raphidophytes, Heterosigma akashiwo and Chattonella subsalsa from the Delaware Inland Bays (DIB). K. veneficum and H. akashiwo had skewed unimodal growth patterns, with temperature optima (Topt) at 28.6 and 27.3 °C respectively and an upper thermal niche limit of 32 °C. In contrast, C. subsalsa growth increased linearly with temperature, suggesting Topt and upper thermal boundaries >32 °C. K. veneficum photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiency remained stable across all temperatures, while H. akashiwo PSII efficiency declined at higher temperature and C. subsalsa was susceptible to low temperature (~18 °C) photoinactivation. Cell toxicity thermal response was species-specific such that K. veneficum toxicity increased with temperature above Topt. Raphidophyte toxicity peaked at 25-28 °C and was in close agreement with Topt for growth in H. akashiwo but below C. subsalsa maximal growth. The mode of toxicity was markedly different between the dinoflagellate and the raphidophytes such that K. veneficum had greater hemolytic activity while the raphidophytes had pronounced fish gill cell toxicity. These results and patterns of natural abundance for these algae in the DIB suggest that continued ocean warming may contribute to C. subsalsa bloom formation while possibly promoting highly toxic blooms of K. veneficum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayani K Vidyarathna
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, United States
| | - Erin Papke
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, United States
| | - Kathryn J Coyne
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, United States
| | - Jonathan H Cohen
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, United States
| | - Mark E Warner
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, United States.
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Zhang Y, Feng T, Qu J, Sun N, Liu L. Toxicity and haemolytic activity of a newly described dinoflagellate, Heterocapsa bohainensis to the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 84:112-118. [PMID: 31128795 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The algae Heterocapsa bohaiensis is a newly described species of dinoflagellate associated with Penaeus japonicus and larvae of Eriocheir sinensis in a coastal pond of Liaodong Bay China. The rotifer Brachionus plicatilis is used as live feed for aquaculture organisms including prawns and crabs larvae. To evaluate the potential toxicity of H. bohaiensis, the effects on Brachionus plicatilis and haemolytic activity were investigated in this study. The results showed that H. bohaiensis had significant toxic effect on B. plicatilis, and this effect was dependent on the cell concentration. Significant rotifer growth suppression was observed in the ruptured cells of H. bohaiensis with ultrasonic. Relatively similar rotifer mortalities were induced both in the light and in the dark. Interestingly, haemolysis to erythrocytes was also caused in a cell density-dependent and time-dependent manner, which meant the results of haemolytic activity were consistent with the toxicity. Therefore, haemolytic toxins were considered to be involved in the toxic mechanism of H. bohaiensis against rotifers. Then, the concentrations of calcium were measured in the mastax, stomach and ovary of B. plicatilis. Obviously increased fluorescence intensity was found in the stomach, which indicated the alteration of calcium homeostasis and membrane permeability after ingesting H. bohaiensis. These results implicated haemolytic activity as a causative factor linked to the toxicity of H. bohaiensis against B. plicatilis. The results contributed to research the production and control of H. bohaiensis toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zhang
- School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, NO. 2 Dagong Road, New District of Liaodong Bay, Panjin City, Liaoning Province, 124221, China.
| | - Tongtong Feng
- School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, NO. 2 Dagong Road, New District of Liaodong Bay, Panjin City, Liaoning Province, 124221, China
| | - Jing Qu
- School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, NO. 2 Dagong Road, New District of Liaodong Bay, Panjin City, Liaoning Province, 124221, China
| | - Na Sun
- Guanghe Crab Industry Limited Company, Panjin 124200, China
| | - Lifen Liu
- School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, NO. 2 Dagong Road, New District of Liaodong Bay, Panjin City, Liaoning Province, 124221, China
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Kim EJ, Choi JH, Yang HJ, Choi SS, Lee HK, Cho YC, Kim HK, Kim SW, Chae HS. Comparison of high and low molecular weight chitosan as in-vitro boosting agent for photodynamic therapy against Helicobacter pylori using methylene blue and endoscopic light. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:111-115. [PMID: 30836214 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We reported in a previous study that photodynamic therapy (PDT) of Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) could potentiate bactericidal effect by adding chitosan. As a next step, we compared the bactericidal effects of low molecular weight (LMW) combined with Photodynamic Therapy to high molecular weight (HMW) chitosan. METHOD To perform PDT to kill H. pylori, we used endoscopic light as light source, methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer and chitosan (310-375, 50-190 kDa). We evaluated bacterial removal rate and its membrane damage by ethidium bromide monoazide PCR method (EMA q-PCR). 8-oxo-2'-dexoyguanosine by ELISA was measured for oxidative stress. RESULTS At a chitosan concentration of ≤0.05%, the killing effect did not differ between the two molecular weights, and 100% bacterial removal rate was observed at a light energy ≥ 6.23 mJ/cm2 powers under 0.02% MB. After 15 min irradiation, LMW chitosan with high concentration of MB (0.004%) showed highest killing effects, which were consistent with the results of EMA q-PCR but not with the level of 8-OHdG. Bactericidal effects of LMW chitosan plus PDT using 0.002 and 0.004% MB for 15 min irradiation were significantly higher than those using HMW chitosan plus PDT. CONCLUSION We found that PDT using methylene blue with LMW chitosan to kill H. pylori exerted greater bactericidal effects through bacterial membrane damage than PDT with HMW chitosan. These results suggest that it would be better to choose LMW chitosan to enhance the effect of PDT for clinical application, even at a very low concentration of PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Jin Kim
- Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hye Choi
- Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Yang
- Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Sook Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hae Kyung Lee
- Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Chang Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyung Keun Kim
- Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Woo Kim
- Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hiun Suk Chae
- Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
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Using the Marine Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis as an Endpoint to Evaluate Whether ROS-Dependent Hemolytic Toxicity Is Involved in the Allelopathy Induced by Karenia mikimotoi. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110439. [PMID: 30380633 PMCID: PMC6266181 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxic effects of the typically noxious bloom-forming dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi were studied using the allelopathic experimental system under controlled laboratory conditions. The potency of intact cell suspensions with whole cells, cell-free culture filtrate in different growth phases, and lysed cells with ultrasonication were compared, and the growth and reproduction of the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis were used as endpoints to evaluate toxic differences. The intact cell suspension resulted the most significant growth inhibition, including lethality, on the growth of B. plicatilis (p < 0.05). Lysed culture medium treated with ultrasonication and the cell-free culture filtrates at either the exponential or stationary phase exhibited limited negative impacts compared to the control according to changes in the population growth rate (r) and survival rate (p > 0.05). Reproduction presented a similar tendency to change, and the number of eggs produced per individual, as well as spawning period decreased in the whole cell and lysed cell suspensions. The key parameters in the lift table include the net reproductive rate (R₀) and the intrinsic rate of increase (rm), which were more sensitive to treatment and were significantly suppressed compared to that of the control. The addition of the ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could not change the growth or reproduction patterns. Moreover, substantial hemolytic toxicity was found in the treatment of the intact cell suspension (p < 0.05), while limited toxicity was found in other treatments compared to that of the control. K. mikimotoi was speculated to secrete allelopathic substances onto the cell surface, and direct cell contact was necessary for allelopathic toxicity in B. plicatilis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-independent hemolytic toxicity was assumed to be the explanation for what was observed.
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Wencheng L, Cho K, Yamasaki Y, Takeshita S, Hwang K, Kim D, Oda T. Photo-induced antibacterial activity of a porphyrin derivative isolated from the harmful dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 201:119-128. [PMID: 29906694 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama is highly toxic to bivalves. However, significant toxicity to finfish species has not been reported. We previously found that H. circularisquama has light-dependent haemolytic agents. Purification and chemical structural analyses revealed that the haemolytic agent H2-a is a porphyrin derivative, which exhibits light-dependent cytotoxicity toward tumour cells. To clarify the biological activity of H2-a further, its antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were investigated in this study. A fraction (F5) equivalent to H2-a purified from the methanol extract of H. circularisquama showed potent light-dependent bactericidal activity toward Staphylococcus aureus, and the activity was concentration- and light illumination time-dependent; however, Escherichia coli was highly resistant to F5. Electron microscopic observation suggested that F5 induces morphological changes in S. aureus in a light-dependent manner. Further analysis using other bacterial species showed that the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis was more sensitive than the Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio alginolyticus. These results indicate that F5 is a photo-induced antibacterial agent with relatively higher specificity to Gram-positive bacteria. Iodometric assay suggested that singlet oxygen was generated from light-illuminated F5. Histidine, a specific singlet oxygen scavenger, markedly inhibited the photosensitising antibacterial activity of F5 against S. aureus, suggesting the involvement of singlet oxygen in antibacterial activity. The antibacterial spectrum of F5 was evidently different from that of 5,10,15,20-tetra (N,N,N-trimethylanilinium) porphyrin tetratosylate, a commercially available porphyrin compound with antibacterial activity. Our results demonstrate that H. circularisquama has a novel antibacterial photosensitiser, a porphyrin derivative, with relatively higher specificity to Gram-positive bacteria. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to discover a porphyrin derivative with antibacterial activity in marine microalga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wencheng
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kichul Cho
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yasuhiro Yamasaki
- Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, 2-7-1 Nagata-Honmachi, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, 759-6595, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takeshita
- Joint Research Division, Center for Industry, University and Government Cooperation, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kiju Hwang
- Daegu Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Daekyung Kim
- Daegu Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
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Cho K, Wencheng L, Takeshita S, Seo JK, Chung YH, Kim D, Oda T. Evidence for the presence of cell-surface-bound and intracellular bactericidal toxins in the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 189:209-215. [PMID: 28654772 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Heterocapsa circularisquama, a harmful dinoflagellate, has multiple haemolytic toxins that are considered to be involved in the toxic mechanism against shellfish and certain species of zooplankton. To evaluate the further nature of the toxins of H. circularisquama, we investigated its effects on several species of bacteria. By colony formation assay, we found that H. circularisquama had antibacterial activity toward the marine bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus in a cell density-dependent manner. When the inoculated bacterial cells were co-cultured with H. circularisquama under dinoflagellate cell culture conditions, the bacterial growth was significantly suppressed, whereas the number of live bacterial cells increased when cultured in the medium alone. Since the cell-free culture supernatant and the ruptured dinoflagellate cell suspension showed no toxic effects on V. alginolyticus, it is speculated that direct cell-to-cell contact mediated by the live dinoflagellate cells may be the major toxic mechanism. The decrease in bactericidal activity of theca-removed dinoflagellate cells may further support this speculation. H. circularisquama also showed bactericidal activities towards Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In the dinoflagellate/bacteria co-culture system, the number of live bacterial cells declined with increasing incubation time. Light-dependent antibacterial activity of the ruptured dinoflagellate cells against S. aureus was observed, whereas no such activity was detected against E. coli. These results suggest that intracellular photosensitising bactericidal toxins, which were previously found to be porphyrin derivatives, may have specificity towards gram-positive bacteria. Based on these results together with previous studies, it is obvious that H. circularisquama possesses antibacterial activity, which may be mediated through toxins located on its cell surface. It is likely that such toxins play a role in the defence mechanism against predators and infectious bacteria. Although the exact biological significance of intracellular photosensitising toxins is still unclear, such toxins may have potential to be developed as novel photo-controllable antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Cho
- Geum River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Jiyong street, Okcheon gun, Chungcheongbuk do 29027, Republic of Korea
| | - Li Wencheng
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takeshita
- Joint Research Division, Center for Industry, University and Government Corporation, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Jung-Kil Seo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Chung
- Drug & Disease Target Research Team, Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Chengju, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Daekyung Kim
- Daegu Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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Nishiguchi T, Cho K, Yasutomi M, Ueno M, Yamaguchi K, Basti L, Yamasaki Y, Takeshita S, Kim D, Oda T. Intracellular haemolytic agents of Heterocapsa circularisquama exhibit toxic effects on H. circularisquama cells themselves and suppress both cell-mediated haemolytic activity and toxicity to rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 179:95-102. [PMID: 27595652 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A harmful dinoflagellate, Heterocapsa circularisquama, is highly toxic to shellfish and the zooplankton rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. A previous study found that H. circularisquama has both light-dependent and -independent haemolytic agents, which might be responsible for its toxicity. Detailed analysis of the haemolytic activity of H. circularisquama suggested that light-independent haemolytic activity was mediated mainly through intact cells, whereas light-dependent haemolytic activity was mediated by intracellular agents which can be discharged from ruptured cells. Because H. circularisquama showed similar toxicity to rotifers regardless of the light conditions, and because ultrasonic ruptured H. circularisquama cells showed no significant toxicity to rotifers, it was suggested that live cell-mediated light-independent haemolytic activity is a major factor responsible for the observed toxicity to rotifers. Interestingly, the ultrasonic-ruptured cells of H. circularisquama suppressed their own lethal effect on the rotifers. Analysis of samples of the cell contents (supernatant) and cell fragments (precipitate) prepared from the ruptured H. circularisquama cells indicated that the cell contents contain inhibitors for the light-independent cell-mediated haemolytic activity, toxins affecting H. circularisquama cells themselves, as well as light-dependent haemolytic agents. Ethanol extract prepared from H. circularisquama, which is supposed to contain a porphyrin derivative that displays photosensitising haemolytic activity, showed potent toxicity to Chattonella marina, Chattonella antiqua, and Karenia mikimotoi, as well as to H. circularisquama at the concentration range at which no significant toxicity to rotifers was observed. Analysis on a column of Sephadex LH-20 revealed that light-dependent haemolytic activity and inhibitory activity on cell-mediated light-independent haemolytic activity existed in two separate fractions (f-2 and f-3), suggesting that both activities might be derived from common compounds. Our results suggest that the photosensitising haemolytic toxin discharged from ruptured H. circularisquama cells has a relatively broad spectrum of phytoplankton toxicity, and that physical collapse of H. circularisquama cells can lead not only to the disappearance of its own toxicity, but also to mitigation of the effects of other HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Nishiguchi
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kichul Cho
- Jeju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Smart Building 1F, Jeju Science Park, 2170-2, Ara-dong, Jeju-Si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Masumi Yasutomi
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Mikinori Ueno
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Leila Basti
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamasaki
- Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, 2-7-1 Nagata-Honmachi, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-6595, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takeshita
- Joint Research Division, Center for Industry, University and Government Cooperation, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Daekyung Kim
- Jeju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Smart Building 1F, Jeju Science Park, 2170-2, Ara-dong, Jeju-Si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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Basti L, Nagai S, Watanabe S, Oda T, Tanaka Y. Neuroenzymatic activity and physiological energetics in Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, during short-term sublethal exposure to harmful alga, Heterocapsa circularisquama. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 176:76-87. [PMID: 27126442 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The harmful alga, Heterocapsa circularisquama, causes recurrent mortalities of bivalve molluscs in Japan, with demonstrated hemolysis and cytotoxicity in rabbit erythrocytes, HeLa cells, and bivalve tissues. Nonetheless, the effects of exposure to sublethal cell densities on the physiological energetics of bivalves have not been investigated, nor the potential involvement of neurotoxicity. In the present study, two sets of experiments were conducted with adult clams, Ruditapes philippinarum. In the first set, the clearance rate (CR), respiration rate (RR), absorption efficiency (AE), ingestion rate (IR), and absorption rate (AR) were examined in clams exposed to H. circularisquama to quantify the scope for growth (SFG) as an indicative of the bioenergetic status of clams (5, 50, 2.5×10(2), and 5×10(2)cellsml(-1); under 15°C and 20°C). In the second set, the activity of the biomarker of neurotoxic exposure, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), was monitored following 3, 6, 24, and 48h of exposure (5, 50, 5×10(2), and 10(3)cellsml(-1), at 20°C) in gills of R. philippinarum, and compared to that in Mediterranean mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis; a species also affected by H. circualrisquama and in which AChE activity was more extensively studied. At 15°C, CR, IR, and AR were decreased for exposures to 50-5×10(2) cells ml(-1) resulting in a significant decrease in the absorbed energy (A), and a significant decrease in SFG at 5×10(2)cellsml(-1). At 20°C, AE was null for exposures to 2.5×10(2) and 5×10(2)cellsml(-1). RR was decreased at 2.5×10(2) and 5×10(2)cellsml(-1), CR, IR, and AR were decreased at 5-5×10(2)cellsml(-1), and the AE was null for 2.5×10(2)-5×10(2)cellsml(-1) resulting in a significant decrease in the respired energy (R), but mainly in (A) especially at 2.5×10(2) and 5×10(2)cellsml(-1) decreasing the SFG over the entire range of cell density with negative values for 2.5×10(2) and 5×10(2)cellsml(-1). The activity of AChE in both clams and mussels was significantly reduced following 3-48h of exposure to 5-5×10(2)cellsml(-1). Reduction in the energy available for clams to grow and reproduce was induced mainly via decreased energy acquisition, and delayed and/or reduced functions of the digestive organs. In addition, this is the first report of decreased neuroenzymatic activity in two bivalve molluscs induced by exposure to H. circularisquama potentially via either neurotoxic compounds affecting the activity of gill cilia and/or gill muscles, and/or potentially via either neurotoxic compounds affecting the activity of gill cilia and/or gill muscles, and/or non-cholinergic affects associated with other functions; both resulting in decreased SFG. The relationship between the decreased AChE and decreased SFG should be corroborated in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Basti
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Metagenomics Research Group, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Kanagawa, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Environmental Research Group, Aquaculture Systems Division, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Minamiise, Mie 516-0193, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Yuji Tanaka
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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Cho K, Hur SP, Lee CH, Ko K, Lee YJ, Kim KN, Kim MS, Chung YH, Kim D, Oda T. Bioflocculation of the oceanic microalga Dunaliella salina by the bloom-forming dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama, and its effect on biodiesel properties of the biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 202:257-261. [PMID: 26733439 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the flocculation by the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama as a means for harvesting three Chlorophyta species, Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis granulata, and Dunaliella salina. Relative fluorescence of D. salina culture significantly decreased along with 9.3-fold increased flocculation activity within 24 h when mixed with H. circularisquama. Lipid content of bioflocculated D. salina increased about 40%, while fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles exhibited higher levels of C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1, compared to harvest by centrifugation, suggesting higher energy content. Furthermore, bioflocculated D. salina biomass had more suitable biodiesel properties relative to both EN14214 and ASTMD6751, with a cetane number of 49.0 and an iodine value of 95.9. These results suggest that H. circularisquama-induced bioflocculation is applicable for the sustainable and qualitative production of algal biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Cho
- Korea University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea; Jeju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Pyo Hur
- Jeju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Heon Lee
- Jeju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjun Ko
- Jeju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ji Lee
- Jeju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Kil-Nam Kim
- Jeju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Sang Kim
- Dongseo Unversity & Technische Universität Berlin Joint Algae Laboratory, Dongseo University, Busan 617-716, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Chung
- Drug & Disease Target Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 350-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Daekyung Kim
- Korea University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea; Jeju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Fernández-Herrera LJ, Band-Schmidt CJ, López-Cortés DJ, Hernández-Guerrero CJ, Bustillos-Guzmán JJ, Núñez-Vázquez E. Allelopathic effect of Chattonella marina var. marina (Raphidophyceae) on Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophycea). HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 51:1-9. [PMID: 28003057 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The allelopathic effect of the raphidophyte Chattonella marina var. marina on the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum was determined. Both species are harmful algal bloom forming algae, produce toxic metabolites, and can co-exist in the environment. In general, raphidophytes tend to dominate over dinoflagellates, which may indicate an allelopathic effect of the former algae. Strains of C. marina var. marina and G. catenatum isolated from Bahía de La Paz were cultured in bi-algal cultures with and without cell contact. Additionally, cultures of G. catenatum were exposed to cell-free culture filtrates of the raphidophyte to test whether soluble allelopathic molecules are active. During late stationary phase, both species were cultivated in mixed cultures for 72h using the following cell abundance proportions: 20×103cellsL-1: 20×103cellsL-1 (1:1; G. catenatum: C. marina); 10×103cellsL-1: 20×103cellsL-1 (1:2), and 20×103cellsL-1: 10×103cellsL-1 (2:1). Cells of G. catenatum were also exposed to different volumes of cell filtrates of C. marina (10, 20, and 50mL) using the same cell abundance proportions for 24h. Samples were taken daily for cell counts and microscopic observations. Growth inhibition was higher when there was cell contact between both species, however mortality of G. catenatum was also observed without direct cell contact, indicating that toxic metabolites are liberated to the culture medium. Changes in cell morphology of G. catenatum occurred in the presence of cells and filtrates of C. marina, such as loss of flagella and motility, swelling, loss of girdle and sulci, prominent nucleus, rupture of cell membrane, and cell lysis. Induction of temporary cysts was also observed. These results suggest that toxic metabolites are liberated to the medium by C. marina, affecting G. catenatum by inhibiting its growth and causing changes in its life history, providing new insights of interactions between raphidophytes and dinoflagellates that could happen in the natural environment when both species are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyberth J Fernández-Herrera
- Departamento de Plancton y Ecología Marina. Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN), Apartado Postal 592, La Paz, B.C.S. 23000, Mexico
| | - Christine J Band-Schmidt
- Departamento de Plancton y Ecología Marina. Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN), Apartado Postal 592, La Paz, B.C.S. 23000, Mexico.
| | - David J López-Cortés
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Calle IPN #195, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Claudia J Hernández-Guerrero
- Departamento de Plancton y Ecología Marina. Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN), Apartado Postal 592, La Paz, B.C.S. 23000, Mexico
| | - José J Bustillos-Guzmán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Calle IPN #195, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Erick Núñez-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Calle IPN #195, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
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Basti L, Endo M, Segawa S, Shumway SE, Tanaka Y, Nagai S. Prevalence and intensity of pathologies induced by the toxic dinoflagellate, Heterocapsa circularisquama, in the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 163:37-50. [PMID: 25840278 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The harmful dinoflagellate, Heterocapsa circularisquama, has been causing mass mortalities of bivalve molluscs in Japan, at relatively low cell densities. Although several studies have been conducted to determine the toxicity mechanisms, the specific cause of death is still unclear. In a previous study, in our laboratory, it was shown that H. circularisquama (10(3) cells ml(-1)) caused extensive cytotoxicity in the gills of short-neck clams, Ruditapes philippinarum. In the present study, Mediterranean mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, were exposed to H. circularisquama at four cell densities (5, 50, 500, 10(3) cells ml(-1)), three temperatures (15, 20, and 25°C), and three exposure durations (3, 24, and 48 h), and the pathologies in nine organs (gills, labial palps, mantle, hepatopancreas, stomach, intestines, exhalant siphon, adductor muscles, and foot) were assessed. Foot, adductor muscles, and exhalent siphons of mussels were not affected; however, 16 inflammatory (hemocytic infiltration and aggregation, diapedesis, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, edema, melanization, and firbrosis) and degenerative (thrombus, thrombosed edema, cilia matting and exfoliation, epithelial desquamation, atrophy, and necrosis) pathologies were identified in the gills, labial palps, mantle, hepatopancreas, stomach, and intestines. The total prevalence and total intensity of pathology in each individual mussel, and the prevalence and intensity of pathology in each organ increased significantly with increased cell density, exposure duration, and temperature. The prevalence of pathology was the highest in gills, followed by the prevalence in labial palps, mantle, stomach, and intestines. Pathology was least prevalent in the hepatopancreas. The intensity of pathology was the highest in the gills, followed by the labial palps and mantle, the stomach and intestines, and the hepatopancreas. This detailed quantitative histopathological study demonstrates that exposure to H. circularisquama induces a broad cytotoxic effect in six vital organs, even at low density (5 cells ml(-1)) and low temperature (15°C), but not in muscular organs. Combining cell density, time, and duration of exposure, the organ most affected by the harmful alga was the gill, followed by the labial palps and mantle, the stomach and intestines, and the hepatopancreas. The results of this pathological analysis show that exposure to H. ciruclarisquama severely affects the gills, the labial palps, and mantle thereby interfering with particle clearance and sorting, cleansing, and respiration, but also affects the stomach, intestines, and hepatopancreas, altering the digestive processes and possibly detoxification pathways, if mussels are able to detoxify the toxins of H. circularisquama. In the most severe cases, bivalves would most likely have died as a result of combined severe alterations of the vital functions, failure of tissue repair, and moderate to heavy hemorrhaging in both the external organs and the digestive organs concomitantly with light to moderate alterations in the detoxifying processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Basti
- Metagenomics Research Group, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Makoto Endo
- Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Susumu Segawa
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Aqua Bioscience and Industry, Faculty of Bio-Industry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Sandra E Shumway
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Yuji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Planktology, Department of Ocean Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Metagenomics Research Group, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
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Hiraga Y, Shikano T, Widianti T, Ohkata K. Three new glycolipids with cytolytic activity from cultured marine dinoflagellateHeterocapsa circularisquama. Nat Prod Res 2008; 22:649-57. [DOI: 10.1080/14786410701369417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Kim D, Miyazaki Y, Nakashima T, Iwashita T, Fujita T, Yamaguchi K, Choi K, Oda T. Cytotoxic action mode of a novel porphyrin derivative isolated from harmful red tide dinoflagellateHeterocapsa circularisquama. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2008; 22:158-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Naves JL, Prado MP, Rangel M, De Sanctis B, Machado-Santelli G, Freitas JC. Cytotoxicity in the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum mexicanum from Brazil. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 143:73-7. [PMID: 16458613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2005] [Revised: 12/11/2005] [Accepted: 12/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The microscopic algae in the oceans are crucial food for filter feeding bivalve shellfish (oysters, mussels, scallops, clams, etc.) as well as for the larvae of commercially important crustaceans. Some species of microalgae have the capacity to produce potent toxins, such as saxitoxins and ciguatoxins, which may intoxicate humans. Among the marine phytoplankton, the dinoflagellates are the main toxin producers. Studies on the marine phytoplankton from the São Sebastião Channel, southeastern coast of Brazil, showed a great diversity of dinoflagellates. Some species were collected and cultured at the Marine Biology Center of the São Paulo University (USP). The polar (PEs) (aqueous) and apolar (AEs) (methylene chloride) extracts of the cultivated dinoflagellate species were tested on different stages of the sea urchin development, on mouse erythrocytes and on microfilaments organization in a neuroblastoma cell line. Prorocentrum mexicanum PE and AE induced cells anomalies and cell division inhibition of sea urchin eggs at EC50 of 78.75 microg/mL (95% CI from 32.56 to 190.50) and 22.50 microg/mL (95% CI from 2.96 to 170.80) respectively (n=3). Both AE and PE of P. mexicanum induced hemolysis with EC50 of 65.07 microg/mL (95% CI from 27.40 to 154.60) and 84.29 microg/mL (95% CI from 53.26 to 133.40 microg/mL), respectively. P. mexicanum PE was tested in immunofluorescence for actin filaments organization in neuroblastoma cultured cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanete L Naves
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, travessa 14, no 321, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brasil.
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Miyazaki Y, Nakashima T, Iwashita T, Fujita T, Yamaguchi K, Oda T. Purification and characterization of photosensitizing hemolytic toxin from harmful red tide phytoplankton, Heterocapsa circularisquama. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2005; 73:382-93. [PMID: 15955580 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Revised: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously found that the methanol extract prepared from Heterocapsa circularisquama, a harmful red rid dinoflagellate, showed light-dependent hemolytic activity toward rabbit erythrocytes. Interestingly, the cytotoxicity of the extract against HeLa cells was also strictly light-dependent, and no significant toxic effect was observed even at very high concentration in the dark. In this study, the hemolytic agents present in the extract were purified by several chromatographic procedures. Final HPLC analysis revealed that there are at least two hemolytic toxins with different retention times (H2-a and H3-a), which have similar absorption spectra. Although H3-a fraction was contaminated by a trace amount of H2-a, H2-a fraction gave a single peak on a three-dimensional chromatogram. The results of fast atom bombardment (FAB)-mass spectrometry (MS) and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight (ESI Q-TOF) mass spectrometry analyses suggested that the molecular weight of H2-a was 566. Since nuclear magnetic resonance analysis indicated the presence of a pyrrole ring in H2-a molecule, H2-a may be a porphyrin derivative with similar structure of pyropheophorbide a methyl ester, a well-known photosensitizing hemolytic compound. However, some structural and physicochemical differences were observed between H2-a and pyropheophorbide a methyl ester. Since H2-a showed potent photosensitizing cytotoxicity toward HeLa cells in a concentration-dependent manner as well as hemolytic activity, H2-a may be a novel porphyrin derivative with photosensitizing hemolytic cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Miyazaki
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Kuroda A, Nakashima T, Yamaguchi K, Oda T. Isolation and characterization of light-dependent hemolytic cytotoxin from harmful red tide phytoplankton Chattonella marina. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 141:297-305. [PMID: 16098818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 07/09/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chattonella marina (C. marina), a raphidophycean flagellate, is a causative organism of red tide, and highly toxic to fish. In this study, we found that the cell-free methanol extract prepared from this flagellate exhibited potent hemolytic activity against rabbit erythrocytes. Interestingly, the hemolytic activity of the extract was absolutely light-dependent, and no hemolytic activity was detected in the dark even at very high concentration. Gel filtration chromatography of the methanol extract on a column of Sephadex LH-20 revealed that the extract contained hemagglutinin as well as hemolytic agents, and the substances responsible for these activities were separately eluted. These results suggest that the hemagglutinating and hemolytic activities were derived from distinct compounds. The hemolytic fraction obtained after gel filtration (F4) caused marked inhibition of the growth of C. marina itself and other species of phytoplanktons. Furthermore, F4 showed a potent cytotoxicity toward various mammalian cultured cell lines including human tumor cells (HeLa cells) in a dose-dependent manner. The cytotoxicity was also light-dependent, and no cytotoxic effect was exhibited in any cell lines tested in the dark. After further purification procedures via preparative thin-layer chromatography and subsequent HPLC, a major hemolytic agent was obtained as highly purified form. Since the methanol extracts prepared from other raphidophycean flagellates such as Heterosigma akashiwo, Olisthodiscus luteus, and Fibrocapsa japonica showed light-dependent hemolytic activity toward rabbit erythrocytes, it was suggested that the light-dependent hemolytic agents commonly exist at least in these raphidophycean flagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Kuroda
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Abstract
For an algal bloom to develop, the growth rate of the bloom-forming species must exceed the sum of all loss processes. Among these loss processes, grazing is generally believed to be one of the more important factors. Based on numerous field studies, it is now recognized that microzooplankton are dominant consumers of phytoplankton in both open ocean and coastal waters. Heterotrophic protists, a major component of microzooplankton communities, constitute a vast complex of diverse feeding strategies and behavior which allow them access to even the larger phytoplankton species. A number of laboratory studies have shown the capability of different protistan species to feed and grow on bloom-forming algal species. Because of short generation times, their ability for fast reaction to short-term variation in food conditions enables phagotrophic protists to fulfill the function of a heterotrophic buffer, which might balance the flow of matter in case of phytoplankton blooms. The importance of grazing as a control of microalgae becomes most apparent by its failure; if community grazing controls initial stages of bloom development, there simply is no bloom. However, if a certain algal species is difficult to graze, e.g. due to specific defense mechanisms, reduced grazing pressure will certainly favor bloom development. The present contribution will provide a general overview on the interactions between planktonic microalgae and protozoan grazers with special emphasis on species-specific interactions and algal defense strategies against protozoan grazers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
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Bilski P, Burkhart JG, Chignell CF. Photochemical characterization of water samples from Minnesota and Vermont sites with malformed frogs: potential influence of photosensitization by singlet molecular oxygen (1O(2)) and free radicals on aquatic toxicity. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2003; 65:229-241. [PMID: 13678843 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(03)00138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants activated by UV sunlight may have contributed to the recent decline in frog populations and the concomitant increase in malformations in the USA and abroad. UV radiation is able to mutate DNA and to initiate photosensitization processes that generate mutagenic and biologically disruptive oxygen transients. We have examined water from selected sites in Minnesota and Vermont using singlet molecular oxygen (1O(2)), detected by its phosphorescence and free radicals detected by spin trapping, as markers for photosensitization. Water from a pond in Minnesota with malformed frogs, which also causes malformations in the laboratory, photosensitized more 1O(2), even though it absorbed less UV light compared to water from a site that did not cause malformations. This suggested that unknown natural or pollutant agents were present, and that photosensitization may be involved. Although UV irradiation of the two Minnesota water samples in the presence of the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) revealed the presence of the DMPO/*OH, DMPO/*H(e(aq)-) and DMPO/*C(unknown) adducts there were no qualitative or quantitative differences between them. We also examined water samples from several sites in Vermont, and compared them by measuring the quantum yield of 1O(2) photosensitization. While all the Vermont samples produced a small amount of 1O(2), there was no clear correlation with the incidence of frog malformations. However, the samples differed strongly in absorption spectra and the ability to quench 1O(2). These factors may determine how much UV light is absorbed and converted into chemical reactions. Our results show that photochemical characterization of 1O(2) photosensitization is possible in untreated natural water samples. Photosensitization falls into the category of global factors that may be closely associated with the effects of UV irradiation of the Earth's environments. Thus, photosensitization might be an important component in global amphibian malformation and decline. The observation of 1O(2) emission directly from natural water may also provide new opportunities to investigate the involvement of 1O(2) in other complex environmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bilski
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry and Laboratory of Toxicology, ETP, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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