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Chua MJ, Tng J, Hesping E, Fisher GM, Goodman CD, Skinner-Adams T, Do D, Lucke AJ, Reid RC, Fairlie DP, Andrews KT. Histone deacetylase inhibitor AR-42 and achiral analogues kill malaria parasites in vitro and in mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2021; 17:118-127. [PMID: 34560571 PMCID: PMC8463797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites and results in significant health and economic impacts. Malaria eradication is hampered by parasite resistance to current drugs and the lack of a widely effective vaccine. Compounds that target epigenetic regulatory proteins, such as histone deacetylases (HDACs), may lead to new therapeutic agents with a different mechanism of action, thereby avoiding resistance mechanisms to current antimalarial drugs. The anticancer HDAC inhibitor AR-42, as its racemate (rac-AR-42), and 36 analogues were investigated for in vitro activity against P. falciparum. Rac-AR-42 and selected compounds were assessed for cytotoxicity against human cells, histone hyperacetylation, human HDAC1 inhibition and oral activity in a murine malaria model. Rac-AR-42 was tested for ex vivo asexual and in vitro exoerythrocytic stage activity against P. berghei murine malaria parasites. Rac-AR-42 and 13 achiral analogues were potent inhibitors of asexual intraerythrocytic stage P. falciparum 3D7 growth in vitro (IC50 5–50 nM), with four of these compounds having >50-fold selectivity for P. falciparum versus human cells (selectivity index 56–118). Rac-AR-42 induced in situ hyperacetylation of P. falciparum histone H4, consistent with PfHDAC(s) inhibition. Furthermore, rac-AR-42 potently inhibited P. berghei infected erythrocyte growth ex vivo (IC50 40 nM) and P. berghei exoerythrocytic forms in hepatocytes (IC50 1 nM). Oral administration of rac-AR-42 and two achiral analogues inhibited P. berghei growth in mice, with rac-AR-42 (50 mg/kg/day single dose for four days) curing all infections. These findings demonstrate curative properties for HDAC inhibitors in the oral treatment of experimental mouse malaria. HDAC inhibitors rac-AR-42 and 13 analogues inhibit P. falciparum growth in vitro. Rac-AR-42 inhibits P. berghei exoerythrocytic forms in hepatocytes (IC50 1 nM). Rac-AR-42 causes in situ hyperacetylation of P. falciparum histone H4. Rac-AR-42 cures P. berghei infected mice with oral dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jang Chua
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Jiahui Tng
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Eva Hesping
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Gillian M Fisher
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | | | - Tina Skinner-Adams
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Darren Do
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lucke
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Robert C Reid
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Katherine T Andrews
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
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2
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Mackwitz MKW, Hesping E, Eribez K, Schöler A, Antonova-Koch Y, Held J, Winzeler EA, Andrews KT, Hansen FK. Investigation of the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of peptoid-based HDAC inhibitors with dual-stage antiplasmodial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:113065. [PMID: 33360801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been identified as emerging antiplasmodial drug targets. In this work, we report on the synthesis, structure-activity relationships, metabolic stability and in vivo efficacy of new peptoid-based HDAC inhibitors with dual-stage antiplasmodial activity. A mini library of HDAC inhibitors was synthesized using a one-pot, multi-component protocol or submonomer pathways. The screening of the target compounds for their activity against asexual blood stage parasites, human cell cytotoxicity, liver stage parasites, and selected human HDAC isoforms provided important structure-activity relationship data. The most promising HDAC inhibitor from this series, compound 3n, demonstrated potent activity against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant asexual stage P. falciparum parasites and was selective for the parasite versus human cells (Pf3D7 IC50 0.016 μM; SIHepG2/Pf3D7 573; PfDd2 IC50 0.002 μM; SIHepG2/PfDd2 4580) combined with activity against P. berghei exoerythrocytic liver stages (PbEEF IC50 0.48 μM). While compound 3n displayed high stability in human (Clint 5 μL/min/mg) and mouse (Clint 6 μL/min/mg) liver microsomes, only modest oral in vivo efficacy was observed in P. berghei infected mice. Together these data provide a foundation for future work to improve the properties of these dual-stage inhibitors as drug leads for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel K W Mackwitz
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eva Hesping
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, 46 Don Young Road, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Korina Eribez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0741, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Andrea Schöler
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yevgeniya Antonova-Koch
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0741, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Jana Held
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Wilhelmstr. 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0741, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Katherine T Andrews
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, 46 Don Young Road, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Finn K Hansen
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
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3
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Chua MJ, Arnold MSJ, Xu W, Lancelot J, Lamotte S, Späth GF, Prina E, Pierce RJ, Fairlie DP, Skinner-Adams TS, Andrews KT. Effect of clinically approved HDAC inhibitors on Plasmodium, Leishmania and Schistosoma parasite growth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2016; 7:42-50. [PMID: 28107750 PMCID: PMC5241585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, schistosomiasis and leishmaniases are among the most prevalent tropical parasitic diseases and each requires new innovative treatments. Targeting essential parasite pathways, such as those that regulate gene expression and cell cycle progression, is a key strategy for discovering new drug leads. In this study, four clinically approved anti-cancer drugs (Vorinostat, Belinostat, Panobinostat and Romidepsin) that target histone/lysine deacetylase enzymes were examined for in vitro activity against Plasmodium knowlesi, Schistosoma mansoni, Leishmania amazonensis and L. donovani parasites and two for in vivo activity in a mouse malaria model. All four compounds were potent inhibitors of P. knowlesi malaria parasites (IC50 9-370 nM), with belinostat, panobinostat and vorinostat having 8-45 fold selectivity for the parasite over human neonatal foreskin fibroblast (NFF) or human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells, while romidepsin was not selective. Each of the HDAC inhibitor drugs caused hyperacetylation of P. knowlesi histone H4. None of the drugs was active against Leishmania amastigote or promastigote parasites (IC50 > 20 μM) or S. mansoni schistosomula (IC50 > 10 μM), however romidepsin inhibited S. mansoni adult worm parings and egg production (IC50 ∼10 μM). Modest in vivo activity was observed in P. berghei infected mice dosed orally with vorinostat or panobinostat (25 mg/kg twice daily for four days), with a significant reduction in parasitemia observed on days 4-7 and 4-10 after infection (P < 0.05), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jang Chua
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Megan S J Arnold
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Julien Lancelot
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204- CIIL -Centre D'Infection et D'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Suzanne Lamotte
- Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
| | - Gerald F Späth
- Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
| | - Eric Prina
- Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
| | - Raymond J Pierce
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204- CIIL -Centre D'Infection et D'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Tina S Skinner-Adams
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katherine T Andrews
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.
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Otto TD, Böhme U, Jackson AP, Hunt M, Franke-Fayard B, Hoeijmakers WAM, Religa AA, Robertson L, Sanders M, Ogun SA, Cunningham D, Erhart A, Billker O, Khan SM, Stunnenberg HG, Langhorne J, Holder AA, Waters AP, Newbold CI, Pain A, Berriman M, Janse CJ. A comprehensive evaluation of rodent malaria parasite genomes and gene expression. BMC Biol 2014; 12:86. [PMID: 25359557 PMCID: PMC4242472 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-014-0086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodent malaria parasites (RMP) are used extensively as models of human malaria. Draft RMP genomes have been published for Plasmodium yoelii, P. berghei ANKA (PbA) and P. chabaudi AS (PcAS). Although availability of these genomes made a significant impact on recent malaria research, these genomes were highly fragmented and were annotated with little manual curation. The fragmented nature of the genomes has hampered genome wide analysis of Plasmodium gene regulation and function. RESULTS We have greatly improved the genome assemblies of PbA and PcAS, newly sequenced the virulent parasite P. yoelii YM genome, sequenced additional RMP isolates/lines and have characterized genotypic diversity within RMP species. We have produced RNA-seq data and utilised it to improve gene-model prediction and to provide quantitative, genome-wide, data on gene expression. Comparison of the RMP genomes with the genome of the human malaria parasite P. falciparum and RNA-seq mapping permitted gene annotation at base-pair resolution. Full-length chromosomal annotation permitted a comprehensive classification of all subtelomeric multigene families including the 'Plasmodium interspersed repeat genes' (pir). Phylogenetic classification of the pir family, combined with pir expression patterns, indicates functional diversification within this family. CONCLUSIONS Complete RMP genomes, RNA-seq and genotypic diversity data are excellent and important resources for gene-function and post-genomic analyses and to better interrogate Plasmodium biology. Genotypic diversity between P. chabaudi isolates makes this species an excellent parasite to study genotype-phenotype relationships. The improved classification of multigene families will enhance studies on the role of (variant) exported proteins in virulence and immune evasion/modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Otto
- />Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge UK
| | - Ulrike Böhme
- />Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge UK
| | - Andrew P Jackson
- />Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Martin Hunt
- />Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge UK
| | - Blandine Franke-Fayard
- />Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wieteke A M Hoeijmakers
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Science faculty, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka A Religa
- />Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, School of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, & Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland UK
| | | | - Mandy Sanders
- />Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge UK
| | - Solabomi A Ogun
- />Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London UK
| | - Deirdre Cunningham
- />Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London UK
| | - Annette Erhart
- />Unit of Malariology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Oliver Billker
- />Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge UK
| | - Shahid M Khan
- />Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik G Stunnenberg
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Science faculty, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Langhorne
- />Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London UK
| | - Anthony A Holder
- />Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London UK
| | - Andrew P Waters
- />Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, School of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, & Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland UK
| | - Chris I Newbold
- />Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- />Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford UK
| | - Arnab Pain
- />Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Chris J Janse
- />Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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5
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Molecular evolution and phylogenetics of rodent malaria parasites. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:219. [PMID: 23151308 PMCID: PMC3538709 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last 6 decades, rodent Plasmodium species have become key model systems for understanding the basic biology of malaria parasites. Cell and molecular parasitology have made much progress in identifying genes underpinning interactions between malaria parasites, hosts, and vectors. However, little attention has been paid to the evolutionary genetics of parasites, which provides context for identifying potential therapeutic targets and for understanding the selective forces shaping parasites in natural populations. Additionally, understanding the relationships between species, subspecies, and strains, is necessary to maximize the utility of rodent malaria parasites as medically important infectious disease models, and for investigating the evolution of host-parasite interactions. Results Here, we collected multi-locus sequence data from 58 rodent malaria genotypes distributed throughout 13 subspecies belonging to P. berghei, P. chabaudi, P. vinckei, and P. yoelii. We employ multi-locus methods to infer the subspecies phylogeny, and use population-genetic approaches to elucidate the selective patterns shaping the evolution of these organisms. Our results reveal a time-line for the evolution of rodent Plasmodium and suggest that all the subspecies are independently evolving lineages (i.e. species). We show that estimates of species-level polymorphism are inflated if subspecies are not explicitly recognized, and detect purifying selection at most loci. Conclusions Our work resolves previous inconsistencies in the phylogeny of rodent malaria parasites, provides estimates of important parameters that relate to the parasite’s natural history and provides a much-needed evolutionary context for understanding diverse biological aspects from the cross-reactivity of immune responses to parasite mating patterns.
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6
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Jambou R, El-Assaad F, Combes V, Grau GE. In vitro culture of Plasmodium berghei-ANKA maintains infectivity of mouse erythrocytes inducing cerebral malaria. Malar J 2011; 10:346. [PMID: 22118493 PMCID: PMC3248912 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with Plasmodium berghei is a widely used model of murine malaria and a powerful tool for reverse genetic and pathogenesis studies. However, the efficacy of in vitro reinvasion of erythrocytes is generally low, limiting in vitro studies. METHODS Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected blood obtained from a susceptible infected mouse was cultured in various conditions and in vitro parasitaemia was measured every day to evaluate the rate of reinvasion. RESULTS High quality culture media were used and reinvasion rates were improved by vigorous orbital shaking of the flask and increasing density of the medium with gelatin. DISCUSSION Using these settings, reinvasion of normal mouse erythrocytes by the parasite was obtained in vitro over two weeks with preservation of the infectivity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Jambou
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Barker RH, Urgaonkar S, Mazitschek R, Celatka C, Skerlj R, Cortese JF, Tyndall E, Liu H, Cromwell M, Sidhu AB, Guerrero-Bravo JE, Crespo-Llado KN, Serrano AE, Lin JW, Janse CJ, Khan SM, Duraisingh M, Coleman BI, Angulo-Barturen I, Jiménez-Díaz MB, Magán N, Gomez V, Ferrer S, Martínez MS, Wittlin S, Papastogiannidis P, O'Shea T, Klinger JD, Bree M, Lee E, Levine M, Wiegand RC, Munoz B, Wirth DF, Clardy J, Bathurst I, Sybertz E. Aminoindoles, a novel scaffold with potent activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:2612-22. [PMID: 21422215 PMCID: PMC3101419 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01714-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterizes aminoindole molecules that are analogs of Genz-644442. Genz-644442 was identified as a hit in a screen of ~70,000 compounds in the Broad Institute's small-molecule library and the ICCB-L compound collection at Harvard Medical School. Genz-644442 is a potent inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro (50% inhibitory concentrations [IC₅₀s], 200 to 285 nM) and inhibits P. berghei in vivo with an efficacy of > 99% in an adapted version of Peters' 4-day suppressive test (W. Peters, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 69:155-171, 1975). Genz-644442 became the focus of medicinal chemistry optimization; 321 analogs were synthesized and were tested for in vitro potency against P. falciparum and for in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. This yielded compounds with IC₅₀s of approximately 30 nM. The lead compound, Genz-668764, has been characterized in more detail. It is a single enantiomer with IC₅₀s of 28 to 65 nM against P. falciparum in vitro. In the 4-day P. berghei model, when it was dosed at 100 mg/kg of body weight/day, no parasites were detected on day 4 postinfection. However, parasites recrudesced by day 9. Dosing at 200 mg/kg/day twice a day resulted in cures of 3/5 animals. The compound had comparable activity against P. falciparum blood stages in a human-engrafted NOD-scid mouse model. Genz-668764 had a terminal half-life of 2.8 h and plasma trough levels of 41 ng/ml when it was dosed twice a day orally at 55 mg/kg/day. Seven-day rat safety studies showed a no-observable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) at 200 mg/kg/day; the compound was not mutagenic in Ames tests, did not inhibit the hERG channel, and did not have potent activity against a broad panel of receptors and enzymes. Employing allometric scaling and using in vitro ADME data, the predicted human minimum efficacious dose of Genz-668764 in a 3-day once-daily dosing regimen was 421 mg/day/70 kg, which would maintain plasma trough levels above the IC₉₀ against P. falciparum for at least 96 h after the last dose. The predicted human therapeutic index was approximately 3, on the basis of the exposure in rats at the NOAEL. We were unable to select for parasites with >2-fold decreased sensitivity to the parent compound, Genz-644442, over 270 days of in vitro culture under drug pressure. These characteristics make Genz-668764 a good candidate for preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Barker
- Genzyme Corporation, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
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8
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Booker ML, Bastos CM, Kramer ML, Barker RH, Skerlj R, Sidhu AB, Deng X, Celatka C, Cortese JF, Guerrero Bravo JE, Crespo Llado KN, Serrano AE, Angulo-Barturen I, Jiménez-Díaz MB, Viera S, Garuti H, Wittlin S, Papastogiannidis P, Lin JW, Janse CJ, Khan SM, Duraisingh M, Coleman B, Goldsmith EJ, Phillips MA, Munoz B, Wirth DF, Klinger JD, Wiegand R, Sybertz E. Novel inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase with anti-malarial activity in the mouse model. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33054-33064. [PMID: 20702404 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.162081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of the most deadly form of human malaria, is unable to salvage pyrimidines and must rely on de novo biosynthesis for survival. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway and represents a potential target for anti-malarial therapy. A high throughput screen and subsequent medicinal chemistry program identified a series of N-alkyl-5-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)thiophene-2-carboxamides with low nanomolar in vitro potency against DHODH from P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. berghei. The compounds were selective for the parasite enzymes over human DHODH, and x-ray structural data on the analog Genz-667348, demonstrated that species selectivity could be attributed to amino acid differences in the inhibitor-binding site. Compounds from this series demonstrated in vitro potency against the 3D7 and Dd2 strains of P. falciparum, good tolerability and oral exposure in the mouse, and ED(50) values in the 4-day murine P. berghei efficacy model of 13-21 mg/kg/day with oral twice-daily dosing. In particular, treatment with Genz-667348 at 100 mg/kg/day resulted in sterile cure. Two recent analogs of Genz-667348 are currently undergoing pilot toxicity testing to determine suitability as clinical development candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Renato Skerlj
- From Genzyme Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Amar Bir Sidhu
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141
| | - Xiaoyi Deng
- Departments of Pharmacology, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041
| | | | - Joseph F Cortese
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141
| | - Jose E Guerrero Bravo
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, P. O. Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Keila N Crespo Llado
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, P. O. Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Adelfa E Serrano
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, P. O. Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Iñigo Angulo-Barturen
- Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, c/Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - María Belén Jiménez-Díaz
- Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, c/Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Sara Viera
- Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, c/Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Helen Garuti
- Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, c/Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petros Papastogiannidis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jing-Wen Lin
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J Janse
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shahid M Khan
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manoj Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Bradley Coleman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Elizabeth J Goldsmith
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041
| | | | - Benito Munoz
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141
| | - Dyann F Wirth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | - Roger Wiegand
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141
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9
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Both hemolytic anemia and malaria parasite-specific factors increase susceptibility to Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection in mice. Infect Immun 2010; 78:1520-7. [PMID: 20100860 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00887-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe pediatric malaria is an important risk factor for developing disseminated infections with nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes (NTS). While recent animal studies on this subject are lacking, early work suggests that an increased risk for developing systemic NTS infection during malaria is caused by hemolytic anemia, which leads to reduced macrophage microbicidal activity. Here we established a model for oral Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium challenge in mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. Initial characterization of this model showed that 5 days after coinoculation, P. yoelii nigeriensis infection increased the recovery of S. Typhimurium from liver and spleen by approximately 1,000-fold. The increased bacterial burden could be only partially recapitulated by antibody-mediated hemolysis, which increased the recovery of S. Typhimurium from liver and spleen by 10-fold. These data suggested that both hemolysis and P. yoelii nigeriensis-specific factors contributed to the increased susceptibility to S. Typhimurium. The mechanism by which hemolysis impaired resistance to S. Typhimurium was further investigated. In vitro, S. Typhimurium was recovered 24 h after infection of hemophagocytic macrophages in 2-fold-higher numbers than after infection of mock-treated macrophages, making it unlikely that reduced macrophage microbicidal activity was solely responsible for hemolysis-induced immunosuppression during malaria. Infection with P. yoelii nigeriensis, but not antibody-mediated hemolysis, reduced serum levels of interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70) in response to S. Typhimurium challenge. Collectively, studies establishing a mouse model for this coinfection suggest that multiple distinct malaria-induced immune defects contribute to increased susceptibility to S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cloonan
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, Qld 4029, Brisbane, Australia
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Taylor D, Cloonan N, Mann V, Cheng Q, Saul A. Sequence diversity in rodent malaria of the Pfs28 ookinete surface antigen homologs. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2000; 110:429-34. [PMID: 11071297 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(00)00285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Taylor
- Malaria and Arbovirus Unit, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research and the University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Australia
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Andrews KT, Walduck A, Kelso MJ, Fairlie DP, Saul A, Parsons PG. Anti-malarial effect of histone deacetylation inhibitors and mammalian tumour cytodifferentiating agents. Int J Parasitol 2000; 30:761-8. [PMID: 10856511 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The histones of Plasmodium falciparum represent a potential new target for anti-malarial compounds. A naturally occurring compound, apicidin, has recently been shown to inhibit the in vitro growth of P. falciparum. Apicidin was shown to hyperacetylate histones, suggesting that its mode of action is through histone deacetylase inhibition. We have tested the ability of known histone deacetylase inhibitors, mammalian tumour suppressor compounds, and cytodifferentiating agents to inhibit the in vitro growth of a drug sensitive and resistant strain of P. falciparum. Seven of the tested compounds had microM IC50 values, and trichostatin A, a histone deacetylation inhibitor and cytodifferentiating agent, was active at low nM concentrations. One compound, suberic acid bisdimethylamide, which selectively arrests tumour cells as opposed to normal mammalian cells, had an in vivo cytostatic effect against the acute murine malaria Plasmodium berghei, and one round of treatment with the compound failed to select for resistant mutations. These results suggest a promising role for histone deacetylase inhibitors and cytodifferentiating agents as antimalarial drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Andrews
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, 300 Herston Road, Queensland 4029, Brisbane, Australia.
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Benjamin PA, Ling IT, Clottey G, Valero LM, Ogun SA, Fleck SL, Walliker D, Morgan WD, Birdsall B, Feeney J, Holder AA. Antigenic and sequence diversity at the C-terminus of the merozoite surface protein-1 from rodent malaria isolates, and the binding of protective monoclonal antibodies. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1999; 104:147-56. [PMID: 10593171 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(99)00142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) is a major candidate in the development of a vaccine against malaria. Immunisation with a recombinant fusion protein containing the two Plasmodium yoelii MSP-1 C-terminal epidermal growth factor-like domains (MSP-1(19)) can protect mice against homologous but not heterologous challenge, and therefore, antigenic differences resulting from sequence diversity in MSP-1(19) may be crucial in determining the potential of this protein as a vaccine. Representative sequence variants from a number of distinct P. yoelii isolates were expressed in Escherichia coli and the resulting recombinant proteins were screened for binding to a panel of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) capable of suppressing a P. yoelii YM challenge infection in passive immunisation experiments. The sequence polymorphisms affected the binding of the antibodies to the recombinant proteins. None of the Mabs recognised MSP-1(19) of P. yoelii yoelii 2CL or 33X or P. yoelii nigeriensis N67. The epitopes recognised by the Mabs were further distinguished by their reactivity with the other fusion proteins. The extent of sequence variation in MSP-1(19) among the isolates was extensive, with differences detected at 35 out of the 96 positions compared. Using the 3-dimensional structure of the Plasmodium falciparum MSP-1(19) as a model, the locations of the amino acid substitutions that may affect Mab binding were identified. The DNA sequence of MSP-1(19) from two Plasmodium vinckei isolates was also cloned and the deduced amino acid sequence compared with that in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Benjamin
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
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Jennings GJ, Toebe CS, van Belkum A, Wiser MF. The complete sequence of Plasmodium berghei merozoite surface protein-1 and its inter- and intra-species variability. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1998; 93:43-55. [PMID: 9662027 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(98)00016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The complete gene for merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) from Plasmodium berghei has been cloned and sequenced. Comparison of the P. berghei MSP-1 sequence with MSP-1 from other rodent parasites reveals five conserved domains interrupted by four variable blocks. These variable blocks exhibit no sequence homology but do have similar amino acid compositions. Primary proteolytic processing sites are located near the boundaries between the conserved domains and the variable blocks. Sequencing of the variable blocks from several P. berghei isolates shows that the predominant intra-species difference is in the number of tandem repeats. The inter- and intra-species differences suggest that the variable blocks are localized areas with relatively high levels of slipped-strand mispairing, unequal crossing-over, or other intragenic recombination activity. MSP-1 from P. berghei exhibits more repetitiveness than MSP-1 from other species suggesting that P. berghei experiences a higher intrinsic level of events producing variable numbers of tandem repeats or a lower level of events leading to the degeneration of tandem repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Jennings
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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