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Opperdoes FR, Butenko A, Zakharova A, Gerasimov ES, Zimmer SL, Lukeš J, Yurchenko V. The Remarkable Metabolism of Vickermania ingenoplastis: Genomic Predictions. Pathogens 2021; 10:68. [PMID: 33466586 PMCID: PMC7828693 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently redescribed two-flagellar trypanosomatid Vickermania ingenoplastis is insensitive to the classical inhibitors of respiration and thrives under anaerobic conditions. Using genomic and transcriptomic data, we analyzed its genes of the core metabolism and documented that subunits of the mitochondrial respiratory complexes III and IV are ablated, while those of complexes I, II, and V are all present, along with an alternative oxidase. This explains the previously reported conversion of glucose to acetate and succinate by aerobic fermentation. Glycolytic pyruvate is metabolized to acetate and ethanol by pyruvate dismutation, whereby a unique type of alcohol dehydrogenase (shared only with Phytomonas spp.) processes an excess of reducing equivalents formed under anaerobic conditions, leading to the formation of ethanol. Succinate (formed to maintain the glycosomal redox balance) is converted to propionate by a cyclic process involving three enzymes of the mitochondrial methyl-malonyl-CoA pathway, via a cyclic process, which results in the formation of additional ATP. The unusual structure of the V. ingenoplastis genome and its similarity with that of Phytomonas spp. imply their relatedness or convergent evolution. Nevertheless, a critical difference between these two trypanosomatids is that the former has significantly increased its genome size by gene duplications, while the latter streamlined its genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred R. Opperdoes
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anzhelika Butenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (A.B.); (A.Z.)
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic;
| | - Alexandra Zakharova
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (A.B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Evgeny S. Gerasimov
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sara L. Zimmer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN 558812, USA;
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic;
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (A.B.); (A.Z.)
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
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Ben Hamida N, Martínez-Díaz RA, Hela M, Msaada K, Ouerghi Z, Andres MF, González-Coloma A. Effect of salinity on the antiparasitic activity of hyssop essential oil. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2019.1656677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Ben Hamida
- Laboratoire de Productivité Végétale et Contraintes Environnementales, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rafael A. Martínez-Díaz
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mahmoudi Hela
- Laboratoire de Productivité Végétale et Contraintes Environnementales, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Msaada
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Biotechnology Center in Borj-Cedria Technopole, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Zeineb Ouerghi
- Laboratoire de Productivité Végétale et Contraintes Environnementales, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maria Fe Andres
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Azucena González-Coloma
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Ienne S, Pappas G, Benabdellah K, González A, Zingales B. Horizontal gene transfer confers fermentative metabolism in the respiratory-deficient plant trypanosomatid Phytomonas serpens. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:539-48. [PMID: 22293462 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Among trypanosomatids, the genus Phytomonas is the only one specifically adapted to infect plants. These hosts provide a particular habitat with a plentiful supply of carbohydrates. Phytomonas sp. lacks a cytochrome-mediated respiratory chain and Krebs cycle, and ATP production relies predominantly on glycolysis. We have characterised the complete gene encoding a putative pyruvate/indolepyruvate decarboxylase (PDC/IPDC) (548 amino acids) of P. serpens, that displays high amino acid sequence similarity with phytobacteria and Leishmania enzymes. No orthologous PDC/IPDC genes were found in Trypanosoma cruzi or T. brucei. Conservation of the PDC/IPDC gene sequence was verified in 14 Phytomonas isolates. A phylogenetic analysis shows that Phytomonas protein is robustly monophyletic with Leishmania spp. and C. fasciculata enzymes. In the trees this clade appears as a sister group of indolepyruvate decarboxylases of γ-proteobacteria. This supports the proposition that a horizontal gene transfer event from a donor phytobacteria to a recipient ancestral trypanosome has occurred prior to the separation between Phytomonas, Leishmania and Crithidia. We have measured the PDC activity in P. serpens cell extracts. The enzyme has a Km value for pyruvate of 1.4mM. The acquisition of a PDC, a key enzyme in alcoholic fermentation, explains earlier observations that ethanol is one of the major end-products of glucose catabolism under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. This represents an alternative and necessary route to reoxidise part of the NADH produced in the highly demanding glycolytic pathway and highlights the importance of this type of event in metabolic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Ienne
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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4
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Sturm NR, Dollet M, Lukes J, Campbell DA. Rational sub-division of plant trypanosomes (Phytomonas spp.) based on minicircle conserved region analysis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2007; 7:570-6. [PMID: 17499027 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The sequences of minicircle conserved regions from various plant trypanosomatids have been determined and analyzed. The goal of this study was to add another tool to the arsenal of molecular probes for distinguishing between the different trypanosomatids occurring in plants: systemic trypanosomatids multiplying in the sap, those from the laticiferous tubes, and those developing in fruits, seeds or flowers but not in the plant itself and that are frequently considered as opportunistic insect trypanosomatids. As some plant intraphloemic trypanosomatids are the causative agents of important diseases, a clear definition of the different types of trypanosomatids is critical. The conserved region of the mitochondrial minicircle provides several specific features in a small sequence region containing three functionally elements required for minicircle replication. Trees generated from the analysis recapitulated trees drawn from analyses of isoenzymes, RAPD, and particular gene sequences, supporting the validity of the small region used in this work. Three groups of isolates were significant and in accordance with previous work. The peculiarity of phloem-restricted trypanosomatids associated with wilts of coconut and oil palm in Latin America - group H - is confirmed. In agreement with previous studies on their biological and serological properties the results highlighted this group called 'phloemicola'. It always differentiated from all other latex and fruit isolates or opportunistic trypanosomatids, like insect trypanosomatids. We can assert that phloemicola is the only well-defined taxon among all plant trypanosomatids. A group of non-pathogenic latex isolates from South American euphorbs (G), and a heterogenous group (A) including one fruit, one possible latex and one insect isolate are clearly distinct groups. The group of Mediterranean isolates from latex (D), even with a low boostrap, stood out well from other groups. The remainder of the isolates fell into a heterogeneous cluster. At least eight different groups in the plant trypanosomatids were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy R Sturm
- CIRAD,UPR29 Etiologie Dépérissements, Département Systèmes Biologiques, TA A-29/F, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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5
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Marín C, Rodríguez-González I, Hitos AB, Rosales MJ, Dollet M, Sánchez-Moreno M. Purification and characterization of two iron superoxide dismutases ofPhytomonassp. isolated fromEuphorbia characias(plant trypanosomatids). Parasitology 2004; 129:79-86. [PMID: 15267114 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182004005293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two superoxide dismutases (SODI and SODII) have been purified by differential centrifugation, fractionation with ammonium sulphate followed by chromatographic separation (ionic exchange and affinity), from a plant trypanosomatid isolated fromEuphorbia characias, and then characterized for several biochemical properties. Both enzymes were insensitive to cyanide but sensitive to hydrogen peroxide, properties characteristic of iron-containing superoxide dismutase. SODI had a molecular mass of approximately 66 kDa, whereas the molecular mass of SODII was approximately 22 kDa, both enzymes showing single bands. The isoelectric points of SODI and SODII were 6·8 and 3·6, respectively. The enzymatic stability persisted at least for 6 months when the sample was lyophilized and preserved at −80 °C. Digitonin titration and subcellular fractionation showed that both enzymes were in the cytoplasmic fraction, although part of SODII isoenzyme was also associated with glycosomes. We assayed these activities (SOD) in 18 trypanosomatid isolates on isoelectric focusing gels, and have demonstrated that the SOD is a biochemical marker sufficient to identify a trypanosomatid isolated from a plant as belonging to the genusPhytomonasand to distinguish between a truePhytomonasand other trypanosomatids that are capable of causing transient infections in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marín
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, C/Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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6
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Molinas SM, Altabe SG, Opperdoes FR, Rider MH, Michels PAM, Uttaro AD. The multifunctional isopropyl alcohol dehydrogenase of Phytomonas sp. could be the result of a horizontal gene transfer from a bacterium to the trypanosomatid lineage. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:36169-75. [PMID: 12853449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305666200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Isopropyl alcohol dehydrogenase (iPDH) is a dimeric mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), so far detected within the Trypanosomatidae only in the genus Phytomonas. The cloning, sequencing, and heterologous expression of the two gene alleles of the enzyme revealed that it is a zinc-dependent medium-chain ADH. Both polypeptides have 361 amino acids. A mitochondrial targeting sequence was identified. The mature proteins each have 348 amino acids and a calculated molecular mass of 37 kDa. They differ only in one amino acid, which can explain the three isoenzymes and their respective isoelectric points previously found. A phylogenetic analysis locates iPDH within a cluster with fermentative ADHs from bacteria, sharing 74% similarity and 60% identity with Ralstonia eutropha ADH. The characterization of the two bacterially expressed Phytomonas enzymes and the comparison of their kinetic properties with those of the wild-type iPDH and of the R. eutropha ADH strongly support the idea of a horizontal gene transfer event from a bacterium to a trypanosomatid to explain the origin of the iPDH in Phytomonas. Phytomonas iPDH and R. eutropha ADH are able to use a wide range of substrates with similar Km values such as primary and secondary alcohols, diols, and aldehydes, as well as ketones such as acetone, diacetyl, and acetoin. We speculate that, as for R. eutropha ADH, Phytomonas iPDH acts as a safety valve for the release of excess reducing power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Molinas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
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7
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Batistoti M, Cavazzana M, Serrano MG, Ogatta SF, Baccan GC, Jankevicius JV, Teixeira MM, Jankevicius SI. Genetic variability of trypanosomatids isolated from phytophagous hemiptera defined by morphological, biochemical, and molecular taxonomic markers. J Parasitol 2001; 87:1335-41. [PMID: 11780818 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1335:gvotif]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the genetic variability among 49 new isolates of trypanosomatids from phytophagous Hemiptera by means of morphological characters, growth features, and biochemical (enzymes of ornithine-arginine cycle) and molecular markers (based on spliced-leader, and ribosomal genes). From 402 phytophagous insects dissected and examined for the presence of trypanosomatids, 228 species belonging to Pyrrhocoridae, Coreidae, Lygaeidae, and Pentatomidae families harbored trypanosomatids in their salivary glands, or digestive tubes. Among these insects, 211 carried promastigotes and only 17 had choanomastigote forms. The results show a strong association among morphology, growth features, and biochemical and molecular markers and reveal the genetic diversity of the isolates, which were assigned to Crithidia, Phytomonas, and Leptomonas; we found genetic polymorphism within all these genera, thus indicating high genetic variability among trypanosomatids from phytophagous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Batistoti
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, PR, Brazil
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8
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Catarino LM, Serrano MG, Cavazzana M, Almeida ML, Kaneshina EK, Campaner M, Jankevicius JV, Teixeira MM, Itow-Jankevicius S. Classification of trypanosomatids from fruits and seeds using morphological, biochemical and molecular markers revealed several genera among fruit isolates. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 201:65-72. [PMID: 11445169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are widespread in several plant families and although most isolates have been classified as Phytomonas, other trypanosomatid genera can also infect plants. In order to assess the natural occurrence of non-Phytomonas trypanosomatids in plants we characterized 21 new trypanosomatid cultures, 18 from fruits and three from seeds of 17 plant species. The trypanosomatids from fruit and seeds were compared in terms of morphological, growth, biochemical and molecular features. The high diversity among the isolates permitted the classification of the new flagellates into the genera Crithidia and Leptomonas as well as Phytomonas. The data showed that natural fruit infection with non-Phytomonas trypanosomatids is more common than usually thought, being detected in 43% of the fruit isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Catarino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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9
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Uttaro AD, Altabe SG, Rider MH, Michels PA, Opperdoes FR. A family of highly conserved glycosomal 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases from Phytomonas sp. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:31833-7. [PMID: 10900211 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006080200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytomonas sp. contains two malate dehydrogenase isoforms, a mitochondrial isoenzyme with a high specificity for oxaloacetate and a glycosomal isozyme that acts on a broad range of substrates (Uttaro, A. D., and Opperdoes, F.R. (1997) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 89, 51-59). Here, we show that the low specificity of the latter isoenzyme is the result of a number of recent gene duplications that gave rise to a family of glycosomal 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase genes. Two of these genes were cloned, sequenced, and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Although both gene products have 322 amino acids, share 90.4% identical residues, and have a similar hydrophobicity profile and net charge, their kinetic properties were strikingly different. One isoform behaved as a real malate dehydrogenase with a high specificity for oxaloacetate, whereas the other showed no activity with oxaloacetate but was able to reduce other oxoacids, such as phenyl pyruvate, 2-oxoisocaproate, 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxobutyrate, 2-oxo-4-methiolbutyrate, and pyruvate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Uttaro
- Departamento de MicrobiologIa, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Marín C, Fernández-Ramos C, Entrala E, Quesada JM, Sánchez-Moreno M. Biochemical characterization of a trypanosomatid isolated from the plant Amaranthus retroflexus. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2000; 95:641-7. [PMID: 10998214 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762000000500010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A protozoan flagelate has recently been isolated from Amaranthus retroflexus. This plant grows near economically important crops in southeastern Spain, which are known to be parasitized by Phytomonas spp. The present study focuses on the characterization of the energy metabolism of this new isolate. These flagellates utilize glucose efficiently as their primary energy source, although they are unable to completely degrade it. They excrete ethanol, acetate, glycine, and succinate in lower amount, as well as ammonium. The presence of glycosomes was indicated by the early enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, one enzyme of the glycerol pathway (glycerol kinase), and malate dehydrogenase. No evidence of a fully functional citric-acid cycle was found. In the absence of catalase activity, these flagellates showed significant superoxide dismutase activity located in the glycosomal and cytosolic fractions. These trypanosomes, despite being morphologically and metabolically similar to other Phytomonas isolated from the same area, showed significant differences, suggesting that they are phylogenetically different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marín
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España
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11
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Cazzulo Franke MC, Vernal J, Cazzulo JJ, Nowicki C. The NAD-linked aromatic alpha-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma cruzi. A new member of the cytosolic malate dehydrogenases group without malate dehydrogenase activity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 266:903-10. [PMID: 10583384 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite causing Chagas disease, contains a novel aromatic alpha-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase. This enzyme is responsible, together with tyrosine aminotransferase, for the catabolism of aromatic amino acids, which leads to the excretion of aromatic lactate derivatives into the culture medium. The gene encoding the aromatic alpha-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase has been cloned through a combined approach using screening of an expression genomic library with antibodies, peptide sequencing and PCR amplification. Its sequence shows high similarity to the cytosolic malate dehydrogenases. However, the enzyme has no malate dehydrogenase activity. The gene seems to be present in a single copy per haploid genome and is differentially expressed throughout the parasite's life cycle, the highest levels being found in the insect forms of T. cruzi. The purified recombinant enzyme, expressed in Escherichia coli, was unable to reduce oxaloacetate and had kinetic constants similar to those of the natural aromatic alpha-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase. Sequence comparisons suggest that the aromatic alpha-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase derives from a cytosolic malate dehydrogenase no longer present in the parasite, made redundant by the presence of a glycosomal malate dehydrogenase as a member of a shuttle device involving the mitochondrial isoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Cazzulo Franke
- IQUIFIB (CONICET-Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Serrano MG, Nunes LR, Campaner M, Buck GA, Camargo EP, Teixeira MM. Trypanosomatidae: Phytomonas detection in plants and phytophagous insects by PCR amplification of a genus-specific sequence of the spliced leader gene. Exp Parasitol 1999; 91:268-79. [PMID: 10072329 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1998.4379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we describe a method for the detection of Phytomonas spp. from plants and phytophagous insects using the PCR technique by targeting a genus-specific sequence of the spliced leader (SL) gene. PCR amplification of DNA from 48 plant and insect isolates previously classified as Phytomonas by morphological, biochemical, and molecular criteria resulted in all cases in a 100-bp fragment that hybridized with the Phytomonas-specific spliced leader-derived probe SL3'. Moreover, this Phytomonas-specific PCR could also detect Phytomonas spp. in crude preparations of naturally infected plants and insects. This method shows no reaction with any other trypanosomatid genera or with plant and insect host DNA, revealing it to be able to detect Phytomonas spp. from fruit, latex, or phloem of various host plants as well as from salivary glands and digestive tubes of several species of insect hosts. Results demonstrated that SLPCR is a simple, fast, specific, and sensitive method that can be applied to the diagnosis of Phytomonas among cultured trypanosomatids and directly in plants and putative vector insects. Therefore, the method was shown to be a very specific and sensitive tool for diagnosis of Phytomonas without the need for isolation, culture, and DNA extraction of flagellates, a feature that is very convenient for practical and epidemiological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Serrano
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
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Fernández-Ramos C, Luque F, Fernández-Becerra C, Osuna A, Jankevicius S, Jankevicius J, Rosales M, Sánchez-Moreno M. Biochemical characterisation of flagellates isolated from fruits and seeds from Brazil. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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