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Reglodi D, Illes A, Opper B, Schafer E, Tamas A, Horvath G. Presence and Effects of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions in the Stomach. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:90. [PMID: 29615974 PMCID: PMC5868562 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide with widespread occurrence throughout the body including the gastrointestinal system. In the small and large intestine, effects of PACAP on cell proliferation, secretion, motility, gut immunology and blood flow, as well as its importance in bowel inflammatory reactions and cancer development have been shown and reviewed earlier. However, no current review is available on the actions of PACAP in the stomach in spite of numerous data published on the gastric presence and actions of the peptide. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to summarize currently available data on the distribution and effects of PACAP in the stomach. We review data on the localization of PACAP and its receptors in the stomach wall of various mammalian and non-mammalian species, we then give an overview on PACAP's effects on secretion of gastric acid and various hormones. Effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, blood flow and gastric motility are also reviewed. Finally, we outline PACAP's involvement and changes in various human pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Dora Reglodi,
| | - Anita Illes
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Opper
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Schafer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Centre, Hungarian Defence Forces, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Horvath
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
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Glaser S, Meng F, Han Y, Onori P, Chow BK, Francis H, Venter J, McDaniel K, Marzioni M, Invernizzi P, Ueno Y, Lai JM, Huang L, Standeford H, Alvaro D, Gaudio E, Franchitto A, Alpini G. Secretin stimulates biliary cell proliferation by regulating expression of microRNA 125b and microRNA let7a in mice. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1795-808.e12. [PMID: 24583060 PMCID: PMC4035389 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Proliferating cholangiocytes secrete and respond to neuroendocrine hormones, including secretin. We investigated whether secretin secreted by S cells and cholangiocytes stimulates biliary proliferation in mice. METHODS Cholestasis was induced in secretin knockout (Sct(-/-)) and wild-type (control) mice by bile duct ligation (BDL). At days 3 and 7 after BDL, control and Sct(-/-) mice received tail-vein injections of morpholinos against microRNA 125b or let7a. One week later, liver tissues and cholangiocytes were collected. Immunohistochemical, immunoblot, luciferase reporter, and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were performed. Intrahepatic bile duct mass (IBDM) and proliferation were measured. Secretin secretion was measured in conditioned media from cholangiocytes and S cells and in serum and bile. RESULTS Secretin secretion was increased in supernatants from cholangiocytes and S cells and in serum and bile after BDL in control mice. BDL Sct(-/-) mice had lower IBDM, reduced proliferation, and reduced production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A and nerve growth factor (NGF) compared with BDL control. BDL and control mice given morpholinos against microRNA 125b or let7a had increased IBDM. Livers of mice given morpholinos against microRNA 125b had increased expression of VEGFA, and those treated with morpholinos against microRNA let7a had increased expression of NGF. Secretin regulated VEGF and NGF expression that negatively correlated with microRNA 125b and let7a levels in liver tissue. CONCLUSIONS After liver injury, secretin produced by cholangiocytes and S cells reduces microRNA 125b and let7a levels, resulting in up-regulation of VEGF and NGF. Modulation of cholangiocyte expression of secretin could be a therapeutic approach for biliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Academic Operations, Scott & White, Temple, Texas
| | - Yuyan Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Billy K Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Academic Operations, Scott & White, Temple, Texas
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Kelly McDaniel
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Medicine, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Liver Unit and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Jia-ming Lai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Holly Standeford
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas.
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Kopic S, Geibel JP. Gastric acid, calcium absorption, and their impact on bone health. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:189-268. [PMID: 23303909 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium balance is essential for a multitude of physiological processes, ranging from cell signaling to maintenance of bone health. Adequate intestinal absorption of calcium is a major factor for maintaining systemic calcium homeostasis. Recent observations indicate that a reduction of gastric acidity may impair effective calcium uptake through the intestine. This article reviews the physiology of gastric acid secretion, intestinal calcium absorption, and their respective neuroendocrine regulation and explores the physiological basis of a potential link between these individual systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Kopic
- Department of Surgery and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Abstract
Metabolic pathologies such as Type 2 Diabetes have become a major health problem for worldwide populations. Unfortunately, efforts to cure and especially to prevent these significant global problems have so far been met with disappointment. Recently, the involvement of the gut-derived hormonal dysregulation in the development of obesity-related disturbances has been intensively studied. For instance, studies of gut-derived peptides such as peptide YY 3-36, glucagon-like peptide-1, oxyntomodulin and, more recently, ghrelin have significantly improved our understanding of mechanisms underlying weight and metabolic regulation. Even though early reports of the existence of secretin, the first peptide hormone to be described, date back as far as 1825, so much and yet so little is still known about its physiological role in mammals, including humans. However, recent years have provided a better understanding of how the release of secretin is regulated by enteral secretagogues. On the other hand, most basic questions about its role in the post-prandial regulation of metabolic functions in normal and pathophysiological conditions remain to be elucidated. The present work intends to review the physiology of secretin along with its central and peripheral outcomes on metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H St-Pierre
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Molinette, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Lam IPY, Siu FKY, Chu JYS, Chow BKC. Multiple actions of secretin in the human body. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2008; 265:159-90. [PMID: 18275888 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(07)65004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of secretin initiated the field of endocrinology. Over the past century, multiple gastrointestinal functions of secretin have been extensively studied, and it was discovered that the principal function of this peptide in the gastrointestinal system is to facilitate digestion and to provide protection. In view of the late identification of secretin and the secretin receptor in various tissues, including the central nervous system, the pleiotropic functions of secretin have more recently been an area of intense focus. Secretin is a classical hormone, and recent studies clearly showed secretin's involvement in neural and neuroendocrine pathways, although the neuroactivity and neural regulation of its release are yet to be elucidated. This chapter reviews our current understanding of the pleiotropic actions of secretin with a special focus on the hormonal and neural interdependent pathways that mediate these actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Y Lam
- Department of Zoology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this chapter is to summarize and place into perspective the past year's literature regarding the regulation of gastric exocrine and endocrine secretion. RECENT FINDINGS To prevent acid and pepsin from overwhelming mucosal defense mechanisms and causing injury, the secretion of gastric acid is precisely regulated by a variety of central (eg, neuropeptide Y, corticotropin-releasing factor, and neuromedin U) and peripheral (eg, gastrin, histamine, acetylcholine, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, leptin, and parietal cell) pathways. These pathways regulate the acid-producing parietal cell directly and/or indirectly by regulating the secretion of histamine from enterochromaffin-like cells, gastrin from G cells, and somatostatin from D cells. Recently, genetically engineered mouse models have been used to reevaluate the neural, hormonal, and paracrine pathways that physiologically regulate acid secretion. SUMMARY An improved understanding of the pathways and mechanisms regulating gastric acid secretion should lead to the development of novel therapies to prevent and treat acid-peptic disorders as well as circumvent the adverse effects of currently used antisecretory medications such as the acid rebound observed after discontinuation of proton pump inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell L Schubert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University's Medical College of Virginia and McGuire VAMC, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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