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Hao Q, Shang W, Zhang C, Chen H, Chen L, Yuan S, Chen S, Zhang X, Zhou X. Identification and Comparative Analysis of CBS Domain-Containing Proteins in Soybean (Glycine max) and the Primary Function of GmCBS21 in Enhanced Tolerance to Low Nitrogen Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E620. [PMID: 27128900 PMCID: PMC4881446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is an important macronutrient required for plant growth, and is a limiting factor for crop productivity. Improving the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is therefore crucial. At present, the NUE mechanism is unclear and information on the genes associated with NUE in soybeans is lacking. cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) domain-containing proteins (CDCPs) may be implicated in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. We identified and classified a CBS domain-containing protein superfamily in soybean. A candidate gene for NUE, GmCBS21, was identified. GmCBS21 gene characteristics, the temporal expression pattern of the GmCBS21 gene, and the phenotype of GmCBS21 overexpression in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana under low nitrogen stress were analyzed. The phenotypes suggested that the transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings performed better under the nitrogen-deficient condition. GmCBS21-overexpressing transgenic plants exhibit higher low nitrogen stress tolerance than WT plants, and this suggests its role in low nitrogen stress tolerance in plants. We conclude that GmCBS21 may serve as an excellent candidate for breeding crops with enhanced NUE and better yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingnan Hao
- Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Weijuan Shang
- Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Chanjuan Zhang
- Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Limiao Chen
- Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Songli Yuan
- Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Shuilian Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Xinan Zhou
- Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.
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Nomura Y, Izumi A, Fukunaga Y, Kusumi K, Iba K, Watanabe S, Nakahira Y, Weber APM, Nozawa A, Tozawa Y. Diversity in guanosine 3',5'-bisdiphosphate (ppGpp) sensitivity among guanylate kinases of bacteria and plants. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15631-41. [PMID: 24722991 PMCID: PMC4140918 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.534768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The guanosine 3',5'-bisdiphosphate (ppGpp) signaling system is shared by bacteria and plant chloroplasts, but its role in plants has remained unclear. Here we show that guanylate kinase (GK), a key enzyme in guanine nucleotide biosynthesis that catalyzes the conversion of GMP to GDP, is a target of regulation by ppGpp in chloroplasts of rice, pea, and Arabidopsis. Plants have two distinct types of GK that are localized to organelles (GKpm) or to the cytosol (GKc), with both enzymes being essential for growth and development. We found that the activity of rice GKpm in vitro was inhibited by ppGpp with a Ki of 2.8 μM relative to the substrate GMP, whereas the Km of this enzyme for GMP was 73 μM. The IC50 of ppGpp for GKpm was ∼10 μM. In contrast, the activity of rice GKc was insensitive to ppGpp, as was that of GK from bakers' yeast, which is also a cytosolic enzyme. These observations suggest that ppGpp plays a pivotal role in the regulation of GTP biosynthesis in chloroplasts through specific inhibition of GKpm activity, with the regulation of GTP biosynthesis in chloroplasts thus being independent of that in the cytosol. We also found that GKs of Escherichia coli and Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 are insensitive to ppGpp, in contrast to the ppGpp sensitivity of the Bacillus subtilis enzyme. Our biochemical characterization of GK enzymes has thus revealed a novel target of ppGpp in chloroplasts and has uncovered diversity among bacterial GKs with regard to regulation by ppGpp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhta Nomura
- From the Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan, the Proteo-Science Center and the Venture Business Laboratory, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Atsushi Izumi
- the Proteo-Science Center and the Venture Business Laboratory, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fukunaga
- From the Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan, the Proteo-Science Center and the Venture Business Laboratory, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kusumi
- the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Koh Iba
- the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Seiya Watanabe
- the Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakahira
- the Proteo-Science Center and the Venture Business Laboratory, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- the Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Akira Nozawa
- the Proteo-Science Center and the Venture Business Laboratory, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Tozawa
- the Proteo-Science Center and the Venture Business Laboratory, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan,
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Zrenner R, Stitt M, Sonnewald U, Boldt R. Pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis and degradation in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 57:805-36. [PMID: 16669783 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide metabolism operates in all living organisms, embodies an evolutionarily ancient and indispensable complex of metabolic pathways and is of utmost importance for plant metabolism and development. In plants, nucleotides can be synthesized de novo from 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate and simple molecules (e.g., CO(2), amino acids, and tetrahydrofolate), or be derived from preformed nucleosides and nucleobases via salvage reactions. Nucleotides are degraded to simple metabolites, and this process permits the recycling of phosphate, nitrogen, and carbon into central metabolic pools. Despite extensive biochemical knowledge about purine and pyrimidine metabolism, comprehensive studies of the regulation of this metabolism in plants are only starting to emerge. Here we review progress in molecular aspects and recent studies on the regulation and manipulation of nucleotide metabolism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Zrenner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam OT Golm, Germany.
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Lei Z, Elmer AM, Watson BS, Dixon RA, Mendes PJ, Sumner LW. A Two-dimensional Electrophoresis Proteomic Reference Map and Systematic Identification of 1367 Proteins from a Cell Suspension Culture of the Model Legume Medicago truncatula. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005; 4:1812-25. [PMID: 16048909 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.d500005-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteome of a Medicago truncatula cell suspension culture was analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis and nanoscale HPLC coupled to a tandem Q-TOF mass spectrometer (QSTAR Pulsar i) to yield an extensive protein reference map. Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 was used to visualize more than 1661 proteins, which were excised, subjected to in-gel trypsin digestion, and analyzed using nanoscale HPLC/MS/MS. The resulting spectral data were queried against a custom legume protein database using the MASCOT search engine. A total of 1367 of the 1661 proteins were identified with high rigor, yielding an identification success rate of 83% and 907 unique protein accession numbers. Functional annotation of the M. truncatula suspension cell proteins revealed a complete tricarboxylic acid cycle, a nearly complete glycolytic pathway, a significant portion of the ubiquitin pathway with the associated proteolytic and regulatory complexes, and many enzymes involved in secondary metabolism such as flavonoid/isoflavonoid, chalcone, and lignin biosynthesis. Proteins were also identified from most other functional classes including primary metabolism, energy production, disease/defense, protein destination/storage, protein synthesis, transcription, cell growth/division, and signal transduction. This work represents the most extensive proteomic description of M. truncatula suspension cells to date and provides a reference map for future comparative proteomic and functional genomic studies of the response of these cells to biotic and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentian Lei
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73402, USA
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Boldt R, Zrenner R. Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis in higher plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2003; 117:297-304. [PMID: 12654029 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2003.00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Purine and pyrimidine nucleotides have important functions in a multitude of biochemical and developmental processes during the life cycle of a plant. In higher plants the processes of nucleotide metabolism are poorly understood, but it is in principle accepted that nucleotides are essential constituents of fundamental biological functions. Despite of its significance, higher plant nucleotide metabolism has been poorly explored during the last 10-20 years (Suzuki and Takahashi 1977, Schubert 1986, Wagner and Backer 1992). But considerable progress was made on purine biosynthesis in nodules of ureide producing tropical legumes, where IMP-synthesis plays a dominant role in primary nitrogen metabolism (Atkins and Smith 2000, Smith and Atkins 2002). Besides these studies on tropical legumes, this review emphasises on progress made in analysing the function in planta of genes involved in purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis and their impact on metabolism and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Boldt
- University of Rostock Department of Bioscience -Plant Physiology, Albert-Einstein-Str.3, D-18051 Rostock, Germany Max Plank Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Golm, Germany
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