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Montazer-Torbati F, Boutinaud M, Brun N, Richard C, Neveu A, Jaffrézic F, Laloë D, LeBourhis D, Nguyen M, Chadi S, Jammes H, Renard JP, Chat S, Boukadiri A, Devinoy E. Differences during the first lactation between cows cloned by somatic cell nuclear transfer and noncloned cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4778-4794. [PMID: 27016834 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lactation performance is dependent on both the genetic characteristics and the environmental conditions surrounding lactating cows. However, individual variations can still be observed within a given breed under similar environmental conditions. The role of the environment between birth and lactation could be better appreciated in cloned cows, which are presumed to be genetically identical, but differences in lactation performance between cloned and noncloned cows first need to be clearly evaluated. Conflicting results have been described in the literature, so our aim was to clarify this situation. Nine cloned Prim' Holstein cows were produced by the transfer of nuclei from a single fibroblast cell line after cell fusion with enucleated oocytes. The cloned cows and 9 noncloned counterparts were raised under similar conditions. Milk production and composition were recorded monthly from calving until 200d in milk. At 67d in milk, biopsies were sampled from the rear quarter of the udder, their mammary epithelial cell content was evaluated, and mammary cell renewal, RNA, and DNA were then analyzed in relevant samples. The results showed that milk production did not differ significantly between cloned and noncloned cows, but milk protein and fat contents were less variable in cloned cows. Furthermore, milk fat yield and contents were lower in cloned cows during early lactation. At around 67 DIM, milk fat and protein yields, as well as milk fat, protein, and lactose contents, were also lower in cloned cows. These lower yields could be linked to the higher apoptotic rate observed in cloned cows. Apoptosis is triggered by insulin-like factor growth binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI), which both interact with CSN1S2. During our experiments, CSN1S2 transcript levels were lower in the mammary gland of cloned cows. The mammary cell apoptotic rate observed in cloned cows may have been related to the higher levels of DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) transcripts, coding for products that maintain the epigenetic status of cells. We conclude, therefore, that milk production in cloned cows differs slightly from that of noncloned cows. These differences may be due, in part, to a higher incidence of subclinical mastitis. They were associated with differences in cell apoptosis and linked to variations in DNMT1 mRNA. However, milk protein and fat contents were more similar among cloned cows than among noncloned cows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Boutinaud
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590 Saint Gilles, France; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - N Brun
- INRA, UMR1313 GABI, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C Richard
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - A Neveu
- INRA, UE1298 Unité commune d'expérimentation animale, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - F Jaffrézic
- INRA, UMR1313 GABI, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - D Laloë
- INRA, UMR1313 GABI, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - D LeBourhis
- ALLICE, lieu-dit Le Perroi, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - M Nguyen
- INRA, UMR1313 GABI, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - S Chadi
- INRA, UMR1313 GABI, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - H Jammes
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - J-P Renard
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - S Chat
- INRA, UMR1313 GABI, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - A Boukadiri
- INRA, UMR1313 GABI, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - E Devinoy
- INRA, UMR1313 GABI, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Szymanowska M, Hendry KA, Robinson C, Kolb AF. EMMPRIN (basigin/CD147) expression is not correlated with MMP activity during adult mouse mammary gland development. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:52-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Menzies KK, Lefèvre C, Macmillan KL, Nicholas KR. Insulin regulates milk protein synthesis at multiple levels in the bovine mammary gland. Funct Integr Genomics 2008; 9:197-217. [PMID: 19107532 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-008-0103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The role of insulin in milk protein synthesis is unresolved in the bovine mammary gland. This study examined the potential role of insulin in the presence of two lactogenic hormones, hydrocortisone and prolactin, in milk protein synthesis. Insulin was shown to stimulate milk protein gene expression, casein synthesis and (14)C-lysine uptake in mammary explants from late pregnant cows. A global assessment of changes in gene expression in mammary explants in response to insulin was undertaken using Affymetrix microarray. The resulting data provided insight into the molecular mechanisms stimulated by insulin and showed that the hormone stimulated the expression of 28 genes directly involved in protein synthesis. These genes included the milk protein transcription factor, ELF5, translation factors, the folate metabolism genes, FOLR1 and MTHFR, as well as several genes encoding enzymes involved in catabolism of essential amino acids and biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids. These data show that insulin is not only essential for milk protein gene expression, but stimulates milk protein synthesis at multiple levels within bovine mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karensa K Menzies
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Robinson C, Kolb AF. Analysis of mammary specific gene locus regulation in differentiated cells derived by somatic cell fusion. Exp Cell Res 2008; 315:508-22. [PMID: 19014936 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation of a gene is best analysed in the context of its normal chromatin surroundings. However, most somatic cells, in contrast to embryonic stem cells, are refractory to accurate modification by homologous recombination. We show here that it is possible to introduce precise genomic modifications in ES cells and to analyse the phenotypic consequences in differentiated cells by using a combination of gene targeting, site-specific recombination and somatic cell fusion. To provide a proof of principle, we have analysed the regulation of the casein gene locus in mammary gland cells derived from modified murine ES cells by somatic cell fusion. A beta-galactosidase reporter gene was inserted in place of the beta-casein gene and the modified ES cells, which do not express the reporter gene, were fused with the mouse mammary gland cell line HC11. The resulting cell clones expressed the beta-galactosidase gene to a similar extent and with similar hormone responsiveness as the endogenous gene. However, a reporter gene under the control of a minimal beta-casein promoter (encompassing the two consensus STAT5 binding sites which mediate the hormone response of the casein genes) was unable to replicate expression levels or hormone responsiveness of the endogenous gene when inserted into the same site of the casein locus. As expected, these results implicate sequences other than the STAT5 sites in the regulation of the beta-casein gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Robinson
- Molecular Recognition Group, Hannah Research Institute, Ayr KA6 5HL, UK
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Ballester M, Kress C, Hue-Beauvais C, Kiêu K, Lehmann G, Adenot P, Devinoy E. The nuclear localization of WAP and CSN genes is modified by lactogenic hormones in HC11 cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 105:262-70. [PMID: 18500724 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Whey acidic protein (WAP) and casein (CSN) genes are among the most highly expressed milk protein genes in the mammary gland of the lactating mouse. Their tissue-specific regulation depends on the activation and recruitment of transcription factors, and chromatin modifications in response to hormonal stimulation. We have investigated if another mechanism, such as specific positioning of the genes in the nucleus, could be involved in their functional regulation. Fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to study the nuclear localization of WAP and CSN genes in mouse mammary epithelial cells (HC11) cultured in the absence and presence of lactogenic hormones. Automatic 3D image processing and analysis tools were developed to score gene positions. In the absence of lactogenic hormones, both genes are distributed non-uniformly within the nucleus: the CSN locus was located close to the nuclear periphery and the WAP gene tended to be central. Stimulation by lactogenic hormones induced a statistically significant change to their distance from the periphery, which has been described as a repressive compartment. The detection of genes in combination with the corresponding chromosome-specific probe revealed that the CSN locus is relocated outside its chromosome territory following hormonal stimulation, whereas the WAP gene, which is already sited more frequently outside its chromosome territory in the absence of hormones, is not affected. We conclude that milk protein genes are subject to nuclear repositioning when activated, in agreement with a role for nuclear architecture in gene regulation, but that they behave differently as a function of their chromosomal context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ballester
- UR1196-Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, INRA, Jouy en Josas Cedex, France
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Derbinski J, Pinto S, Rösch S, Hexel K, Kyewski B. Promiscuous gene expression patterns in single medullary thymic epithelial cells argue for a stochastic mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:657-62. [PMID: 18180458 PMCID: PMC2206592 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707486105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Promiscuous expression of tissue-restricted autoantigens in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) imposes central T cell tolerance. The molecular regulation of this unusual gene expression is not understood, in particular its delineation from cell lineage-specific gene expression control remains unclear. Here, we compared the expression profile of the casein gene locus in mTECs and mammary gland epithelial cells by single cell PCR. Mammary gland cells showed highly correlated intra- and interchromosomal coexpression of milk proteins (the casein genes, lactalbumin-alpha and whey acidic protein) and one of its transcriptional regulators (Elf5). In contrast, coexpression of these genes in mature CD80(hi) mTECs was rarely observed and no pattern of gene expression in individual mTECs was discernible. The apparent stochastic expression pattern of genes within the casein locus, the lower mRNA levels compared with mammary gland cells in conjunction with frequent coexpression of insulin in single mTECs clearly delineates the molecular mechanism(s) of promiscuous gene expression from cell lineage-specific gene control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Derbinski
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sheena Pinto
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Rösch
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Hexel
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Kyewski
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Xu R, Spencer VA, Bissell MJ. Extracellular matrix-regulated gene expression requires cooperation of SWI/SNF and transcription factors. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:14992-9. [PMID: 17387179 PMCID: PMC2933196 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610316200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular cues play crucial roles in the transcriptional regulation of tissue-specific genes, but whether and how these signals lead to chromatin remodeling is not understood and subject to debate. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and mammary-specific genes as models, we show here that extracellular matrix molecules and prolactin cooperate to induce histone acetylation and binding of transcription factors and the SWI/SNF complex to the beta- and gamma-casein promoters. Introduction of a dominant negative Brg1, an ATPase subunit of SWI/SNF complex, significantly reduced both beta- and gamma-casein expression, suggesting that SWI/SNF-dependent chromatin remodeling is required for transcription of mammary-specific genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated that the ATPase activity of SWI/SNF is necessary for recruitment of RNA transcriptional machinery, but not for binding of transcription factors or for histone acetylation. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses showed that the SWI/SNF complex is associated with STAT5, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta, and glucocorticoid receptor. Thus, extracellular matrix- and prolactin-regulated transcription of the mammary-specific casein genes requires the concerted action of chromatin remodeling enzymes and transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Xu
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Kolb AF, Whitelaw CBA. A virus-neutralising antibody is not cytotoxic in vitro. Mol Immunol 2006; 43:677-89. [PMID: 15869792 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hybridoma cell lines are characterized by a preferential loss of the heavy chain gene. This observation has led to the theory that the immunoglobulin heavy chain possesses an intrinsic cytotoxic activity in some cell types. We have generated transgenic mice expressing the heavy and light chain genes of the virus-neutralising antibody A1 carrying constant domains of the human gamma1 and kappa isotype. Heavy chain and light chain transgenes were under trancriptional control of identical promoter regions derived from the mammary gland specific ovine beta-lactoglobulin gene. The copy number of the heavy chain transgene was consistently lower than the copy number of the light chain gene in all lines of transgenic mice. Moreover, the light chain gene was expressed in significant excess of the heavy chain gene in the lactating mammary gland in all transgenic lines. In several transgenic lines, the differences in antibody expression were greater than could be explained by the differences in transgene copy number. One potential cause of this phenotype could be a cytotoxic effect of free heavy chain protein in embryonic cells (resulting in differences in copy number) or mammary epithelial cells (resulting in differences in transgene expression). We therefore directly assessed the effect of the expression of free A1 heavy chain protein in epithelial cell lines and in murine embryonic stem cells. However, full-length A1 heavy chain mRNA and protein could be expressed transiently and stably in both epithelial and embryonic stem cells and had no detectable effect on cell viability. Taken together, these findings argue against an inherent cytotoxicity of the free A1 heavy chain protein in epithelial or embryonic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Kolb
- Molecular Recognition Group, Hannah Research Institute, Ayr KA6 5HL, Scotland, UK.
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Poussin K, Hayes H, Pauloin A, Chanat E, Fontaine ML, Aujean E, Sun JS, Debey P, Devinoy E. Interactions between the rabbitCSN1 gene and the nuclear matrix of stably transfected HC11 mammary epithelial cells vary with its level of expression. J Cell Biochem 2005; 96:611-21. [PMID: 16088957 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The expression of casein genes is specific to the mammary gland and maximal during lactation. However, among the numerous mammary cell lines described so far, only a few express some casein genes. The regulatory regions of casein genes have been largely described but the mechanisms explaining the mammary specific expression of these genes, and their silencing in most mammary cell lines, have not yet been fully elucidated. To test the hypothesis that the nuclear location of the casein genes may affect their expression, we transfected HC11 mouse mammary cell line with a 100 kb DNA fragment surrounding the rabbit alpha S1 casein gene. We derived stable clones which express or not the transfected rabbit casein gene, in the same cellular context, independently of the number of transgene copies. Metaphase spreads were prepared from the different clones and the transfected genes were localized. Unexpectedly, we observed that in the original HC11 cell line the number of chromosomes per metaphase spread is close to 80, suggesting that HC11 cells have undergone a duplication event, since the mouse karyotype is 2n = 40. In alpha S1 casein expressing cells, the expression level does not clearly correlate with a localization of the transfected DNA proximal to the centromeres or the telomeres. Analysis of the localization of the transfected DNA in nuclear halos allows us to conclude that when expressed, transfected DNA is more closely linked to the nuclear matrix. The next step will be to study the attachment of the endogenous casein gene in mammary nuclei during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Poussin
- UMR 8646 CNRS, U565 INSERM, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Case Postale 26, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
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Kolb A. The first intron of the murine beta-casein gene contains a functional promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 306:1099-105. [PMID: 12821156 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Caseins are the major milk proteins in most mammals. Together with calcium and phosphate they form the casein micelle. The corresponding casein genes are clustered in mammalian genomes and their expression is coordinately regulated with regard to developmental and tissue specificity. Casein gene promoters are responsive to lactogenic hormones, cell-matrix, and cell-cell interactions. Transcriptional enhancer elements are found in the 5(') upstream regions of casein genes but have also been detected in the first intron of the bovine beta-casein gene. We show here that the first intron of the murine beta-casein gene has three discernible functions. First, transcriptional enhancer elements present in the intron increase the basal activity of the beta-casein promoter. In addition, these intronic enhancer elements augment the induction of the beta-casein promoter by lactogenic hormones. Finally, we demonstrate that the first intron of the murine beta-casein gene contains a functional promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kolb
- Molecular Recognition Group, Hannah Research Institute, Ayr, Scotland KA6 5HL, UK.
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