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Da Costa RT, Urquiza P, Perez MM, Du Y, Khong ML, Zheng H, Guitart-Mampel M, Elustondo PA, Scoma ER, Hambardikar V, Ueberheide B, Tanner JA, Cohen A, Pavlov EV, Haynes CM, Solesio ME. Mitochondrial inorganic polyphosphate is required to maintain proteostasis within the organelle. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1423208. [PMID: 39050895 PMCID: PMC11266304 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1423208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The existing literature points towards the presence of robust mitochondrial mechanisms aimed at mitigating protein dyshomeostasis within the organelle. However, the precise molecular composition of these mechanisms remains unclear. Our data show that inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), a polymer well-conserved throughout evolution, is a component of these mechanisms. In mammals, mitochondria exhibit a significant abundance of polyP, and both our research and that of others have already highlighted its potent regulatory effect on bioenergetics. Given the intimate connection between energy metabolism and protein homeostasis, the involvement of polyP in proteostasis has also been demonstrated in several organisms. For example, polyP is a bacterial primordial chaperone, and its role in amyloidogenesis has already been established. Here, using mammalian models, our study reveals that the depletion of mitochondrial polyP leads to increased protein aggregation within the organelle, following stress exposure. Furthermore, mitochondrial polyP is able to bind to proteins, and these proteins differ under control and stress conditions. The depletion of mitochondrial polyP significantly affects the proteome under both control and stress conditions, while also exerting regulatory control over gene expression. Our findings suggest that mitochondrial polyP is a previously unrecognized, and potent component of mitochondrial proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata T. Da Costa
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Pedro Urquiza
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Matheus M. Perez
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - YunGuang Du
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Mei Li Khong
- School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Mariona Guitart-Mampel
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Pia A. Elustondo
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ernest R. Scoma
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Vedangi Hambardikar
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University-Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Julian A. Tanner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Materials Innovation Institute for Life Sciences and Energy (MILES), HKU-SIRI, Shenzhen, China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alejandro Cohen
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Evgeny V. Pavlov
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Cole M. Haynes
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Maria E. Solesio
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, United States
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ERK-dependent phosphorylation of HSF1 mediates chemotherapeutic resistance to benzimidazole carbamates in colorectal cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:657-66. [PMID: 25811962 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drugs containing the benzimidazole carbamate scaffold include anthelmintic and antifungal agents, and they are now also recognized as having potential applications in the treatment of colorectal and other cancers. These agents act by binding to β-tubulin, and in doing so they disrupt microtubules, arrest cell division, and promote apoptotic cell death in malignant cells. We have evaluated several commercially available benzimidazole carbamates for cytotoxic activity in colorectal cancer cells. In addition to cytotoxicity, we also observe activation of the transcription factor, heat shock factor-1 (HSF1). HSF1 is well known to mediate a cytoprotective response that promotes tumor cell survival and drug resistance. Here, we show that biochemical inhibition with the HSF1 inhibitor KRIBB11 or siRNA-based silencing of HSF1 results in a significant enhancement of drug potency, causing an approximately two-fold decrease in IC50 values of parbendazole and nocodazole. We also define a mechanism for drug-induced HSF1 activation, which results from a phosphorylation event at Ser326 that is dependent on the activation of the extracellular regulated protein kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2) mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Inhibition of the upstream kinase MEK-1/2 with U0126 attenuates the phosphorylation of both ERK-1/2 and HSF1, and significantly enhances drug cytotoxicity. From these data we propose a unique model whereby the ERK-1/2-dependent activation of HSF1 promotes chemotherapeutic resistance to benzimidazole carbamates. Therefore, targeting the ERK-1/2 signaling cascade is a potential strategy for HSF1 inhibition and a means of enhancing the cytotoxicity of these agents.
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Chen J, Pan J, Zhao J, Qiu X, Zheng J, Wang Z, Huang Y, Chu H. Quantum dot imaging for HSP70 and HSF‑1 kinetics in SCC‑25 cells with or without leucine deprivation following heat shock. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:2255-60. [PMID: 23546225 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a quantum dot-based approach for heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1) kinetics following heat shock, and to discover approaches to thermotherapy based on disrupting the effect of activation of HSF-1 and the accumulation of HSP70 by leucine deprivation. SCC-25 cells cultured with limiting leucine or normal leucine were stressed at 42˚C for 30 min, and were cultured for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h, respectively. The expression of HSP70 and HSF-1 was observed using confocal laser microscopy and semi-quantitative analysis was performed by Image-Pro Plus. At 6 h after heating, HSF-1 in cells cultured with normal leucine was activated and translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus, and the synthesis of HSP70 reached the maximum value and had a tendency to gather in the nucleus. However, in cells cultured with limiting leucine, HSF-1 activity decreased and accumulation of HSP70 was not found. Leucine deprivation results in the inactivation of HSF-1 leading to slight accumulation of HSP70 and no tendency to gather in the nucleus. Thus, HSF-1 may serve as a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China
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Wang Z, Jin H, Li C, Hou Y, Mei Q, Fan D. Heat Shock Protein 72 Protects Kidney Proximal Tubule Cells From Injury Induced by Triptolide by Means of Activation of the MEK/ERK Pathway. Int J Toxicol 2009; 28:177-89. [PMID: 19546256 DOI: 10.1177/1091581809337418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide, which has been used to treat inflammatory diseases, has also been reported to inhibit proliferation of cancer cells. However, it can cause severe nephrotoxicity, limiting its clinical use. Here, nephrotoxicity of triptolide was observed in vivo and in vitro. Heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) was upregulated during kidney injury in rats. HSP72 partially protected human kidney proximal tubule cell lines HK-2 and HKC from triptolide-induced injury. Phospho-Raf, phospho-MEK and phospho-ERK were elevated in HK-2 cells that overexpressed HSP72 after either heat shock or triptolide treatment, and downregulated when HSP72 was repressed by siRNA. The participation of the MEK/ERK1/2 pathway was confirmed by exposure of the cells to the MEK inhibitor U0126. Collectively, our results suggested that HSP72 plays a protective role by means of the MEK/ERK pathway, against triptolide-induced kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Wang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Provine, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China; Department
| | - Haifeng Jin
- From the Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Provine, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China; Department
| | - Chen Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Provine, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China; Department
| | - Ying Hou
- From the Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Provine, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China; Department
| | - Qibing Mei
- From the Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Provine, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China; Department
| | - Daiming Fan
- From the Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Provine, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China; Department
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Mulier S, Ni Y, Jamart J, Michel L, Marchal G, Ruers T. Radiofrequency ablation versus resection for resectable colorectal liver metastases: time for a randomized trial? Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 15:144-57. [PMID: 17906898 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical resection is the gold standard in the treatment of resectable colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). In several centers, resection is being replaced by radiofrequency ablation (RFA), even though there is no evidence yet from randomized trials to support this. The aim of this study was to critically review the oncological evidence for and against the use of RFA for resectable CRLM. METHODS An exhaustive review of RFA of colorectal metastases was carried out. RESULTS Five-year survival data after RFA for resectable CRLM are not available. Percutaneous RFA is associated with worse local control, worse staging, and a small risk of electrode track seeding when compared with resection (level V evidence). For tumors </=3 cm, local control after surgical RFA is equivalent to resection, especially if applied by experienced physicians to nonperivascular tumors (level V evidence). There is indirect evidence for profoundly different biological effects of RFA and resection. CONCLUSIONS A subgroup of patients has been identified for whom local control after RFA might be equivalent to resection. Whether this is true, and whether this translates into equivalent survival, remains to be proven. The time has come for a randomized trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefaan Mulier
- Department of Surgery, Leopold Park Clinic, Froissartstraat 34, B-1040, Brussels, Belgium
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Wang Z, Liu L, Mei Q, Liu L, Ran Y, Zhang R. Increased expression of heat shock protein 72 protects renal proximal tubular cells from gentamicin-induced injury. J Korean Med Sci 2006; 21:904-10. [PMID: 17043427 PMCID: PMC2722003 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2006.21.5.904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nephrotoxicity of gentamicin (GM) has been widely recognized. Heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) has been reported to be a cytoprotectant. However, its cytoprotective effect against GM induced kidney injury has not yet been studied. In this study, we investigated the cytoprotective effect of HSP72 on GM-induced nephrotoxicity in vitro. Human Kidney tubular cell line, HK-2 cells were divided into four groups: control group, GM group (cells incubated with GM only), heat shock (HS) group (cells incubated at 43 degrees C for 30 min), and GM plus HS group, respectively. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release increased time-dependently from 24 hr to 96 hr compared to the data of cells treated with GM only. Results of NAG activities, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were similar to that of the LDH release. The amount of HSP72 positive cells increased significantly at 72 hr after cells were treated with GM only. Both HSP72 protein and gene expression increased significantly at 72 hr when cells were treated with GM. On the other hand, HS induced HSP72 expression markedly. Pretreatment of HS inhibited HK-2 cells from GM-induced injury. It could reduce LDH release and NAG activity. HS also increased SOD activity, and decreased MDA content when cells were damaged by GM. These findings suggested that HS may protect kidney cells from GM-induced injury. Pre-induction of HSP72 may provide therapeutic strategies for nephrotoxicity induced by GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Qibing Mei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Linna Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Yuhua Ran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
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Zhipeng W, Li L, Qibing M, Linna L, Yuhua R, Rong Z. Increased expression of heat shock protein (HSP)72 in a human proximal tubular cell line (HK-2) with gentamicin-induced injury. J Toxicol Sci 2006; 31:61-70. [PMID: 16538044 DOI: 10.2131/jts.31.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Gentamicin (GM) has been widely used as an antibiotic and its nephrotoxicity has been recognized. However, the alternation of heat shock protein (HSP) 72 as an inductive protein in proximal tubular cells treated with GM is still unclear. In this study, GM cytotoxicity and its effect on the expression of HSP72 in human kidney proximal tubular (HK-2) cells were measured. HK-2 cells were incubated for 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr, and 96 hr with GM only and GM plus MnCl2, respectively. Cytotoxicity was determined by the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Activity of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and effects of GM on oxidation in HK-2 cells were investigated by measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and the ability of viable cells to reduce a tetrazolium-based compound (MTT). The expression of HSP72 was measured by immunocytochemistry, Western blotting and RT-PCR. Cells were exposed to GM at a concentration of 100 microg/ml. After 24 hr MTT uptake decreased significantly and then gradually until 96 hr. LDH release increased time-dependently from 24 hr to 72 hr, but decreased at 96 hr compared with the data at 72 hr when cells were treated with GM only. Both results of NAG and SOD activities and results of MDA content were similar to that of the LDH release. The amount of HSP72 positive cells increased at 24 hr after exposure to GM up to 72 hr. HSP72 expression increased significantly from 24 hr, and reached its peak at 72 hr when cells were treated with GM only. Furthermore, the change of the HSP72 gene transcription was similar to the expression of HSP72. These results demonstrated that GM treatment could induce damage to HK-2 cells and that the expression of HSP72 increased when cells were injured by GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhipeng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi' an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
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Yang WL, Nair DG, Makizumi R, Gallos G, Ye X, Sharma RR, Ravikumar TS. Heat shock protein 70 is induced in mouse human colon tumor xenografts after sublethal radiofrequency ablation. Ann Surg Oncol 2004; 11:399-406. [PMID: 15070600 DOI: 10.1245/aso.2004.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) destroys tumor cells by generating high temperatures through ionic vibration. Tumor recurrence may be a direct function of sublethal temperature. Further, a set of proteins called heat shock proteins (HSPs) can be synthesized under heat stress to facilitate recovery of tumor cells from heat damage. METHODS Subcutaneous xenografts were induced in nude mice by injection with HT29 human colon cancer cells. The tumors were exposed surgically and subjected to RFA. The tumors were randomly assigned to achieve a target tumor temperature of 42 degrees C, 45 degrees C, or 50 degrees C. Total RNA and cell lysates were isolated from tumor tissues and subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses, respectively, at various time points after treatments for assessing HSP expression. For in vitro experiments, HT29 cells were subjected to variable temperatures, and HSP expression was assayed. RESULTS During a 50-day follow-up, the recurrence rates were 0% at 50 degrees C, 30% at 45 degrees C, and 100% at 42 degrees C. The messenger RNA and protein levels of HSP90 and HSP27 remained unchanged after RFA at 45 degrees C; however, HSP70 was induced at 4 and 10 hours after RFA. In vitro HT29 culture cells subjected to a heated water bath exhibited a cellular sensitivity to heat and change of HSP expression similar to those in tumor xenografts subjected to RFA. CONCLUSIONS Our data establish the requisite heat parameters during RFA for human colon tumors in vitro and in vivo. Because HSP70 plays an important role in protecting cell death from a variety of stresses, HSP70 could be a potential target for enhancing the efficacy of RFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng-Lang Yang
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
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Zhou H, Kato A, Yasuda H, Odamaki M, Itoh H, Hishida A. The induction of heat shock protein-72 attenuates cisplatin-induced acute renal failure in rats. Pflugers Arch 2003; 446:116-24. [PMID: 12690470 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-002-0996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2002] [Accepted: 10/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) is thought to play a protective role in ischaemic acute renal failure (ARF). However the role of HSPs in nephrotoxic ARF is not well explored. The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of the induction of HSP70s on cisplatin (CDDP) (6 mg/kg i.v.)-induced ARF in rats. Uranyl acetate (UA) or sodium arsenite (SA) were administered i.v. 14 days or 1 day respectively before CDDP injection to induce HSPs. Serum creatinine (SCr), tubular damage score and the numbers of apoptotic (TUNEL-positive) cells were examined 5 days after CDDP injection. The expression of HSP72, B-cell lymphoma gene product-2 (Bcl-2) and Bax were evaluated by Western blot analysis. We also investigated the effect of co-administration of chelerythrine chloride (Chel), which inhibits the induction of HSPs, with SA on the expression of HSP72 and nephrotoxicity. Pretreatment with UA or SA significantly induced renal HSP72 expression. Both UA and SA attenuated the CDDP-induced increase in SCr and tubular damage scores. Co-administration of Chel with SA abolished the SA-induced increment of HSP72 and the beneficial effects of SA. The protective effects of the induction of HSP72 were associated with an increased renal Bcl-2/Bax ratio and the reduction of TUNEL-positive cells in the outer stripe of outer medulla. Our findings suggest that HSP72 attenuates CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity. The protective effects of HSP72 are associated with an increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio and less apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, 431-3192 Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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Abstract
The normal milieu of the kidney includes hypoxia, large osmotic fluxes, and an enormous amount of fluid/solute reabsorption. Renal adaptation to these conditions requires a host of molecular chaperones that stabilize protein conformation, target nascent proteins to their final intracellular destination, and prevent protein aggregation. Under physiologic or pharmacologic stress, inducible molecular chaperones provide additional mechanisms for repairing or degrading non-native proteins and for inhibiting stress-induced apoptosis. In contrast to intracellular chaperones, chaperones present on the cell surface regulate the immune system and have cytokine-like effects. A diverse range of chaperones and chaperone functions provide the renal cell with an armamentarium of responses to improve the chances of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Borkan
- Evans Biomedical Research Center, Boston Medical Center, Renal Section, 650 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118-2518, USA.
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Abstract
The heat shock proteins (hsp) are ubiquitous molecules induced in cells exposed to sublethal heat shock, present in all living cells, and highly conserved during evolution. Their function is to protect cells from environmental stress damage by binding to partially denatured proteins, dissociating protein aggregates, to regulate the correct folding, and to cooperate in transporting newly synthesized polypeptides to the target organelles. The molecular chaperones are involved in numerous diseases, including cancer, revealing changes of expression. In this review, we mainly describe the relationship of hsp expression with human cancer, and discuss what is known about their post-translational modifications according to malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sarto
- University Department of Clinical Pathology, Desio Hospital, Desio-Milan, Italy.
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