1
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Kelly MR, Lant NJ, Berlinguer-Palmini R, Burgess JG. Chemical mapping of xyloglucan distribution and cellulose crystallinity in cotton textiles reveals novel enzymatic targets to improve clothing longevity. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122243. [PMID: 38823912 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Pilling is a form of textile mechanical damage, forming fibrous bobbles on the surface of garments, resulting in premature disposal of clothing by consumers. However, our understanding on how the structural properties of the cellulosic matrix compliment the three-dimensional shape of cotton pills remains limited. This knowledge gap has hindered the development of effective 'pillase' technologies over the past 20 years due to challenges in balancing depilling efficacy with fabric integrity preservation. Therefore, the main focus here was characterising the role of cellulose and the hemicellulose components in cotton textiles to elucidate subtle differences between the chemistry of pills and fibre regions involved in structural integrity. State-of-the-art bioimaging using carbohydrate binding modules, monoclonal antibodies, and Leica SP8 and a Nikon A1R confocal microscopes, revealed the biophysical structure of cotton pills for the first time. Identifying regions of increased crystalline cellulose in the base of anchor fibres and weaker amorphous cellulose at dislocations in their centres, enhancing our understanding of current enzyme specificity. Surprisingly, pills contained a 7-fold increase in the concentration of xyloglucan compared to the main textile. Therefore, xyloglucan offers a previously undescribed target for overcoming this benefit-to-risk paradigm, suggesting a role for xyloglucanase enzymes in future pillase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max R Kelly
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Ridley Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
| | - Neil J Lant
- Procter and Gamble, Newcastle Innovation Centre, Whitley Road, Longbenton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 9TS, United Kingdom.
| | - Rolando Berlinguer-Palmini
- Bioimaging unit, William Leech Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
| | - J Grant Burgess
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Ridley Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
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2
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Arif S, Nait M’Barek H, Oulghazi S, Audenaert K, Hajjaj H. Lignocellulose-degrading fungi newly isolated from central Morocco are potent biocatalysts for olive pomace valorization. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:704. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Ranganathan S, Mahesh S, Suresh S, Nagarajan A, Z Sen T, M Yennamalli R. Experimental and computational studies of cellulases as bioethanol enzymes. Bioengineered 2022; 13:14028-14046. [PMID: 35730402 PMCID: PMC9345620 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2085541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioethanol industries and bioprocesses have many challenges that constantly impede commercialization of the end product. One of the bottlenecks in the bioethanol industry is the challenge of discovering highly efficient catalysts that can improve biomass conversion. The current promising bioethanol conversion catalysts are microorganism-based cellulolytic enzymes, but lack optimization for high bioethanol conversion, due to biological and other factors. A better understanding of molecular underpinnings of cellulolytic enzyme mechanisms and significant ways to improve them can accelerate the bioethanol commercial production process. In order to do this, experimental methods are the primary choice to evaluate and characterize cellulase’s properties, but they are time-consuming and expensive. A time-saving, complementary approach involves computational methods that evaluate the same properties and improves our atomistic-level understanding of enzymatic mechanism of action. Theoretical methods in many cases have proposed research routes for subsequent experimental testing and validation, reducing the overall research cost. Having a plethora of tools to evaluate cellulases and the yield of the enzymatic process will aid in planning more optimized experimental setups. Thus, there is a need to connect the computational evaluation methods with the experimental methods to overcome the bottlenecks in the bioethanol industry. This review discusses various experimental and computational methods and their use in evaluating the multiple properties of cellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrivaishnavi Ranganathan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India
| | - Sankar Mahesh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India
| | - Sruthi Suresh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India
| | - Ayshwarya Nagarajan
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India
| | - Taner Z Sen
- S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Genetics Research UnitU., California, USA
| | - Ragothaman M Yennamalli
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India
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4
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Lian LD, Shi LY, Zhu J, Liu R, Shi L, Ren A, Yu HS, Zhao MW. GlSwi6 Positively Regulates Cellulase and Xylanase Activities through Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling in Ganoderma lucidum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020187. [PMID: 35205940 PMCID: PMC8877461 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a white-rot fungus that produces a range of lignocellulolytic enzymes to decompose lignin and cellulose. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has been implicated in xylanases and cellulases production. As the downstream transcription factor of Slt2-MAPK, the function of Swi6 in G. lucidum has not been fully studied. In this study, the transcription factor GlSwi6 in G. lucidum was characterized and shown to significantly positively regulate cellulases and xylanases production. Knockdown of the GlSwi6 gene decreased the activities of cellulases and xylanases by approximately 31%~38% and 54%~60% compared with those of the wild-type (WT) strain, respectively. Besides, GlSwi6 can be alternatively spliced into two isoforms, GlSwi6A and GlSwi6B, and overexpression of GlSwi6B increased the activities of cellulase and xylanase by approximately 50% and 60%, respectively. Further study indicates that the existence of GlSwi6B significantly increased the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+. Our study indicated that GlSwi6 promotes the activities of cellulase and xylanase by regulating the Ca2+ signaling. These results connected the GlSwi6 and Ca2+ signaling in the regulation of cellulose degradation, and provide an insight for further improvement of cellulase or xylanase activities in G. lucidum as well as other fungi.
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5
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Sukumaran RK, Christopher M, Kooloth-Valappil P, Sreeja-Raju A, Mathew RM, Sankar M, Puthiyamadam A, Adarsh VP, Aswathi A, Rebinro V, Abraham A, Pandey A. Addressing challenges in production of cellulases for biomass hydrolysis: Targeted interventions into the genetics of cellulase producing fungi. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 329:124746. [PMID: 33610429 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic materials are the favoured feedstock for biorefineries due to their abundant availability and non-completion with food. Biobased technologies for refining these materials are limited mainly by the cost of biomass hydrolyzing enzymes, typically sourced from filamentous fungi. Therefore, considerable efforts have been directed at improving the quantity and quality of secreted lignocellulose degrading enzymes from fungi in order to attain overall economic viability. Process improvements and media engineering probably have reached their thresholds and further production enhancements require modifying the fungal metabolism to improve production and secretion of these enzymes. This review focusses on the types and mechanisms of action of known fungal biomass degrading enzymes, our current understanding of the genetic control exerted on their expression, and possible routes for intervention, especially on modulating catabolite repression, transcriptional regulators, signal transduction, secretion pathways etc., in order to improve enzyme productivity, activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
| | - Meera Christopher
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Prajeesh Kooloth-Valappil
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - AthiraRaj Sreeja-Raju
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Reshma M Mathew
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Meena Sankar
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Anoop Puthiyamadam
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Velayudhanpillai-Prasannakumari Adarsh
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Aswathi Aswathi
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Valan Rebinro
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Amith Abraham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
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6
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Sinitsyn AP, Sinitsyna OA. Bioconversion of Renewable Plant Biomass. Second-Generation Biofuels: Raw Materials, Biomass Pretreatment, Enzymes, Processes, and Cost Analysis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:S166-S195. [PMID: 33827407 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921140121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review discusses various aspects of renewable plant biomass conversion and production of the second-generation biofuels, including the types of plant biomass, its composition and reaction ability in the enzymatic hydrolysis, and various pretreatment methods for increasing the biomass reactivity. Conversion of plant biomass into sugars requires the use of a complex of enzymes, the composition of which should be adapted to the biomass type and the pretreatment method. The efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis can be increased by optimizing the composition of the enzymatic complex and by increasing the catalytic activity and operational stability of its constituent enzymes. The availability of active enzyme producers also plays an important role. Examples of practical implementation and scaling of processes for the production of second-generation biofuels are presented together with the cost analysis of bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadij P Sinitsyn
- Bakh Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia. .,Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Olga A Sinitsyna
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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7
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Najjarzadeh N, Matsakas L, Rova U, Christakopoulos P. How Carbon Source and Degree of Oligosaccharide Polymerization Affect Production of Cellulase-Degrading Enzymes by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:652655. [PMID: 33841380 PMCID: PMC8032549 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.652655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulases are a group of enzymes responsible for the degradation of cellulose, which is one of the most abundant polymers on Earth. The three main groups of cellulases are endoglucosidases, exoglucosidases, and β-glucosidases; however, the mechanism of induction of these enzymes remains poorly characterized. Cellooligosaccharides are among the main inducers of these enzymes in filamentous fungi, yet it is not clear how their degree of polymerization may affect the strength of induction. In the present study, we investigated the effect of different carbohydrate-based inducers, such as lactose, sophorose, cellooligosaccharides, and xylooligosacharides, characterized by different concentrations and degree of polymerization, on cellulases production by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, which is one of the most studied lignocellulose degrading fungi with the ability to consume both cellulose and hemicellulose. Moreover, the effect of carbon source on cellulase induction was assessed by growing the biomass on sucrose or glycerol. Results showed a correlation between induction efficiency and the cellooligosaccharides' concentration and size, as well as the carbon source available. Specifically, cellotetraose was a better inducer when sucrose was the carbon source, while cellobiose yielded a better result on glycerol. These findings can help optimize industrial cellulase production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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8
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Kargar F, Mortazavi M, Maleki M, Mahani MT, Ghasemi Y, Savardashtaki A. Isolation, Identification and In Silico Study of Native Cellulase Producing Bacteria. CURR PROTEOMICS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164617666191127142035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aims:
The purpose of this study was to screen the bacteria producing cellulase enzymes and
their bioinformatics studies.
Background:
Cellulose is a long-chain polymer of glucose that hydrolyzes by cellulases to glucose
molecules. In order to design the new biotechnological applications, some strategies have been used as
increasing the efficiency of enzyme production, generating cost-effective enzymes, producing stable
enzymes and identification of new strains.
Objective:
On the other hand, some bacteria special features have made them suitable candidates for the
identification of the new source of enzymes. In this regard, some native strains of bacteria were screened.
Methods:
These bacteria were grown on a culture containing the liquid M9 media containing CMC to
ensure the synthesis of cellulase. The formation of a clear area in the culture medium indicated decomposition
of cellulose. In the following, the DNA of these bacteria were extracted and their 16S rDNA
genes were amplified.
Result:
The results show that nine samples were able to synthesize cellulase. In following, these strains
were identified using 16S rDNA. The results show that these screened bacteria belonged to the Bacillus
sp., Alcaligenes sp., Alcaligenes sp., and Enterobacter sp.
Conclusion:
The enzyme activity analysis shows that the Bacillus toyonensis, Bacillus sp. strain
XA15-411 Bacillus cereus have produced the maximum yield of cellulases. However, these amounts
of enzyme production in these samples are not proportional to their growth rate. As the bacterial
growth chart within 4 consecutive days shows that the Alcaligenes sp. Bacillus cereus, Bacillus
toyonensis, Bacillus sp. strain XA15-411 have a maximum growth rate. The study of the phylogenetic
tree also shows that Bacillus species are more abundant in the production of cellulase enzyme. These
bioinformatics analyses show that the Bacillus species have different evolutionary relationships and
evolved in different evolutionary time. However, for maximum cellulase production by this bacteria,
some information as optimum temperature, optimum pH, carbon and nitrogen sources are needed for
the ideal formulation of media composition. The cellulase production is closely controlled in microorganisms
and the cellulase yields appear to depend on a variety of factors. However, the further studies
are needed for cloning, purification and application of these new microbial cellulases in the different
commercial fields as in food, detergent, and pharmaceutical, paper, textile industries and also various
chemical industries. However, these novel enzymes can be further engineered through rational design
or using random mutagenesis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Kargar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mortazavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahmood Maleki
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoud Torkzadeh Mahani
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Singh S, Kumar K, Nath P, Goyal A. Role of glycine 256 residue in improving the catalytic efficiency of mutant endoglucanase of family 5 glycoside hydrolase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SS35. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2668-2682. [PMID: 32484905 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type, BaGH5-WT and mutant, BaGH5-UV2 (aspartate residue mutated to glycine), endoglucanases belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH5), from wild-type, and UV2 mutant strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SS35, respectively, were earlier cloned in pHTP0 cloning vector. In this study, genes encoding BaGH5-WT or BaGH5-UV2 were cloned into pET28a(+) expression-vector and expressed in Escherichia coli BL-21(DE3)pLysS cells. BaGH5-UV2 showed 10-fold (43.6 U/mg) higher specific activity against carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (CMC-Na), higher optimal temperature by 10°C at 65°C, and 22-fold higher catalytic efficiency against CMC-Na, than BaGH5-WT. BaGH5-UV2 showed stability in wider acidic pH range (5.0-7.0) unlike BaGH5-WT in narrow basic pH range (7.0-7.5). BaGH5-UV2 displayed a mutation, Asp256Gly in L11 loop, connecting β6 -sheet with α6 -helix, near active site toward the domain surface of (α/β)8 -TIM barrel fold. Molecular dynamics simulation studies showed more stable structure, accessibility of substrate for a catalytic site, and increased flexibility of loop L11 of BaGH5-UV2 than the wild type, suggesting enhanced catalysis by BaGH5-UV2. Molecular docking analysis displayed enhanced hydrogen bond interactions of cello-oligosaccharides with BaGH5-UV2, unlike BaGH5-WT. Thus, Gly256 residue of loop L11 plays an important role in enhancing catalytic efficiency, and pH stability of GH5 endoglucanase. Therefore, these results help in protein engineering of GH5 endoglucanase for improved biochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.,DBT PAN-IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Priyanka Nath
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.,DBT PAN-IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Arun Goyal
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.,DBT PAN-IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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10
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Critical effect of proline on thermostability of endoglucanase II from Penicillium verruculosum. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Hamre AG, Kaupang A, Payne CM, Väljamäe P, Sørlie M. Thermodynamic Signatures of Substrate Binding for Three Thermobifida fusca Cellulases with Different Modes of Action. Biochemistry 2019; 58:1648-1659. [PMID: 30785271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic breakdown of recalcitrant polysaccharides is achieved by synergistic enzyme cocktails of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and accessory enzymes. Many GHs are processive, meaning that they stay bound to the substrate between subsequent catalytic interactions. Cellulases are GHs that catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose [β-1,4-linked glucose (Glc)]. Here, we have determined the relative subsite binding affinity for a glucose moiety as well as the thermodynamic signatures for (Glc)6 binding to three of the seven cellulases produced by the bacterium Thermobifida fusca. TfCel48A is exo-processive, TfCel9A endo-processive, and TfCel5A endo-nonprocessive. Initial hydrolysis of (Glc)5 and (Glc)6 was performed in H218O enabling the incorporation of an 18O atom at the new reducing end anomeric carbon. A matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of the products reveals the intensity ratios of otherwise identical 18O- and 16O-containing products to provide insight into how the substrate is placed during productive binding. The two processive cellulases have significant binding affinity in subsites where products dissociate during processive hydrolysis, aligned with a need to have a pushing potential to remove obstacles on the substrate. Moreover, we observed a correlation between processive ability and favorable binding free energy, as previously postulated. Upon ligand binding, the largest contribution to the binding free energy is desolvation for all three cellulases as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. The two endo-active cellulases show a more favorable solvation entropy change compared to the exo-active cellulase, while the two processive cellulases have less favorable changes in binding enthalpy compared to the nonprocessive TfCel5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Grethe Hamre
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås , Norway
| | - Anita Kaupang
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås , Norway
| | - Christina M Payne
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Kentucky , 177 F. Paul Anderson Tower , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Priit Väljamäe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of Tartu , 50090 Tartu , Estonia
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås , Norway
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12
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Leis B, Held C, Andreeßen B, Liebl W, Graubner S, Schulte LP, Schwarz WH, Zverlov VV. Optimizing the composition of a synthetic cellulosome complex for the hydrolysis of softwood pulp: identification of the enzymatic core functions and biochemical complex characterization. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:220. [PMID: 30116297 PMCID: PMC6083626 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1220-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of efficient cellulase blends is a key factor for cost-effectively valorizing biomass in a new bio-economy. Today, the enzymatic hydrolysis of plant-derived polysaccharides is mainly accomplished with fungal cellulases, whereas potentially equally effective cellulose-degrading systems from bacteria have not been developed. Particularly, a thermostable multi-enzyme cellulase complex, the cellulosome from the anaerobic cellulolytic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum is promising of being applied as cellulolytic nano-machinery for the production of fermentable sugars from cellulosic biomass. RESULTS In this study, 60 cellulosomal components were recombinantly produced in E. coli and systematically permuted in synthetic complexes to study the function-activity relationship of all available enzymes on Kraft pulp from pine wood as the substrate. Starting from a basic exo/endoglucanase complex, we were able to identify additional functional classes such as mannanase and xylanase for optimal activity on the substrate. Based on these results, we predicted a synthetic cellulosome complex consisting of seven single components (including the scaffoldin protein and a β-glucosidase) and characterized it biochemically. We obtained a highly thermostable complex with optimal activity around 60-65 °C and an optimal pH in agreement with the optimum of the native cellulosome (pH 5.8). Remarkably, a fully synthetic complex containing 47 single cellulosomal components showed comparable activity with a commercially available fungal enzyme cocktail on the softwood pulp substrate. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that synthetic bacterial multi-enzyme complexes based on the cellulosome of C. thermocellum can be applied as a versatile platform for the quick adaptation and efficient degradation of a substrate of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Leis
- Department of Microbiology, Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Present Address: Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Winchester Str. 2, 35394 Gießen, Germany
| | - Claudia Held
- Department of Microbiology, Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Björn Andreeßen
- Department of Microbiology, Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Liebl
- Department of Microbiology, Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sigrid Graubner
- Department of Microbiology, Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Louis-Philipp Schulte
- Department of Microbiology, Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Schwarz
- Department of Microbiology, Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Vladimir V. Zverlov
- Department of Microbiology, Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow, 123182 Russia
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13
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Karnaouri A, Topakas E, Matsakas L, Rova U, Christakopoulos P. Fine-Tuned Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Organosolv Pretreated Forest Materials for the Efficient Production of Cellobiose. Front Chem 2018; 6:128. [PMID: 29725590 PMCID: PMC5917092 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs) are likely prebiotic candidates that have been related to the prevention of intestinal infections and other disorders for both humans and animals. Lignocellulosic biomass is the largest carbon source in the biosphere, therefore cello-oligosacharides (COS), especially cellobiose, are potentially the most widely available choice of NDOs. Production of COS and cellobiose with enzymes offers numerous benefits over acid-catalyzed processes, as it is milder, environmentally friendly and produces fewer by-products. Cellobiohydrolases (CBHs) and a class of endoglucanases (EGs), namely processive EGs, are key enzymes for the production of COS, as they have higher preference toward glycosidic bonds near the end of cellulose chains and are able to release soluble products. In this work, we describe the heterologous expression and characterization of two CBHs from the filamentous fungus Thermothelomyces thermophila, as well as their synergism with proccessive EGs for cellobiose release from organosolv pretreated spruce and birch. The properties, inhibition kinetics and substrate specific activities for each enzyme are described in detail. The results show that a combination of EGs belonging to Glycosyl hydrolase families 5, 6, and 9, with a CBHI and CBHII in appropriate proportions, can enhance the production of COS from forest materials, underpinning the potential of these biocatalysts in the production of NDOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Karnaouri
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.,Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Synthesis and Development of Industrial Processes, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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14
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Kadowaki MAS, Higasi P, de Godoy MO, Prade RA, Polikarpov I. Biochemical and structural insights into a thermostable cellobiohydrolase from Myceliophthora thermophila. FEBS J 2018; 285:559-579. [PMID: 29222836 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellobiohydrolases hydrolyze cellulose, a linear polymer with glucose monomers linked exclusively by β-1,4 glycosidic linkages. The widespread hydrogen bonding network tethers individual cellulose polymers forming crystalline cellulose, which prevent the access of hydrolytic enzymes and water molecules. The most abundant enzyme secreted by Myceliophthora thermophila M77 in response to the presence of biomass is the cellobiohydrolase MtCel7A, which is composed by a GH7-catalytic domain (CD), a linker, and a CBM1-type carbohydrate-binding module. GH7 cellobiohydrolases have been studied before, and structural models have been proposed. However, currently available GH7 crystal structures only define separate catalytic domains and/or cellulose-binding modules and do not include the full-length structures that are involved in shaping the catalytic mode of operation. In this study, we determined the 3D structure of catalytic domain using X-ray crystallography and retrieved the full-length enzyme envelope via small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique. The SAXS data reveal a tadpole-like molecular shape with a rigid linker connecting the CD and CBM. Our biochemical studies show that MtCel7A has higher catalytic efficiency and thermostability as well as lower processivity when compared to the well-studied TrCel7A from Trichoderma reesei. Based on a comparison of the crystallographic structures of CDs and their molecular dynamic simulations, we demonstrate that MtCel7A has considerably higher flexibility than TrCel7A. In particular, loops that cover the active site are more flexible and undergo higher conformational fluctuations, which might account for decreased processivity and enhanced enzymatic efficiency. Our statistical coupling analysis suggests co-evolution of amino acid clusters comprising the catalytic site of MtCel7A, which correlate with the steps in the catalytic cycle of the enzyme. DATABASE The atomic coordinates and structural factors of MtCel7A have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank with accession number 5W11.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Higasi
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rolf A Prade
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Tiwari R, Nain L, Labrou NE, Shukla P. Bioprospecting of functional cellulases from metagenome for second generation biofuel production: a review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 44:244-257. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1337713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rameshwar Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Lata Nain
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikolaos E. Labrou
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
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16
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Obeng EM, Adam SNN, Budiman C, Ongkudon CM, Maas R, Jose J. Lignocellulases: a review of emerging and developing enzymes, systems, and practices. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-017-0146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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17
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Willis JD, Grant JN, Mazarei M, Kline LM, Rempe CS, Collins AG, Turner GB, Decker SR, Sykes RW, Davis MF, Labbe N, Jurat-Fuentes JL, Stewart CN. The TcEG1 beetle ( Tribolium castaneum) cellulase produced in transgenic switchgrass is active at alkaline pH and auto-hydrolyzes biomass for increased cellobiose release. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:230. [PMID: 29213306 PMCID: PMC5707894 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0918-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically engineered biofuel crops, such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), that produce their own cell wall-digesting cellulase enzymes would reduce costs of cellulosic biofuel production. To date, non-bioenergy plant models have been used in nearly all studies assessing the synthesis and activity of plant-produced fungal and bacterial cellulases. One potential source for cellulolytic enzyme genes is herbivorous insects adapted to digest plant cell walls. Here we examine the potential of transgenic switchgrass-produced TcEG1 cellulase from Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle). This enzyme, when overproduced in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, efficiently digests cellulose at optima of 50 °C and pH 12.0. RESULTS TcEG1 that was produced in green transgenic switchgrass tissue had a range of endoglucanase activity of 0.16-0.05 units (µM glucose release/min/mg) at 50 °C and pH 12.0. TcEG1 activity from air-dried leaves was unchanged from that from green tissue, but when tissue was dried in a desiccant oven (46 °C), specific enzyme activity decreased by 60%. When transgenic biomass was "dropped-in" into an alkaline buffer (pH 12.0) and allowed to incubate at 50 °C, cellobiose release was increased up to 77% over non-transgenic biomass. Saccharification was increased in one transgenic event by 28%, which had a concurrent decrease in lignin content of 9%. Histological analysis revealed an increase in cell wall thickness with no change to cell area or perimeter. Transgenic plants produced more, albeit narrower, tillers with equivalent dry biomass as the control. CONCLUSIONS This work describes the first study in which an insect cellulase has been produced in transgenic plants; in this case, the dedicated bioenergy crop switchgrass. Switchgrass overexpressing the TcEG1 gene appeared to be morphologically similar to its non-transgenic control and produced equivalent dry biomass. Therefore, we propose TcEG1 transgenics could be bred with other transgenic germplasm (e.g., low-lignin lines) to yield new switchgrass with synergistically reduced recalcitrance to biofuel production. In addition, transgenes for other cell wall degrading enzymes may be stacked with TcEG1 in switchgrass to yield complementary cell wall digestion features and complete auto-hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Willis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Joshua N. Grant
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Mitra Mazarei
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Lindsey M. Kline
- Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Caroline S. Rempe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - A. Grace Collins
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Geoffrey B. Turner
- The National Research Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Stephen R. Decker
- The National Research Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Robert W. Sykes
- The National Research Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Mark F. Davis
- The National Research Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Nicole Labbe
- Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Juan L. Jurat-Fuentes
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - C. Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
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18
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Boudabbous M, Ben Hmad I, Saibi W, Mssawra M, Belghith H, Gargouri A. Trans-glycosylation capacity of a highly glycosylated multi-specific β-glucosidase from Fusarium solani. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 40:559-571. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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19
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Mallek-Fakhfakh H, Fakhfakh J, Masmoudi N, Rezgui F, Gargouri A, Belghith H. Agricultural wastes as substrates for β-glucosidase production by Talaromyces thermophilus: Role of these enzymes in enhancing waste paper saccharification. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 47:414-423. [PMID: 27824279 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2016.1252928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated a potent extracellular β-glucosidases secreted by the thermophilic fungal strain AX4 of Talaromyces thermophilus, isolated from Tunisian soil samples. This strain was selected referring to the highest thermostability of its β-glucosidases compared to the other fungal isolates. The β-glucosidase production was investigated by submerged fermentation. The optimal temperature and initial pH for maximum β-glucosidase production were 50°C and 7.0, respectively. Several carbon sources were assayed for their effects on β-glucosidase production, significant yields were obtained in media containing lactose 1% (3.0 ± 0.36 U/ml) and wheat bran 2% (4.0 ± 0.4 U/ml). The combination of wheat bran at 2% and lactose at 0.8% as carbon source enhanced β-glucosidase production, which reached 8.5 ± 0.28 U/ml. Furthermore, the β-glucosidase-rich enzymatic juice of T. thermophilus exhibited significant synergism with Trichoderma reesei (Rut C30) cellulases for pretreated waste paper (PWP) hydrolysis. Interestingly, the use of this optimal enzymatic cocktail increased 4.23 fold the glucose yield after saccharification of waste paper. A maximum sugar yield (94%) was reached when using low substrate (2%) and enzyme loading (EC1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanen Mallek-Fakhfakh
- a Laboratory of Eukaryotes Molecular Biotechnology, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax , University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Jawhar Fakhfakh
- b Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax , University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Najla Masmoudi
- a Laboratory of Eukaryotes Molecular Biotechnology, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax , University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Fatma Rezgui
- a Laboratory of Eukaryotes Molecular Biotechnology, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax , University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Ali Gargouri
- a Laboratory of Eukaryotes Molecular Biotechnology, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax , University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Hafedh Belghith
- a Laboratory of Eukaryotes Molecular Biotechnology, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax , University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
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20
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Mayes HB, Knott BC, Crowley MF, Broadbelt LJ, Ståhlberg J, Beckham GT. Who's on base? Revealing the catalytic mechanism of inverting family 6 glycoside hydrolases. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5955-5968. [PMID: 30155195 PMCID: PMC6091422 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00571c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In several important classes of inverting carbohydrate-active enzymes, the identity of the catalytic base remains elusive, including in family 6 Glycoside Hydrolase (GH6) enzymes, which are key components of cellulase cocktails for cellulose depolymerization. Despite many structural and kinetic studies with both wild-type and mutant enzymes, especially on the Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina) GH6 cellulase (TrCel6A), the catalytic base in the single displacement inverting mechanism has not been definitively identified in the GH6 family. Here, we employ transition path sampling to gain insight into the catalytic mechanism, which provides unbiased atomic-level understanding of key order parameters involved in cleaving the strong glycosidic bond. Our hybrid quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations reveal a network of hydrogen bonding that aligns two active site water molecules that play key roles in hydrolysis: one water molecule drives the reaction by nucleophilic attack on the substrate and a second shuttles a proton to the putative base (D175) via a short water wire. We also investigated the case where the putative base is mutated to an alanine, an enzyme that is experimentally still partially active. The simulations predict that proton hopping along a water wire via a Grotthuss mechanism provides a mechanism of catalytic rescue. Further simulations reveal that substrate processive motion is 'driven' by strong electrostatic interactions with the protein at the product sites and that the -1 sugar adopts a 2SO ring configuration as it reaches its binding site. This work thus elucidates previously elusive steps in the processive catalytic mechanism of this important class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather B Mayes
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
- National Bioenergy Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , CO 80401 , USA .
| | - Brandon C Knott
- National Bioenergy Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , CO 80401 , USA .
| | - Michael F Crowley
- Biosciences Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , CO 80401 , USA
| | - Linda J Broadbelt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
| | - Jerry Ståhlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , SE-75007 , Uppsala , Sweden .
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- National Bioenergy Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , CO 80401 , USA .
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21
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Woon JSK, Mackeen MM, Mahadi NM, Illias RM, Abdul Murad AM, Abu Bakar FD. Expression and characterization of a cellobiohydrolase (CBH7B) from the thermophilic fungusThielavia terrestrisinPichia pastoris. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:690-698. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Sy-Keen Woon
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mukram Mohamed Mackeen
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Selangor Malaysia
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS); Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nor Muhammad Mahadi
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS); Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Selangor Malaysia
- Malaysia Genome Institute; Jalan Bangi Lama; Selangor Malaysia
| | - Rosli Md Illias
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Abdul Munir Abdul Murad
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Selangor Malaysia
| | - Farah Diba Abu Bakar
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Selangor Malaysia
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22
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Panneerselvam M, Muthu K, Ramadas K. Structural insights into tumor-specific chaperoning activity of gamma synuclein in protecting estrogen receptor alpha 36 and its role in tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:2998-3010. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00272a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates structural aspects underlying the chaperoning activity of an intrinsically disordered protein, gamma synuclein, in promoting estrogen mediated breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kannan Muthu
- Centre for Bioinformatics
- School of Life sciences
- Pondicherry University
- Kalapet
- India
| | - Krishna Ramadas
- Centre for Bioinformatics
- School of Life sciences
- Pondicherry University
- Kalapet
- India
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23
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Hood NC, Hood KR, Woodard SL, Devaiah SP, Jeoh T, Wilken L, Nikolov Z, Egelkrout E, Howard JA, Hood EE. Purification and characterization of recombinant Cel7A from maize seed. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:2864-74. [PMID: 25248991 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The corn grain biofactory was used to produce Cel7A, an exo-cellulase (cellobiohydrolase I) from Hypocrea jecorina. The enzymatic activity on small molecule substrates was equivalent to its fungal counterpart. The corn grain-derived enzyme is glycosylated and 6 kDa smaller than the native fungal protein, likely due to more sugars added in the glycosylation of the fungal enzyme. Our data suggest that corn seed-derived cellobiohydrolase (CBH) I performs as well as or better than its fungal counterpart in releasing sugars from complex substrates such as pre-treated corn stover or wood. This recombinant protein product can enter and expand current reagent enzyme markets as well as create new markets in textile or pulp processing. The purified protein is now available commercially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Hood
- Infinite Enzymes, LLC, PO Box 2654, State University, AR, 72467, USA
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24
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Tang B, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Song Z, Li X. Expression and functional analysis of a glycoside hydrolase family 45 endoglucanase from Rhizopus stolonifer. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:2943-52. [PMID: 25164957 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel endoglucanase gene was cloned from Rhizopus stolonifer and expressed in Escherichia coli, the gene product EG II (45 kDa) was assigned to Glycoside Hydrolase Family 45 (GH45), and its specific activity on phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose (PASC) was 48 IU/mg. To solve the problem of substrate accumulation in the cellulose hydrolysis and enhance the catalytic efficiency of endoglucanase, the eg2 gene was modified by site directed mutagenesis. Mutations generated by overlapping PCR have been proven to increase its catalytic activity on carboxymenthyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) and PASC, among which the mutant EG II-E containing all 6 mutations (N39S, V136D, T251G, D255G, P256S and E260D) peaked 121 IU/mg on PASC. The bioinformatic analysis showed that 2 key catalytic residues (D136 and D260) moved closer with the opening of a loop after mutagenesis, and a tunnel was formed by structural transformation. This structure was conducive for the substrate to access the active centre, and D136 played an indispensable role in the substrate recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China,
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25
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26
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Bornscheuer U, Buchholz K, Seibel J. Enzymatic degradation of (ligno)cellulose. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10876-93. [PMID: 25136976 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glycoside-degrading enzymes play a dominant role in the biochemical conversion of cellulosic biomass into low-price biofuels and high-value-added chemicals. New insight into protein functions and substrate structures, the kinetics of recognition, and degradation events has resulted in a substantial improvement of our understanding of cellulose degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Bornscheuer
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse, Institut für Biochemie, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487 Greifswald (Germany)
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27
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Kazemi A, Rasoul-Amini S, Shahbazi M, Safari A, Ghasemi Y. Isolation, identification, and media optimization of high-level cellulase production by Bacillus sp. BCCS A3, in a fermentation system using response surface methodology. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 44:107-18. [PMID: 24152098 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2013.792276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellulases are important glycosyl hydrolase enzymes, which break down cellulose to β-glucose. They have been used widely in biotechnological processing such as bioethanol production. In this work we studied maximizing cellulase production by Bacillus sp. BCCS A3 using response surface methodology (RSM). A good result was attained with these conditions (% w/v): tryptone 0.1, Na₂PO₄ 0.25, (NH₄)₂SO₄ 0.2, MgSO₄ · 7H₂O 0.005, CaCl₂ 0.005, KH₂PO₄ 0.1, NaCl 0.1, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 0.75, and pH 9. The cellulase activity in optimized medium was 49.80 U/ml. Moreover, high level of enzyme production was obtained by using fermentor system (50.30 U/ml). Thus, according to the obtained results, this statistical method provided quick identification and integration of key medium details for Bacillus sp. BCCS A3, leading to more cellulase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboozar Kazemi
- a Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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28
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Kellermann SJ, Rentmeister A. Current Developments in Cellulase Engineering. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.201300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Abstract
The lack of high-throughput approaches for expression and screening of large enzyme libraries remains a major bottleneck for current enzyme engineering efforts. To address this need, we have developed a high-throughput, fluorescence-based approach for rapid one-pot, microscale expression, and screening of industrial enzymes. In this chapter, we present the protocol for integration of cell-free protein expression with activity screening of enzymes in two formats: (1) a 96-well plate format and (2) a microscale-array format. Our one-pot method is ideally suited for rapid, first pass screening of enzymes and can also be used to perform detailed mechanistic analysis such as measurement of kinetics, determination of optimum temperature, and to study enzyme inhibition.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Gora
- Loschmidt Laboratories,
Department
of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in
the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brezovsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories,
Department
of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in
the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories,
Department
of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in
the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Centre for Clinical
Research, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
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Wang M, He D, Liang Y, Liu K, Jiang B, Wang F, Hou S, Fang X. Factors involved in the response to change of agitation rate during cellulase production from Penicillium decumbens JUA10-1. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 40:1077-82. [PMID: 23817671 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Improvement of agitation is a commonly used approach for the optimization of fermentation processes. In this report, the response to improving agitation rate from 150 to 250 rpm on cellulase production from Penicillium decumbens JUA10-1 was investigated. It was shown that the production of all the major components of the cellulase mixture increased following improved agitation. Further investigations showed that at least three factors are involved in this improvement: the improved biomass accumulation, proportion of active/mature cellulases, and cellulase transcription level. The transcription levels of the cellulase repressing transcription factor ace1 and the cellulase activating transcription factor xlnR, however, both declined when a higher agitation was applied. These observations, along with our analysis of the carbon catabolite repressor CreA, lead to the suggestion that the molecular mechanism underlying improved cellulase transcription is the competition of two concurrent effects following improved agitation: CreA-mediated derepression induced by the downregulation of ace1, and CreA-mediated deactivation induced by the downregulation of xlnR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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Cui L, Zhang Z, Sun E, Jia X, Qian Q. Effect of β-cyclodextrin complexation on solubility and enzymatic hydrolysis rate of icariin. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2013; 4:201-6. [PMID: 23633863 PMCID: PMC3633278 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.107291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of β-cyclodextrin complexation on the solubility and hydrolysis rate of icariin. Material and Methods: The inclusion complex of icariin at the molar ratio of 1:1 was obtained by the dropping method and was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. The solubility of icariin complex in water at 37°C was 36 times greater than that of free icariin. Enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were tested for the bioconversion of icariin by mono-factor experimental design. Methods: The inclusion complex of icariin at the molar ratio of 1:1 was obtained by the dropping method and was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. The solubility of icariin complex in water at 37°C was 36 times greater than that of free icariin. Enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were tested for the bioconversion of icariin by mono-factor experimental design. Results: The enzymatic hydrolysis experiment showed that icariin can be transformed into baohuoside I. The optimum conditions determined were as follows: pH 5.0, 50°C, the ratio of cellulase/substrate (0.6), the concentration of icariin 20 mg/ml, and reaction time 12 h. Under these enzymatic conditions, 98.2% transforming rate of baohuoside I from icariin in inclusion complexes was obtained. Conclusion The aqueous solubility and enzymatic hydrolysis rate of icariin were improved owing to the inclusion complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cui
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, China
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Yan P, Su L, Chen J, Wu J. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of an endo-β-1,4-glucanase fromThermobifida fusca. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2013; 60:348-55. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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C-terminal flanking peptide stabilized the catalytic domain of a recombinant Bacillus subtilis endo-β-1, 4-glucanase. Protein J 2013; 32:246-52. [PMID: 23543074 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-013-9483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Three proteins, Egl330, Egl326 and Egl325, which covered the catalytic domain of a Bacillus subtilis endo-β-l, 4-glucanase were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Egl325 was a mutant of Egl330 with the peptide sequence Arg-Glu-Asn-Ile-Arg deleted in the C-terminus and Egl326 was another mutant of Egl330 with the peptide sequence Glu-Asn-Ile-Arg deleted in the C-terminus. These three proteins displayed same optimal reaction pH and temperature. However, the thermal stability and pH stability of Egl326 and Egl325 were diminished compared to Egl330. Results of ultra violet scanning, circular dichroism and Trp fluorescence spectrometry showed that the absence of the short peptide at the C-terminus of Egl330 resulted in the destabilization of the catalytic domain through affecting the folding of the protein.
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Liu G, Qin Y, Li Z, Qu Y. Development of highly efficient, low-cost lignocellulolytic enzyme systems in the post-genomic era. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:962-75. [PMID: 23507038 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current high cost of lignocellulolytic enzymes is a major bottleneck in the economic bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals. Fungal lignocellulolytic enzyme systems are secreted at high levels, making them the most promising starting points for further development of highly efficient lignocellulolytic enzyme systems. In this paper, recent advances in improvement of fungal lignocellulolytic enzyme systems are reviewed, with an emphasis on the achievements made using genomic approaches. A general strategy for lignocellulolytic enzyme system development is proposed, including the improvement of the hydrolysis efficiencies and productivities of current enzyme systems. The applications of genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic analysis methods in examining the composition of native enzyme systems, discovery of novel enzymes and synergistic proteins from natural sources, and understanding of regulatory mechanisms for lignocellulolytic enzyme biosynthesis are summarized. By combining systems biology and synthetic biology tools, engineered fungal strains are expected to produce high levels of optimized lignocellulolytic enzyme systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Zhao XH, Wang W, Wei DZ. Identification of Petriella setifera LH and characterization of its crude carboxymethyl cellulase for application in denim biostoning. J Microbiol 2013; 51:82-7. [PMID: 23456715 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-2370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The phylogenetic tree of the partial elongation factor-1 alpha gene fits better than the partial 18S rDNA for generic classification. From the results of the molecular tree and analysis of morphological characters, Petriella setifera LH was identified. It can be induced to produce carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase). The crude CMCase only shows a 44.1-kDa band by activity staining after SDS-PAGE. It is optimally active at 55°C and pH 6.0, and is stable from pH 5.0-8.0 and at 45°C or below. The crude CMCase, which is not affected by Co(2+), is strongly activated in the presence of 10 mM Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), EDTA, and Mn(2+). It is strongly inhibited by 10 mM Fe(2+), Pb(2+), Al(3+), Zn(2+), Ag(+), Fe(3+), and Cu(2+). When compared with denim treatment by Novoprime A800 (a commercial neutral cellulase), crude CMCase exhibits a similar fabric weight loss and indigo dye removal. These results indicate that crude CMCase has potential application in denim biostoning.
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MESH Headings
- Ascomycota/classification
- Ascomycota/cytology
- Ascomycota/enzymology
- Ascomycota/isolation & purification
- Biotechnology/methods
- Cellulase/chemistry
- Cellulase/isolation & purification
- Cellulase/metabolism
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Enzyme Activators/analysis
- Enzyme Stability
- Genes, rRNA
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Indigo Carmine
- Indoles/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Peptide Elongation Factor 1/genetics
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Fungal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Temperature
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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Optimization of cellulase production using Trichoderma reesei by RSM and comparison with genetic algorithm. Front Chem Sci Eng 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-012-1225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Redefining XynA from Penicillium funiculosum IMI 378536 as a GH7 cellobiohydrolase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:1569-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The secretome of Penicillium funiculosum contains two family GH7 enzymes, one of which (designated XynA) has been described as a xylanase. This is unusual because it is the only xylanase in family GH7, which is mainly composed of cellobiohydrolases and endoglucanases, and also because XynA is highly similar to the cellobiohydrolase I from Talaromyces emersonii and Trichoderma reesei (72 and 65 % identity, respectively). To probe this enigma, we investigated the biochemical properties of XynA, notably its activity on xylans and β-d-glucans. A highly pure sample of XynA was obtained and used to perform hydrolysis tests on polysaccharides. These revealed that XynA is 100-fold more active on β-1,4-glucan than on xylan. Likewise, XynA was active on both 4-nitrophenyl-β-d-lactopyranoside (pNP-β-d-Lac) and 4-nitrophenyl-β-d-cellobioside (pNP-cellobiose), which shows that XynA is principally an exo-acting type 1 cellobiohydrolase enzyme that displays 5.2-fold higher performance on pNP-cellobiose than on pNP-β-d-Lac. Finally, analyses performed using cellodextrins as substrate revealed that XynA mainly produced cellobiose (C2) from substrates containing three or more glucosyl subunits, and that C2 inhibits XynA at high concentrations (IC50 C2 = 17.7 μM). Overall, this study revealed that XynA displays typical cellobiohydrolase 1 activity and confirms that the description of this enzyme in public databases should be definitively amended. Moreover, the data provided here complete the information provided by a previous proteomics investigation and reveal that P. funiculosum secretes a complete set of cellulose-degrading enzymes.
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40
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A simple and fast method for the determination of endo- and exo-cellulase activity in cellulase preparations using filter paper. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 51:280-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Gupta V, Prasanna R, Chaudhary V, Nain L. Biochemical, structural and functional characterization of two novel antifungal endoglucanases from Anabaena laxa. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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42
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Bayram Akcapinar G, Gul O, Sezerman UO. From in silico to in vitro: Modelling and production of Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase 1 and its mutant in Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2012; 159:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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43
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Tamura M, Miyazaki T, Tanaka Y, Yoshida M, Nishikawa A, Tonozuka T. Comparison of the structural changes in two cellobiohydrolases, CcCel6A and CcCel6C, from Coprinopsis cinerea--a tweezer-like motion in the structure of CcCel6C. FEBS J 2012; 279:1871-82. [PMID: 22429290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea produces five cellobiohydrolases belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 6 (GH6). Among these enzymes, C. cinerea cellulase 6C (CcCel6C), but not C. cinerea cellulase 6A (CcCel6A), can efficiently hydrolyze carboxymethyl cellulose and is constitutively expressed in C. cinerea. In contrast, CcCel6A possesses a cellulose-binding domain, and is strongly induced by cellobiose. Here, we determined the crystal structures of the CcCel6A catalytic domain complexed with a Hepes buffer molecule, with cellobiose, and with p-nitrophenyl β-D-cellotrioside (pNPG3). A notable feature of the GH6 cellobiohydrolases is that the active site is enclosed by two loops to form a tunnel, and the loops have been demonstrated to open and close in response to ligand binding. The enclosed tunnel of CcCel6A-Hepes is seen as the open form, whereas the tunnels of CcCel6A-cellobiose and CcCel6A-pNPG3 adopt the closed form. pNPG3 was not hydrolyzed by CcCel6A, and bound in subsites +1 to +4. On the basis of this observation, we constructed two mutants, CcCel6A D164A and CcCel6C D102A. Neither CcCel6A D164A nor CcCel6C D102A hydrolyze phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose. We have previously determined the crystal structures of CcCel6C unbound and in complex with ligand, both of which adopt the open form. In the present study, both CcCel6A and CcCel6C mutants were identified as the closed form. However, the motion angle of CcCel6C was more than 10-fold greater than that of CcCel6A. The width of the active site cleft of CcCel6C was narrowed, owing to a tweezer-like motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Tamura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Caparrós C, Lant N, Smets J, Cavaco-Paulo A. Effects of adsorption properties and mechanical agitation of two detergent cellulases towards cotton cellulose. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2012.666840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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45
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Cheng YS, Ko TP, Huang JW, Wu TH, Lin CY, Luo W, Li Q, Ma Y, Huang CH, Wang AHJ, Liu JR, Guo RT. Enhanced activity of Thermotoga maritima cellulase 12A by mutating a unique surface loop. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 95:661-9. [PMID: 22170108 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3791-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cellulase 12A from Thermotoga maritima (TmCel12A) is a hyperthermostable β-1,4-endoglucanase. We recently determined the crystal structures of TmCel12A and its complexes with oligosaccharides. Here, by using site-directed mutagenesis, the role played by Arg60 and Tyr61 in a unique surface loop of TmCel12A was investigated. The results are consistent with the previously observed hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions between these two residues and the substrate. Interestingly, the mutant Y61G had the highest activity when compared with the wild-type enzyme and the other mutants. It also shows a wider range of working temperatures than does the wild type, along with retention of the hyperthermostability. The k (cat) and K (m) values of Y61G are both higher than those of the wild type. In conjunction with the crystal structure of Y61G-substrate complex, the kinetic data suggest that the higher endoglucanase activity is probably due to facile dissociation of the cleaved sugar moiety at the reducing end. Additional crystallographic analyses indicate that the insertion and deletion mutations at the Tyr61 site did not affect the overall protein structure, but local perturbations might diminish the substrate-binding strength. It is likely that the catalytic efficiency of TmCel12A is a subtle balance between substrate binding and product release. The activity enhancement by the single mutation of Y61G provides a good example of engineered enzyme for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Shan Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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46
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Johnson R, Padmaja G. Utilization of Cassava Fibrous Residue for the Production of Glucose and High Fructose Syrup. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2011. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2011.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Regy Johnson
- Division of Crop Utilization, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 017, Kerala, India
| | - Gaurikutty Padmaja
- Division of Crop Utilization, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 017, Kerala, India
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47
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Caparrós C, López C, Torrell M, Lant N, Smets J, Cavaco-Paulo A. Treatment of cotton with an alkaline Bacillus spp cellulase: Activity towards crystalline cellulose. Biotechnol J 2011; 7:275-83. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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48
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Zhang D, Lax AR, Bland JM, Allen AB. Characterization of a new endogenous endo-β-1,4-glucanase of Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 41:211-218. [PMID: 21195179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The present work characterized a new endogenous cellulase (endo-β-1,4-glucanase) gene, CfEG5, uncovered in the transcriptome of Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus). The full-length gene was cloned and sequenced. It is similar to the CfEG3a described earlier (Zhang et al., 2009) but not likely an allelic variant. GenomeWalker™ DNA walking analysis indicated that there may be one copy of CfEG5 and two copies of CfEG3a in the termite genome. As with CfEG3a, the transcript of CfEG5 was detected predominantly in the salivary gland based on quantitative RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of translated amino acid sequence showed that the CfEG5 is more related to CaEG, derived from an Australian subterranean termite (Coptotermes acinaciformis), than CfEG3a and other cellulases from Coptotermes formosanus, Reticulitermes speratus, or Reticulitermes flavipes. Recombinant CfEG5, produced in Escherichia coli, was active against filter-paper cellulose, resulting in mostly cellobiose and cellotriose, similar to the enzymatic and biochemical properties of CfEG3a. These findings would lead to further investigation of both the evolutionary origin of eukaryotic cellulase genes and the evolutionary relationship of termite species. The cellulose-degrading enzyme is applicable for bioconversion of wood to simple sugars and production of biofuels. The recombinant cellulase should also be useful for designing and screening of inhibitors for the development of target-specific and environment-friendly bio-termicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunhua Zhang
- Formosan Subterranean Termite Research Unit, Southern Regional Research Center, ARS, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
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49
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Vieira MF, Vieira AMS, Zanin GM, Tardioli PW, Mateo C, Guisán JM. β-Glucosidase immobilized and stabilized on agarose matrix functionalized with distinct reactive groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Adsul MG, Singhvi MS, Gaikaiwari SA, Gokhale DV. Development of biocatalysts for production of commodity chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:4304-12. [PMID: 21277771 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is recognized as potential sustainable source for production of power, biofuels and variety of commodity chemicals which would potentially add economic value to biomass. Recalcitrance nature of biomass is largely responsible for the high cost of its conversion. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce some cost effective pretreatment processes to make the biomass polysaccharides easily amenable to enzymatic attack to release mixed fermentable sugars. Advancement in systemic biology can provide new tools for the development of such biocatalysts for sustainable production of commodity chemicals from biomass. Integration of functional genomics and system biology approaches may generate efficient microbial systems with new metabolic routes for production of commodity chemicals. This paper provides an overview of the challenges that are faced by the processes converting lignocellulosic biomass to commodity chemicals. The critical factors involved in engineering new microbial biocatalysts are also discussed with more emphasis on commodity chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Adsul
- NCIM Resource Center, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
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