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Liu Y, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Li H, Geng Z, Ao H, Zhou R, Li K. NRDR inhibits estradiol synthesis and is associated with changes in reproductive traits in pigs. Mol Reprod Dev 2018; 86:63-74. [PMID: 30372551 PMCID: PMC6587779 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cumulus cells secreting steroid hormones have important functions in oocyte development. Several members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family are critical to the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. NADPH-dependent retinol dehydrogenase/reductase ( NRDR), a member of the SDR superfamily, is overexpressed in pig breeds that also show high levels of androstenone. However, the potential functions and regulatory mechanisms of NRDR in pig ovaries have not been reported to date. The present study demonstrated that NRDR is highly expressed in pig ovaries and is specifically located in cumulus granulosa cells. Functional studies showed that NRDR inhibition increased estradiol synthesis. Both pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin downregulated the expression of NRDR in pig cumulus granulosa cells. When the relationship between reproductive traits and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the NRDR gene was examined, we found that two SNPs affected reproductive traits. SNP rs701332503 was significantly associated with a decrease in the total number of piglets born during multiparity, and rs326982309 was significantly associated with an increase in the average birth weight during primiparity. Thus, NRDR has an important role in steroid hormone biosynthesis in cumulus granulosa cells, and NRDR SNPs are associated with changes in porcine reproduction traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yalan Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Wentong Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhao Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoyu Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hong Ao
- The State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kui Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li Y, Wang L, Ai W, He N, Zhang L, Du J, Wang Y, Mao X, Ren J, Xu D, Zhou B, Li R, Mai L. Regulation of retinoic acid synthetic enzymes by WT1 and HDAC inhibitors in 293 cells. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:661-672. [PMID: 28677722 PMCID: PMC5547963 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (atRA), which is mainly generated endogenously via two steps of oxidation from vitamin A (retinol), plays an indispensible role in the development of the kidney and many other organs. Enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of retinol to generate atRA, including aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family (ALDH1)A1, ALDH1A2 and ALDH1A3, exhibit complex expression patterns at different stages of renal development. However, molecular triggers that control these differential expression levels are poorly understood. In this study, we provide in vitro evidence to demonstrate that Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) negatively regulates the expression of the atRA synthetic enzymes, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2 and ALDH1A3, in the 293 cell line, leading to significant blockage of atRA production. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the suppression of ALDH1A1 by WT1 can be markedly attenuated by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis). Taken together, we provide evidence to indicate that WT1 and HDACs are strong regulators of endogenous retinoic acid synthetic enzymes in 293 cells, indicating that they may be involved in the regulation of atRA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Weipeng Ai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Nianhui He
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jihui Du
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Xingjian Mao
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Junqi Ren
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Bei Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Rong Li
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Liwen Mai
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
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Yang Y, Su Z, Song X, Liang B, Zeng F, Chang X, Huang D. Enhancer RNA-driven looping enhances the transcription of the long noncoding RNA DHRS4-AS1, a controller of the DHRS4 gene cluster. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20961. [PMID: 26864944 PMCID: PMC4750091 DOI: 10.1038/srep20961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human DHRS4 gene cluster consists of DHRS4 and two immediately downstream homologous genes, DHRS4L2 and DHRS4L1, generated by evolutionarily gene-duplication events. We previously demonstrated that a head-to-head natural antisense transcript (NAT) of DHRS4, denoted DHRS4-AS1, regulates all three genes of the DHRS4 gene cluster. However, it is puzzling that DHRS4L2 and DHRS4L1 did not evolve their own specific NATs to regulate themselves, as it seems both have retained sequences highly homologous to DHRS4-AS1. In a search of the DHRS4-AS1 region for nearby enhancers, we identified an enhancer located 13.8 kb downstream of the DHRS4-AS1 transcriptional start site. We further showed, by using a chromosome conformation capture (3C) assay, that this enhancer is capable of physically interacting with the DHRS4-AS1 promoter through chromosomal looping. The enhancer produced an eRNA, termed AS1eRNA, that enhanced DHRS4-AS1 transcription by mediating the spatial interactions of the enhancer and DHRS4-AS1 promoter in cooperation with RNA polymerase II and p300/CBP. Moreover, the distributions of activating acetyl-H3 and H3K4me3 modifications were found to be greater at the DHRS4-AS1 promoter than at the homologous duplicated regions. We propose that AS1eRNA-driven DNA looping and activating histone modifications promote the expression of DHRS4-AS1 to economically control the DHRS4 gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Zhongjing Su
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xuhong Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Fanxing Zeng
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiaolan Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Dongyang Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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Jiang W, Napoli JL. The retinol dehydrogenase Rdh10 localizes to lipid droplets during acyl ester biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:589-97. [PMID: 23155051 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.402883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rdh10 catalyzes the first step of all-trans-retinoic acid biogenesis physiologically, conversion of retinol into retinal. We show that Rdh10 associates predominantly with mitochondria/mitochondrial-associated membrane (MAM) in the absence of lipid droplet biosynthesis, but also locates with lipid droplets during acyl ester biosynthesis. Targeting to lipid droplets requires the 32 N-terminal residues, which include a hydrophobic region followed by a net positive charge. Targeting to mitochondria/MAM and/or the stability of Rdh10 require both the N-terminal and the 48 C-terminal hydrophobic residues. Rdh10 behaves similarly to cellular retinol-binding protein, type 1, which also localizes to mitochondria/MAM before lipid droplet synthesis, and associates with lipid droplets during acyl ester synthesis (Jiang, W., and Napoli, J. L. (2012) Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1820, 859-8692). LRAT, an ER protein, also associates with lipid droplets upon acyl ester biosynthesis. Colocalization of Rdh10, Crbp1, and LRAT on lipid droplets suggests a metabolon that mediates retinol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiya Jiang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Li Q, Su Z, Xu X, Liu G, Song X, Wang R, Sui X, Liu T, Chang X, Huang D. AS1DHRS4, a head-to-head natural antisense transcript, silences the DHRS4 gene cluster in cis and trans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:14110-5. [PMID: 22891334 PMCID: PMC3435198 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1116597109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human genome, like other mammalian genomes, encodes numerous natural antisense transcripts (NATs) that have been classified into head-to-head, tail-to-tail, or fully overlapped categories in reference to their sense transcripts. Evidence for NAT-mediated epigenetic silencing of sense transcription remains scanty. The DHRS4 gene encodes a metabolic enzyme and forms a gene cluster with its two immediately downstream homologous genes, DHRS4L2 and DHRS4L1, generated by gene duplication. We identified a head-to-head NAT of DHRS4, designated AS1DHRS4, which markedly regulates the expression of these three genes in the DHRS4 gene cluster. By pairing with ongoing sense transcripts, AS1DHRS4 not only mediates deacetylation of histone H3 and demethylation of H3K4 in cis for the DHRS4 gene, but also interacts physically in trans with the epigenetic modifiers H3K9- and H3K27-specific histone methyltransferases G9a and EZH2, targeting the promoters of the downstream DHRS4L2 and DHRS4L1 genes to induce local repressive H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 histone modifications. Furthermore, AS1DHRS4 induces DNA methylation in the promoter regions of DHRS4L2 by recruiting DNA methyltransferases. This study demonstrates that AS1DHRS4, as a long noncoding RNA, simultaneously controls the chromatin state of each gene within the DHRS4 gene cluster in a discriminative manner. This finding provides an example of transcriptional control over the multiple and highly homologous genes in a tight gene cluster, and may help explain the role of antisense RNAs in the regulation of duplicated genes as the result of genomic evolution.
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Su Z, Li R, Song X, Liu G, Li Y, Chang X, Li C, Huang D. Identification of a novel isoform of DHRS4 protein with a nuclear localization signal. Gene 2012; 494:161-7. [PMID: 22227495 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The DHRS4 gene encodes an NADP(H)-dependent retinol dehydrogenase/reductase (NRDR) and plays an important role in regulating the synthesis of retinoic acid. In the present study, we identified a novel splice RNA variant, designated NRDRA2, of the human DHRS4 gene by RT-PCR, 3' RACE, and 5' RACE. NRDRA2 mRNA lacked exons 4 and 6, and had a shift in the reading frame when compared to DHRS4 mRNA, resulting in loss of the peroxisomal targeting signal of NRDR and gain of a nuclear localization signal in the predicted NRDRA2 protein. Endogenous NRDRA2 protein was identified in the human cervical carcinoma cell line HeLa by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometric assay. A green fluorescent protein reporter assay showed that NRDRA2 protein mainly localized to the nuclei, confirming the sequence at its C-terminus as a legitimate nuclear localization signal sequence. This study identifies the alternative transcript variant NRDRA2 encoding a subcellular nuclear localized NRDRA2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjing Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou Guangdong, China
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Su ZJ, Zhang QX, Liu GF, Song XH, Li Q, Wang RJ, Chen HB, Xu XY, Sui XX, Huang DY. Bioinformatic analysis of the human DHRS4 gene cluster and a proposed mechanism for its transcriptional regulation. BMC Mol Biol 2010; 11:43. [PMID: 20525226 PMCID: PMC2892492 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-11-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human DHRS4 gene cluster consists of three genes, DHRS4, DHRS4L2 and DHRS4L1. Among them, DHRS4 encodes NADP(H)-dependent retinol dehydrogenase/reductase. In a previous study, we investigated the alternative splicing of DHRS4 and DHRS4L2. DHRS4L1 was added to the gene cluster recently, but little is known about its structure and expression. To reveal the regulatory mechanism of the DHRS4 gene cluster expression, we studied the structure and transcription of DHRS4L1 in the context of the transcriptional behaviors of the human DHRS4 gene cluster. Based on the results of bioinformatics analysis, we propose a possible mechanism for the transcriptional regulation of the human DHRS4 gene cluster. RESULTS The homologous comparison analysis suggests that DHRS4, DHRS4L2 and DHRS4L1 are three homologous genes in human. DHRS4L1 and DHRS4L2 are paralogues of DHRS4, and DHRS4L2 is the most recent member of the DHRS4 gene cluster. In the minus strand of the human DHRS4 gene cluster, a gene transcribed in an antisense direction was found containing a 5' sequence overlapping the region of exon 1 and promoter of DHRS4. By cloning the full length of RNA variants through 5'RACE and 3'RACE, we identified two transcription start sites, within exon a2 and exon 1, of this newly named gene DHRS4L1 using neuroblastoma cell line BE(2)-M17. Analysis of exon composition in the transcripts of DHRS4 gene cluster revealed that exon 1 was absent in all the transcripts initiated from exon a1 of DHRS4L2 and exon a2 of DHRS4L1. CONCLUSIONS Alternatively spliced RNA variants are prevalent in the human DHRS4 gene cluster. Based on the analysis of gene transcripts and bioinformatic prediction, we propose here that antisense transcription may be involved in the transcriptional initiation regulation of DHRS4 and in the posttranscriptional splicing of DHRS4L2 and DRHS4L1 for the homologous identity of DHRS4 gene cluster. Beside the alternative transcriptional start sites, the antisense RNA is novel possible factor serving to remove exon 1 from the transcripts initiated from exon a1 and exon a2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Jing Su
- Department of Cell Biology, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Qiao-Xia Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Ge-Fei Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Xu-Hong Song
- Department of Cell Biology, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Cell Biology, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Rui-Jian Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Hai-Bin Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Xu-Xia Sui
- Department of Cell Biology, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Dong-Yang Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
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Zhang Q, Li Y, Liu G, Xu X, Song X, Liang B, Li R, Xie J, Du M, Xiao L, Gan X, Huang D. Alternative transcription initiation and splicing variants of the DHRS4 gene cluster. Biosci Rep 2009; 29:47-56. [PMID: 18754758 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20080040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The DHRS4 (short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily member 4) gene cluster, consisting of DHRS4 and its copy gene DHRS4L2, is localized on 14q11.2. The DHRS4 gene product NADP(H)-dependent retinol oxidoreductase participates in the metabolism of retinoids. The expression patterns of the DHRS4 gene cluster were investigated in human neuroblastoma cells. Transcript analysis of the DHRS4 gene cluster using 3'- and 5'-RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends), reverse transcription-PCR and bioinformatics approaches showed an alternative transcription start site in the copy gene DHRS4L2 which generates two transcripts, DHRS4A1 (GenBank(R) nucleotide sequence database accession number AY616183) and DHRS4A2 (AY943857), together with at least six alternative splicing variants (DHRS4A_v1-6) (AY920361, AY920362, DN237886, DN237887, DN237890 and DN237892 respectively), resulted from alternative splicing. DHRS4A1 and DHRS4A2 were specifically transcribed in neuroblastoma cells. RNA structural analysis of DHRS4A1 and DHRS4A2 suggested that they are non-coding RNAs. Expression analysis of DHRS4 by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting showed a lack of correlation between the levels of transcription and translation in the tissues examined. Bisulfite genomic sequencing PCR experiments indicated that the expression of DHRS4L2 was regulated by methylation of its CpG islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxia Zhang
- Center for Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Endo S, Matsunaga T, Nagano M, Abe H, Ishikura S, Imamura Y, Hara A. Characterization of an oligomeric carbonyl reductase of dog liver: its identity with peroxisomal tetrameric carbonyl reductase. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:1787-91. [PMID: 17827741 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dog liver contains an oligomeric NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase (CR) with substrate specificity for alkyl phenyl ketones, but its endogenous substrate and primary structure remain unknown. In this study, we examined the molecular weight and substrate specificity of the enzyme purified from dog liver. The enzyme is a ca. 100-kDa tetramer composing of 27-kDa subunit, and reduces all-trans-retinal and alpha-dicarbonyl compounds including isatin, which are substrates for pig peroxisomal tetrameric carbonyl reductase (PTCR). In addition, the dog enzyme resembles pig PTCR in inhibitor sensitivity to flavonoids, myristic acid, lithocholic acid, bromosulfophthalein and flufenamic acid. Furthermore, the amino acid sequence of dog CR determined by protein sequencing and cDNA cloning was 84% identical to that of pig PTCR and had a C-terminal peroxisomal targeting signal type 1, Ser-His-Leu. The immunoprecipitation using the anti-pig PTCR antibody shows that the dog enzyme is a major form of soluble NADPH-dependent all-trans-retinal reductase in dog liver. Thus, dog oligomeric CR is PTCR, and may play a role in retinoid metabolism as a retinal reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Mitahora-higashi, Gifu 502-8585, Japan.
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Endo S, Matsunaga T, Horie K, Tajima K, Bunai Y, Carbone V, El-Kabbani O, Hara A. Enzymatic characteristics of an aldo-keto reductase family protein (AKR1C15) and its localization in rat tissues. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 465:136-47. [PMID: 17574202 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, AKR1C15, was isolated via cDNA cloning, but its physiological function remains unknown. Here, we show that recombinant AKR1C15 is an NADPH-dependent reductase with broad substrate specificity for aromatic, alicyclic and aliphatic carbonyl compounds, including acetoin, 2,5-hexanedione, methylglyoxal, farnesal, retinals, 17-ketosteroids and monosaccharides. Especially, all-trans-retinal, alpha-diketones and lipid-derived aldehydes including 4-hydroxynonenal were excellent substrates showing low K(m) values (0.3-5.5 microM). Immunohistochemical and reverse transcription-PCR analyses revealed that AKR1C15 is highly expressed in rat bronchiolar Clara cells, type II alveolar cells, gastric parietal cells, the epithelial cells of the stomach and colon, and the brown adipocytes. The enzyme was not detected in cells of other rat tissues, but is consistently expressed in the vascular endothelial cells. These results suggest that AKR1C15 plays a role in retinoid, steroid, isoprenoid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as a defense system, protecting against reactive carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Mitahora-higashi, Gifu 502-8585, Japan.
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Song XH, Liang B, Liu GF, Li R, Xie JP, Du K, Huang DY. Expression of a novel alternatively spliced variant of NADP(H)-dependent retinol dehydrogenase/reductase with deletion of exon 3 in cervical squamous carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:1618-26. [PMID: 17230527 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
NADP(H)-dependent retinol dehydrogenase/reductase (NRDR) plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of retinoid. Aberrations in retinoid metabolism are considered as early events in carcinogenesis. We identified a novel alternatively spliced variant, NRDRB1, in HeLa cell and human cervical squamous carcinoma tissues, which is characterized by a complete deletion of exon 3. The latter resulted in changes in subcellular localization of NRDRB1 when compared with the peroxisomal localization of NRDR. To clarify the clinical significance of NRDRB1, we investigated its mRNA and protein expressions in normal cervical and cervical squamous carcinoma tissues, using RT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR, Gateway expressing system, immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry. We detected NRDRB1 mRNA in 14 of 26 (53.9%) cervical cancer tissues, but in none of the 12 normal cervical tissues. NRDRB1 protein was expressed in NRDRB1 mRNA-positive cases. While the full-length NRDR mRNA was observed in both normal and neoplastic cervical tissues, its protein was only expressed in normal cervical epithelium. The results presented here provide evidence that metabolic disturbances of retinal and retinoic acid, due to abnormal splicing and functional disorder of NRDR, may be involved in cervical tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hong Song
- Center for Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China
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Du K, Liu GF, Xie JP, Song XH, Li R, Liang B, Huang DY. A 27.368 kDa retinal reductase in New Zealand white rabbit liver cytosol encoded by the peroxisomal retinol dehydrogenase-reductase cDNA: purification and characterization of the enzyme. Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 85:209-17. [PMID: 17534402 DOI: 10.1139/o06-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We obtained a full-length cDNA based on a sequence deposited in GenBank (accession No. AB045133), annotated as rabbit peroxisomal NADP(H)-dependent retinol dehydrogenase-reductase (NDRD). The rabbit NDRD gene, like its mouse and human homologs, harbors 2 initiation sites, one of which theoretically encodes a 29.6 kDa protein with 279 amino acids, and the other encodes a 27.4 kDa protein with 260 amino acids. The purification of a rabbit cytosolic retinol oxidoreductase with a subunit molecular mass of 34 kDa and an N terminus that is not completely identical to that of NDRD, has been reported. An enzyme responsible for the all-trans retinal reductase activity in the liver cytosol of New Zealand white rabbit was purified to homogeneity using differential centrifugation and successive chromatographic analyses. The subunit molecular mass of the purified enzyme, revealed by SDS-PAGE, was approximately 27 kDa. The intact molecular mass, measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, was 27.368 kDa. The 60 kDa relative mobility observed in size-exclusion chromatography indicates that the native protein probably exists as a dimer. The purified enzyme was positively confirmed to be the product of NDRD by peptide mass fingerprinting, tandem mass spectrometry, and N-terminal sequencing. Taken together, the results suggested that the native protein is truncated at the N terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Du
- Center for Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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Usami N, Ishikura S, Abe H, Nagano M, Uebuchi M, Kuniyasu A, Otagiri M, Nakayama H, Imamura Y, Hara A. Cloning, expression and tissue distribution of a tetrameric form of pig carbonyl reductase. Chem Biol Interact 2003; 143-144:353-61. [PMID: 12604222 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we isolated a cDNA for tetrameric carbonyl reductase (CR) from pig heart. The pig CR showed high amino acid sequence identity (81%) with rabbit NADP(+)-dependent retinol dehydrogenase (NDRD). The purified recombinant pig CR and NDRD were about 100-kDa homotetramers and exhibited high reductase activity towards alkyl phenyl ketones, alpha-dicarbonyl compounds and all-trans-retinal. The identity of NDRD with the tetrameric CR was verified by protein sequencing of CR purified from rabbit heart. Both tetrameric CR and its mRNA were ubiquitously expressed in pig and rabbit tissues. The pig and rabbit enzymes belonged to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family, and their sequences comprise a C-terminal SRL tripeptide, which is a variant of the type 1 peroxisomal targeting signal, SKL. Transfection of HeLa cells with vectors expressing pig CR demonstrated that the enzyme is localized in the peroxisomes. Thus, the tetrameric form of CR represents the first mammalian peroxisomal enzyme that reduces all-trans-retinal as the endogenous substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Usami
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Mitahora-higashi, 502-8585, Gifu, Japan
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14
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Tajima S, Goda T, Takase S. Co-ordinated induction of beta-carotene cleavage enzyme and retinal reductase in the duodenum of the developing chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 128:425-34. [PMID: 11250537 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(00)00347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The developmental patterns of expression of beta-carotene cleavage enzyme activity were compared with those of retinal reductase and NAD-dependent retinol dehydrogenase activities in chick duodenum during the perinatal period. The beta-carotene cleavage enzyme activity was not detected in the duodenum before hatching, but it increased rapidly during 24 h after hatching. On the other hand, a considerable level of beta-carotene cleavage enzyme activity was observed in the liver of embryonic stages and its activity gradually rose during the perinatal period. Comparison of kinetic constants for the beta-carotene cleavage enzyme activities in the duodenum and the liver indicated that the enzyme in the duodenum possessed a lower affinity for beta-carotene than that in the liver. The retinal reductase activity was detected in the microsomes of the duodenum at the earliest time examined, i.e. day 16 of embryogenesis and its activity began to rise on the last day of embryogenesis, which was followed by a gradual increase until 1 day of age. The NAD-dependent retinol dehydrogenase activity was also seen in the microsomes of the duodenum in embryonic stages and its activity increased in parallel with the retinal reductase activity around the hatching period. These developmental inductions of beta-carotene cleavage enzyme and retinal reductase activities in the duodenum coincided with those of cellular retinol-binding protein, type II (CRBPII) and lecithin: retinol acyltransferase (LRAT). These results suggest that a co-ordinated induction mechanism should be operative for beta-carotene cleavage enzyme and retinal reductase, both of which are inevitable in the process of beta-carotene absorption and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tajima
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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15
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Su J, Lin M, Napoli JL. Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid cloning and enzymatic characterization of a novel 17beta/3alpha-hydroxysteroid/retinoid short chain dehydrogenase/reductase. Endocrinology 1999; 140:5275-84. [PMID: 10537158 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.11.7137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
17Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17betaHSDs) convert androgens and estrogens between their active and inactive forms, whereas retinol dehydrogenases catalyze the conversion between retinol and retinal. Retinol dehydrogenases function in the visual cycle, in the generation of the hormone retinoic acid, and some also act on androgens. Here we report cloning and expression of a complementary DNA that encodes a new mouse liver microsomal member of the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily and its enzymatic characterization, i.e. 17betaHSD9. Although 17betaHSD9 shares 88% amino acid identity with rat 17betaHSD6, its closest homolog, the two differ in substrate specificity. In contrast to other 17betaHSD, 17betaHSD9 has nearly equivalent activities as a 17betaHSD (with estradiol approximately = adiol) and as a 3alphaHSD (with adiol approximately = androsterone). It also recognizes retinol as substrate and represents in part the NAD+-dependent liver microsomal dehydrogenase that uses unbound retinol, but not retinol complexed with cellular retinol-binding protein. Thus, this enzyme has catalytic properties that overlap with two subgroups of SDR, 17betaHSD and retinol dehydrogenases. Inactivation of estrogen and a variety of androgens seems to be its most probable function. Because of its apparent inability to access retinol bound with cellular retinol-binding protein, a function in the pathway of retinoic acid biosynthesis seems less obvious. These data provide additional insight into the enzymology of estrogen, androgen, and retinoid metabolism and illustrate how closely related members of the SDR superfamily can have strikingly different substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Su
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo 14214, USA
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16
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Napoli JL. Retinoic acid: its biosynthesis and metabolism. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 63:139-88. [PMID: 10506831 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60722-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a model that integrates the functions of retinoid-binding proteins with retinoid metabolism. One of these proteins, the widely expressed (throughout retinoid target tissues and in all vertebrates) and highly conserved cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), sequesters retinol in an internal binding pocket that segregates it from the intracellular milieu. The CRBP-retinol complex appears to be the quantitatively major form of retinol in vivo, and may protect the promiscuous substrate from nonenzymatic degradation and/or non-specific enzymes. For example, at least seven types of dehydrogenases catalyze retinal synthesis from unbound retinol in vitro (NAD+ vs. NADP+ dependent, cytosolic vs. microsomal, short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases vs. medium-chain alcohol dehydrogenases). But only a fraction of these (some of the short-chain de-hydrogenases/reductases) have the fascinating additional ability of catalyzing retinal synthesis from CRBP-bound retinol as well. Similarly, CRBP and/or other retinoid-binding proteins function in the synthesis of retinal esters, the reduction of retinal generated from intestinal beta-carotene metabolism, and retinoic acid metabolism. The discussion details the evidence supporting an integrated model of retinoid-binding protein/metabolism. Also addressed are retinoid-androgen interactions and evidence incompatible with ethanol causing fetal alcohol syndrome by competing directly with retinol dehydrogenation to impair retinoic acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Napoli
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo 14214, USA
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17
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Huang DY, Ohnishi T, Jiang H, Furukawa A, Ichikawa Y. Inhibition by retinoids of benzo(A)pyrene metabolism catalyzed by 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rat cytochrome P-450 1A1. Metabolism 1999; 48:689-92. [PMID: 10381141 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(99)90166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene, a well-known procarcinogen, is believed to be activated by microsomal cytochrome P-450 1A1 (CYP 1A1). We recently reported that rat CYP 1A1 induced by 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) catalyzed the conversion of retinal to retinoic acid. In this study, we investigated retinoid inhibition of the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene and 7-ethoxyresorufin, another specific substrate of CYP 1A1, using liver microsomes prepared from control and 3-MC-pretreated rats as the enzyme source. In 3-MC-treated rats, retinal and retinol, but not retinoic acid, inhibited benzo(a)pyrene metabolism. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of retinal was about 11.5 micromol/L and the inhibition was competitive, with a Ki value of 5.8 micromol/L. Retinol is a more potent inhibitor than retinal. The IC50 was about 5 micromol/L and the inhibition was mixed, with a Ki value of 19.2 micromol/L and a Ki' value of 4.2 micromol/L. Almost the same results were obtained for the reaction of 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylation. In contrast, the metabolic activity of both benzo(a)pyrene and 7-ethoxyresorufin was much lower in untreated versus 3-MC-treated rats, and only weak inhibition by the retinoids was observed. The results suggest that retinoids inhibit the activation of benzo(a)pyrene and that the substrate specificity of cytochrome P-450 isozymes associated with retinoid metabolism should be taken into account when studying the anticarcinogenic action of retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Japan
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18
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Huang DY, Furukawa A, Ichikawa Y. Molecular cloning of retinal oxidase/aldehyde oxidase cDNAs from rabbit and mouse livers and functional expression of recombinant mouse retinal oxidase cDNA in Escherichia coli. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 364:264-72. [PMID: 10190983 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinal oxidase (EC 1.2.3.11) is a molybdenum-containing flavoenzyme with high enzymatic activity as to retinoic acid synthesis. In this study, we provide direct evidence that retinal oxidase is identical to aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) by cDNA cloning. Retinal oxidase and aldehyde oxidase, purified from rabbit liver cytosol using the original methods, showed completely identical HPLC patterns and amino acid sequences for three corresponding polypeptides (103 amino residues). The primary structural information obtained from the cleaved polypeptides permitted molecular cloning of the full-length cDNA of rabbit liver retinal oxidase (aldehyde oxidase). We also cloned and sequenced the full-length cDNA of mouse retinal oxidase. The cDNAs of rabbit and mouse retinal oxidase have a common sequence approximately 4.6 kb long, comprising 4-kb coding regions. The open reading frames of the cDNAs predict single polypeptides of 1334 and 1333 amino acids; the calculated minimum molecular mass of each is approximately 147,000. Northern blot analysis showed that the rabbit retinal oxidase mRNA was widely expressed in tissues. Finally, we successfully constructed a prokaryotic expression system for mouse retinal oxidase. The purified recombinant retinal oxidase from Escherichia coli showed a typical spectrum of aldehyde oxidases and a lower Km (3.8 microM) for retinal and a higher Vmax (807 nmol/min/mg protein) for retinoic acid synthesis than those of rabbit retinal oxidase (8 microM and 496 nmol/min/mg protein). This represents the first eukaryotic molybdenum-containing flavoprotein to be expressed in an active form in a prokaryotic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Japan
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Allali-Hassani A, Peralba JM, Martras S, Farrés J, Parés X. Retinoids, omega-hydroxyfatty acids and cytotoxic aldehydes as physiological substrates, and H2-receptor antagonists as pharmacological inhibitors, of human class IV alcohol dehydrogenase. FEBS Lett 1998; 426:362-6. [PMID: 9600267 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic constants of human class IV alcohol dehydrogenase (sigmasigma-ADH) support a role of the enzyme in retinoid metabolism, fatty acid omega-oxidation, and elimination of cytotoxic aldehydes produced by lipid peroxidation. Class IV is the human ADH form most efficient in the reduction of 4-hydroxynonenal (k(cat)/Km: 39,500 mM(-1) min(-1)). Class IV shows high activity with all-trans-retinol and 9-cis-retinol, while 13-cis-retinol is not a substrate but an inhibitor. Both all-trans-retinoic and 13-cis-retinoic acids are potent competitive inhibitors of retinol oxidation (Ki: 3-10 microM) which can be a basis for the regulation of the retinoic acid generation and of the pharmacological actions of the 13-cis-isomer. The inhibition of class IV retinol oxidation by ethanol (Ki: 6-10 mM) may be the origin of toxic and teratogenic effects of ethanol. H2-receptor antagonists are poor inhibitors of human and rat classes I and IV (Ki > 0.3 mM) suggesting a small interference in ethanol metabolism at the pharmacological doses of these common drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Allali-Hassani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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