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Cai X, Deng J, Ming Q, Cai H, Chen Z. Chemokine-like factor 1: A promising therapeutic target in human diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1518-1528. [PMID: 32715782 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220945225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT CKLF1, a recently identified chemokine, has been reported by a number of studies to play important roles in quite many diseases. However, the potential pathways that CKLF1 may be involved are not manifested well yet. In our review, we showed the basic molecular structure and major functions of this novel chemokine, and implication in human diseases, such as tumors. To attract more attention, we summarized its signaling pathways and clearly present them in a set of figures. With the overview of the experimental trial of CKLF1-targeting medicines in animal models, we hope to provide a few important insights about CKLF1 to both medical researchers and pharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jingwen Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qianqian Ming
- Department of Drug Discovery, 25301Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Huiqiang Cai
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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He L, Kang Z, Kang Y, Xiang W, Pan C, Chen H, Zhu H, Qu L, Lan X, Song X. Goat CMTM2: mRNA expression profiles of different alternative spliced variants and associations analyses with growth traits. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:131. [PMID: 32154044 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2) plays crucial roles in spermiogenesis, skeletogenous, growth, and development through PI3K/Akt and other pathways. The purpose of this study was to explore the expression profile and variation of different spliced CMTM2 gene in Shaanbei white cashmere goats, as well as to find the relationships between a CMTM2 promoter region 14 bp genetic variant and growth traits in 1366 Shaanbei white cashmere goats. In this study, we identified alternative CMTM2 splicing and detected the effects of the spliced variants on mRNA expression levels in tissues. Meanwhile, an unreported spliced variant of CMTM2 in goat was identified using in CDS cloning and RT-PCR, namely, CMTM2-AS2. Compared with the normal transcript (CMTM2-AS1), the novel variant had the higher expression level in muscle and liver tissues, indicating that it plays an effective role in growth traits. Furthermore, a 14 bp deletion was detected within CMTM2 promoter region, and the different genotypes were significantly associated with growth traits (e.g., body length, circumference of cannon bone) in the large group of 1366 individuals in Shaanbei white cashmere goats. We found that the body length of the individuals with II (n = 571) genotype had better phenotypes than those with DD (n = 118) and ID (n = 650) genotypes. These results have direct guiding significance for goat breeding in the future and provide a new idea for studying the characteristics and functions of CMTM2 gene in goats.
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Taye N, Stanley S, Hubmacher D. Stable Knockdown of Genes Encoding Extracellular Matrix Proteins in the C2C12 Myoblast Cell Line Using Small-Hairpin (sh)RNA. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32116296 DOI: 10.3791/60824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are crucial for skeletal muscle development and homeostasis. The stable knockdown of genes coding for ECM proteins in C2C12 myoblasts can be applied to study the role of these proteins in skeletal muscle development. Here, we describe a protocol to deplete the ECM protein ADAMTSL2 as an example, using small-hairpin (sh) RNA in C2C12 cells. Following transfection of shRNA plasmids, stable cells were batch-selected using puromycin. We further describe the maintenance of these cell lines and the phenotypic analysis via mRNA expression, protein expression, and C2C12 differentiation. The advantages of the method are the relatively fast generation of stable C2C12 knockdown cells and the reliable differentiation of C2C12 cells into multinucleated myotubes upon depletion of serum in the cell culture medium. Differentiation of C2C12 cells can be monitored by bright field microscopy and by measuring the expression levels of canonical marker genes, such as MyoD, myogenin, or myosin heavy chain (MyHC) indicating the progression of C2C12 myoblast differentiation into myotubes. In contrast to the transient knockdown of genes with small-interfering (si) RNA, genes that are expressed later during C2C12 differentiation or during myotube maturation can be targeted more efficiently by generating C2C12 cells that stably express shRNA. Limitations of the method are a variability in the knockdown efficiencies, depending on the specific shRNA that may be overcome by using gene knockout strategies based on CRISPR/Cas9, as well as potential off-target effects of the shRNA that should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandaraj Taye
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Sarah Stanley
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Dirk Hubmacher
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai;
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Liu Y, Liu L, Zhou Y, Zhou P, Yan Q, Chen X, Ding S, Zhu F. CKLF1 Enhances Inflammation-Mediated Carcinogenesis and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptosis via IL6/STAT3 Signaling in HCC. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:4141-4154. [PMID: 30918019 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most common and deadliest malignancies worldwide, has a poor prognosis, owing to its high potential for vascular invasion and metastasis and the lack of biomarkers for early diagnosis. Thus, it must be a crucial factor for investigating therapeutic strategies for HCC to identify the functional molecular targets. Here, we reported a novel chemokine, CKLF1, that might act as a pivotal modulator in the invasion and metastasis of HCC and could serve as an attractive target for cancer therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Bioinformatics analysis, PCR, Western blotting, and IHC were performed to detect the expression of CKLF1 in HCC. The function of CKLF1 was demonstrated by a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. Pharmacologic treatment, flow cytometry, and Western blotting were carried out to demonstrate the potential mechanisms of CKLF1. RESULTS We proved that CKLF1 was overexpressed in HCC tissues and was related to tumor stage, vascular invasion, and patient survival. Then, functional assays showed that CKLF1 promoted hepatocellular carcinogenesis and metastatic potential. Finally, the IL6/STAT3 signaling pathway was involved in the mechanistic investigation. The results demonstrated that CKLF1 enhanced the progression of HCC and prevented doxorubicin-induced apoptosis through activating the IL6/STAT3 pathway. CONCLUSIONS These data showed that CKLF1 inhibited apoptosis and promoted malignant transformation through the IL6/STAT3 pathway, and ultimately enhanced the development and metastasis of HCC. Thus, our work revealed that CKLF1 was a significant prognostic factor of HCC and might be a potential molecular therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiujin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobei Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. .,Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan, China
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Liu DD, Song XY, Yang PF, Ai QD, Wang YY, Feng XY, He X, Chen NH. Progress in pharmacological research of chemokine like factor 1 (CKLF1). Cytokine 2018; 102:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tan Y, Wang Y, Li L, Xia J, Peng S, He Y. Chemokine-like factor 1-derived C-terminal peptides induce the proliferation of dermal microvascular endothelial cells in psoriasis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125073. [PMID: 25915746 PMCID: PMC4410955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the abnormal proliferation of skin cells, including dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Recently, chemokine-like factor 1 (CKLF1) was found to participate in the local inflammation and cell proliferation. To explore its role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, the expression of both CKLF1 and its receptor (CCR4) was determined in the psoriatic lesions. Also, the effect of the C-terminal peptides (C19 and C27) of CKLF1 on the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was studied in vitro. By immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, the expression of both CKLF1 and CCR4 was determined in the psoriatic lesions. The effect of C-terminal peptides on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was studied in vitro by the evaluation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. The in vivo assessment was performed accordingly through the subcutaneous injection peptides on BALB/c mice. The results showed that, by immunohistochemistry, both CKLF1 and CCR4 were increasingly expressed in psoriatic lesions as compared to normal skins. Moreover, the primary umbilical vein endothelial cells exhibited higher proliferation ratio under the C19 or C27 stimulation, which was even enhanced by the addition of psoriatic sera or TNF-α. Furthermore, the enhancement of peptide simulation was accompanied with the activation of ERK1/2-MAPKs pathway. In addition, such effect of C19 and C27 was mirrored by the hyperproliferation of cutaneous microvessels in BALB/c mice that were subcutaneously injected with the two peptides. Therefore, we concluded that CKLF1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis by promoting the proliferation of microvascular endothelial cells that possibly correlates with ERK1/2-MAPKs activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyu Xia
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiguang Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling He
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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WANG JING, ZHANG GUOYING, ZHANG YINGMEI, LUO YANG, SONG QUANSHENG, QIU XIAOYAN, MO XIAONING, WANG LU. CMTM1_v17 is a novel potential therapeutic target in breast cancer. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1829-36. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Chowdhury MH, Nagai A, Terashima M, Sheikh A, Murakawa Y, Kobayashi S, Yamaguchi S. Chemokine-like factor expression in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Acta Neurol Scand 2008; 118:106-14. [PMID: 18294340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the expression of chemokine-like factor (CKLF) in biopsied muscle fibers in inflammatory myopathies, non-inflammatory myopathies and neurologically diseased controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the expression of CKLF in 15 polymyositis (PM), five dermatomyositis (DM), 15 non-inflammatory myopathies and nine neurologically diseased patients by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Chemokine-like factor was mostly expressed in small diameter muscle fibers surrounded by infiltrated lymphocytes of inflammatory myopathies patients. Parts of them were also positive for the staining of the developmental form of myosin heavy chain, a maker of regenerating muscle fibers. Thrombin immunoreactivity was observed in endomysium in PM and perimysium in DM. In vitro differentiation study showed a constitutive expression of CKLF in myoblasts that was abolished in myotubes during differentiation process and was induced again by thrombin. Thrombin regulates CKLF expression through protease-activated receptor-1 in myotubes. Treatment of a protein kinase C inhibitor partially blocked CKLF expression in myoblasts, while it remarkably inhibited that in myotubes. CONCLUSION Chemokine-like factor expression is differentially regulated in myoblasts and myotubes. Thrombin could be a strong regulator for its expression. As CKLF is immunohistochemically positive in regenerating muscle fibers, we postulate here that CKLF is a useful marker for regenerating muscle fibers in inflammatory myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Chowdhury
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
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Luo Y, Hao Y, Shi TP, Deng WW, Li N. Berberine inhibits cyclin D1 expression via suppressed binding of AP-1 transcription factors to CCND1 AP-1 motif. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29:628-33. [PMID: 18430372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To verify the suppressive effect of berberine on the proliferation of the human pulmonary giant cell carcinoma cell line PG and to demonstrate the mechanisms behind the antitumoral effects of berberine. METHODS The proliferative effects of PG cells were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetry. The cell cycle was examined by flow cytometry. The expression level of cyclin D1 was detected by RT-PCR. The activities of the activating protein-1 (AP-1) and NF-kappaB signaling pathways related to cyclin D1 were examined by luciferase assay. The cytoplasmic level of c-Jun was detected by Western blot analysis. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay was used to examine the binding of transcription factors to the cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) AP-1 motif. RESULTS The results showed that the proliferation of PG cells treated with different concentrations (10, 20, and 40 microg/mL) of berberine for 24 and 48 h was suppressed significantly compared to the control group. After treatment with berberine, the proportion of PG cells at the G0/G1 phase increased, while cells at the S and G2/M phases decreased. Berberine could inhibit the expression of cyclin D1 in PG cells. Berberine inhibited the activity of the AP-1 signaling pathway, but had no significant effect on the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Berberine suppressed the expression of c-Jun and decreased the binding of transcription factors to the CCND1 AP-1 motif. CONCLUSION Berberine suppresses the activity of the AP-1 signaling pathway and decreases the binding of transcription factors to the CCND1 AP-1 motif. This is one of the important mechanisms behind the antitumoral effects of berberine as a regulator of cyclin D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Luo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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Boucquey M, De Plaen E, Locker M, Poliard A, Mouillet-Richard S, Boon T, Kellermann O. Noxp20 and Noxp70, two new markers of early neuronal differentiation, detected in teratocarcinoma-derived neuroectodermic precursor cells. J Neurochem 2007; 99:657-69. [PMID: 17029606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The murine 1C11 cell line, derived from F9 pluripotent teratocarcinoma cells, exhibits features of a bipotential neuronal precursor as it converts into serotonergic or catecholaminergic neurons under appropriate induction. In order to point out molecular markers expressed in this early neuroectodermic commitment, we used a cDNA subtractive hybridization method. The 105 different isolated cDNAs represented 75 known genes, expressed sequence tags (EST) or genomic fragments. A majority of known proteins encoded by these sequences are involved in cellular mobility or migration. We characterized two sequences showing identities with ESTs and we called them Noxp20 and Noxp70. The Noxp20 transcript encodes a putative protein with a predicted caspase recruitment domain and the Noxp70 transcript encodes a putative protein displaying a Zn-finger domain. Consistent with their roles in neuronal cell development, in situ hybridization showed that Noxp20 and Noxp70 are over-expressed in brain. At embryonic days 12 and 15, Noxp20 is strongly expressed in the ventricular and intermediate zones of the brain and of the spinal cord. At embryonic day 15, Noxp70 was found to be strongly expressed in the ventricular zone around the telencephalic ventricle, and to a lower extent in the thalamus and hypothalamus. At post-natal day 10, Noxp20 mRNA was detected in the dentate gyrus, the hippocampus, the cerebellum and the olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boucquey
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Cellular Genetics Unit, Université de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Wang L, Gao X, Gao P, Deng W, Yu P, Ma J, Guo J, Wang X, Cheng H, Zhang C, Yu C, Ma X, Lv B, Lu Y, Shi T, Ma D. Cell-based screening and validation of human novel genes associated with cell viability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 11:369-76. [PMID: 16751333 DOI: 10.1177/1087057106286654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a cell-based high-throughput assay is established to identify novel human genes associated with cell viability. The assay relies on the down-regulation of Renilla luciferase (pRL) activity in a 96-well format. In addition, 2-color fluorescence probes were used to distinguish living and dead cells. As the positive control, the authors used the expression vectors encoding Bax, TNFRSF1A, and TAJ, which were widely known to effectively induce programmed cell death. They screened 409 novel genes (including alternative mRNA splicing forms) cloned in their laboratory and found that 39 genes could significantly down-regulate pRL activity. A subsequent fluorescence-based assay revealed that 4 of the 39 genes (PIP5KL1, OLFM1, RNF122, FAM26B) were associated with cell viability. Further function assays validated that the 4 genes were able to induce both necrosis and apoptosis. These results therefore indicate that a rapid and effective screening system has been developed, which should shed light on some functions of novel genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Chinese National Human Genome Center, Beijing, China
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Li T, Han W, Yang T, Ding P, Rui M, Liu D, Wang Y, Ma D. Molecular cloning and identification of mouse Cklfsf2a and Cklfsf2b, two homologues of human CKLFSF2. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38:420-9. [PMID: 16343975 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 10/01/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human chemokine-like factor superfamily (CKLFSF) is a novel gene family comprising CKLF and CKLFSF1-8. Among them, CKLFSF2 is highly expressed in testis and may play important roles in male reproduction. Besides, it is very active during evolution and has two counterparts in mouse. For further study, we cloned the two mouse genes by EST assembly and RT-PCR methods and designated them as mouse Cklfsf2a and Cklfsf2b. Their predicted open-reading frames (ORFs) that encode 169 and 210 amino acids, respectively, were obtained; and their predicted full-length molecular sizes that are approximately 1.2 kb for mCklfsf2a and 0.9 kb for mCklfsf2b were confirmed by Northern blot analysis. Mouse Cklfsf2a and Cklfsf2b show similarities with human CKLFSF2 in the expression patterns that are abundant in testis, hematopoietic and immune tissues; as well as in the chromosome localizations that neighbor CKLFSF1 and 3. Their putative protein products have 47.6 and 45.5% identities with hCKLFSF2, respectively; both of them contain four potential transmembrane regions and MARVEL domains, which are also similar with hCKLFSF2. Functionally, they all can affect the transcriptional activity of androgen receptor in PC-3 and HeLa cells, but mCklfsf2a is a repressor while mCklfsf2b and hCKLFSF2 are enhancers. Taken together, we conclude that mouse Cklfsf2a and Cklfsf2b are two homologues of human CKLFSF2. Studies on them would provide much help in further investigation of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
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Shi S, Rui M, Han W, Wang Y, Qiu X, Ding P, Zhang P, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Gan Q, Ma D. CKLFSF2 is highly expressed in testis and can be secreted into the seminiferous tubules. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:1633-40. [PMID: 15896670 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2004] [Revised: 04/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
CKLFSF2 is a member of the chemokine-like factor superfamily (CKLFSF), a novel gene family containing CKLF and CKLFSF1-8. Using a combination of data mining and polymerase chain reactions, we determined the full cDNA sequence and genomic structure of human CKLFSF2, a 4-exon gene encoding 248 amino acids and spanning approximately 8.8 kb on chromosome 16q22.1. Expression profile analyses indicated that CKLFSF2 is expressed in a limited number of tissues. Specifically, immunohistochemistry indicated that CKLFSF2 is highly expressed in testis, mainly in spermatogonia and the seminiferous tubular fluid. Subcellular localization experiments suggested that CKLFSF2 is equally distributed in the cytoplasm, and Western blot analysis revealed that overexpressed CKLFSF2 is secreted into the supernatant of cultured cells. The data therefore strongly suggest that CKLFSF2 is a secreted protein that may be functionally relevant during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Shi
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
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Wang Y, Li X, Wang L, Ding P, Zhang Y, Han W, Ma D. An alternative form of paraptosis-like cell death, triggered by TAJ/TROY and enhanced by PDCD5 overexpression. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:1525-32. [PMID: 15020679 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating reports demonstrate that apoptosis does not explain all the forms of programmed cell death (PCD), particularly in individual development and neurodegenerative disease. Recently, a novel type of PCD, designated 'paraptosis', was described. Here, we show that overexpression of TAJ/TROY, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, induces non-apoptotic cell death with paraptosis-like morphology in 293T cells. Transmission electron microscopy studies reveal extensive cytoplasmic vacuolation and mitochondrial swelling in some dying cells and no condensation or fragmentation of the nuclei. Characteristically, cell death triggered by TAJ/TROY was accompanied by phosphatidylserine externalization, loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and independent of caspase activation. In addition, TAJ/TROY suppressed clonogenic growth of HEK293 and HeLa cells. Interestingly, overexpression of Programmed cell death 5 (PDCD5), an apoptosis-promoting protein, enhanced TAJ/TROY-induced paraptotic cell death. Moreover, cellular endogenous PDCD5 protein was significantly upregulated in response to TAJ/TROY overexpression. These results provide novel evidence that TAJ/TROY activates a death pathway distinct from apoptosis and that PDCD5 is an important regulator in both apoptotic and non-apoptotic PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Beijing 100083, China
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Wang L, Wu C, Zheng Y, Qiu X, Wang L, Fan H, Han W, Lv B, Wang Y, Zhu X, Xu M, Ding P, Cheng S, Zhang Y, Song Q, Ma D. Molecular cloning and characterization of chemokine-like factor super family member 1 (CKLFSF1), a novel human gene with at least 23 alternative splicing isoforms in testis tissue. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:1492-501. [PMID: 15147728 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2003.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2003] [Revised: 11/14/2003] [Accepted: 11/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine-like factor (CKLF) was isolated from PHA-stimulated U937 cells. It is composed of 152 amino acids and located on chromosome 16q22. Utilizing bioinformatics, based on CKLF cDNA and protein sequences, in combination with experimental validation, we identified a novel gene designated chemokine-like factor super family member 1 (CKLFSF1). CKLFSF1 maps on chromosome 16q22, and the full-length gene comprises of seven exons and six introns. Using RACE-PCR, we identified two potential alternative transcription start sites, 1A and 1B. Northern blot and RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that CKLFSF1 is predominantly expressed in human testis tissue, with only lower levels of expression in many other human tissues. RT-PCR and cDNA sequencing identified 23 alternatively spliced isoforms of CKLFSF1 in the testis tissue, which encode protein variants ranging from 36 to 169 amino acids in length. Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated that CKLFSF1 proteins are highly expressed in spermatocyte and in tissue fluid of human testes tissue. In light of these findings, we propose that CKLFSF1 may play an important role in spermatogenesis or testicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
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Rui M, Xia D, Zhang Y, Han W, Wang L, Ding P, Zhong Y, Song Q, Ma D. Molecular cloning and characterization of four isoforms of mCKLF, mouse homologues of human chemokine-like factor. Mol Biol Rep 2004; 30:229-37. [PMID: 14672409 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026308129769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine-like factor1 (CKLF1), and its three isoforms (CKLF2, 3 and 4), are recently identified human cytokines. CKLF1 is a potent chemoattractant for human leukocytes and can stimulate inflammation and the regeneration of murine skeletal muscle. CKLF2 can promote proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 muscle cells directly by inducing expression of myogenin and activating transcription factors. In the present study, we cloned CKLF murine homologues, and based on their biological and structural features, named them murine chemokine-like factor 2, 4, 5 and 6 (mCKLF2, 4, 5 and 6). mCKLF2, 4, 5 and 6 encode 152, 120, 122 and 86 amino-acid proteins, respectively. mCKLFs map to mouse chromosome 8 and have high sequence similarity to human CKLFs. Compared to human CKLFs, which have a CC motif in the C-terminal region, mCKLF2 and 4 contain a CX3C motif. Using a PCR-based approach, it appeared mCKLF2 and 5 mRNA were highly expressed in adult testis, while mCKLF4 mRNA was detected only in differentiated C2C12 cells, a pattern different from human CKLFs. Conditioned media from COS-7 cells transfected with mCKLF2 and 4 was chemotactic for mouse neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes. Our results show that mCKLF2, 4, 5 and 6 are four splicing variants which are homologues of human CKLFs and murine CKLFs possess distinct features compared to their human counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Rui
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
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Han W, Ding P, Xu M, Wang L, Rui M, Shi S, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Yang T, Ma D. Identification of eight genes encoding chemokine-like factor superfamily members 1-8 (CKLFSF1-8) by in silico cloning and experimental validation. Genomics 2003; 81:609-17. [PMID: 12782130 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
TM4SF11 is only 102 kb from the chemokine gene cluster composed of SCYA22, SCYD1, and SCYA17 on chromosome 16q13. CKLF maps on chromosome 16q22. CKLFs have some characteristics associated with the CCL22/MDC, CX3CL1/fractalkine, CCL17/TARC, and TM4SF proteins. Bioinformatics based on CKLF2 cDNA and protein sequences in combination with experimental validation identified eight novel genes designated chemokine-like factor superfamily members 1-8 (CKLFSF1-8). CKLFSF1-8 form gene clusters; the sequence identities between CKLF2 and CKLFSF1-8 are from 12.5 to 39.7%. Most of the CKLFSFs have alternative RNA splicing forms. CKLFSF1 has a CC motif and higher sequence similarity with chemokines than with any of the other CKLFSFs. CKLFSF8 shares 39.3% amino acid identity with TM4SF11. CKLFSF1 links the CKLFSF family with chemokines, and CKLFSF8 links it with TM4SF. The characteristics of CKLFSF2-7 are intermediate between CKLFSF1 and CKLFSF8. This indicates that CKLFSF represents a novel gene family between the SCY and the TM4SF gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Han
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
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Lou Y, Xia D, Han W, Wang Y, Li X, Li Y, Rui M, Ding P, Song Q, Zhang Y, Ma D. Molecular cloning and characterization of rat chemokine-like factor 1 and 2. Gene 2003; 307:125-32. [PMID: 12706894 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(03)00450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine-like factor 1(CKLF1) is a newly cloned cytokine with three RNA splicing isoforms. It has chemotactic activities on leukocytes and plays an important role in skeletal muscle regeneration. Here we have isolated two rat homologues of human chemokine-like factors by expressed sequence tag assembly, which are designated as rat chemokine-like factor 1 and 2 (rat CKLF1, CKLF2). The full-length cDNAs of rat CKLF1 and -2 contain 523 and 682 nucleotides and the open reading frames encoding 98 and 151 amino acids, respectively. Rat CKLF1 and -2 share about 54.1 and 59.6% homologies with human CKLF1 and -2 at the amino acid level; both rat CKLF1 and -2 contain a CX3C motif at their C-terminal regions while human CKLFs have a CC motif at the same regions. Rat CKLFs are highly expressed in testis, while human CKLFs have a broad expression spectrum across multiple tissues. Recombinant rat CKLF1 can be secreted into the cell culture supernatants and has chemotactic effects on neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes, which is similar to human CKLF1, while recombinant rat CKLF2 has weaker chemotactic effects on these cells. These findings show that rat CKLFs have similar bioactivity with human CKLFs, although they are different in tissue distribution and contain different characteristic motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Lou
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
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Sánchez-Pulido L, Martín-Belmonte F, Valencia A, Alonso MA. MARVEL: a conserved domain involved in membrane apposition events. Trends Biochem Sci 2002; 27:599-601. [PMID: 12468223 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0004(02)02229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sánchez-Pulido
- Protein Design Group, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
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