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Wu S, Yang S, Li R, Ba X, Jiang C, Xiong D, Xiao L, Sun W. HSV-1 infection-induced herpetic neuralgia involves a CCL5/CCR5-mediated inflammation mechanism. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28718. [PMID: 37185840 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Herpetic-related neuralgia (HN) caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection is one of the most typical and common neuropathic pain in the clinic. However, the potential mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of HN are still unclear. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets of HN. We used an HSV-1 infection-induced HN mouse model and screened the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the DRG and spinal cord using an RNAseq technique. Moreover, bioinformatics methods were used to figure out the signaling pathways and expression regulation patterns of the DEGs enriched. In addition, quantitative real-time RT-PCR and western blot were carried out to further confirm the expression of DEGs. HSV-1 inoculation in mice resulted in mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and cold allodynia, following the infection of HSV-1 in both DRG and spinal cord. Besides, HSV-1 inoculation induced an up-regulation of ATF3, CGRP, and GAL in DRG and activation of astrocytes and microglia in the spinal cord. Moreover, 639 genes were upregulated, 249 genes were downregulated in DRG, whereas 534 genes were upregulated and 12 genes were downregulated in the spinal cord of mice 7 days after HSV-1 inoculation. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that immune responses and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction are involved in DRG and spinal cord neurons in mice after HSV-1 infection. In addition, CCL5 and its receptor CCR5 were significantly upregulated in DRG and spinal cord upon HSV-1 infection in mice. And blockade of CCR5 exhibited a significant analgesic effect and suppressed the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in DRG and spinal cord induced by HSV-1 infection in mice. HSV-1 infection-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia in mice through dysregulation of immune response and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction mechanism. Blockade of CCR5 alleviated allodynia and hyperalgesia probably through the suppression of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, CCR5 could be a therapeutic target for the alleviation of HSV-1 infection-induced HN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbin Wu
- Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Department of Pain Medicine, National Key Clinic of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaomin Yang
- Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Department of Pain Medicine, National Key Clinic of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rongzhen Li
- Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Department of Pain Medicine, National Key Clinic of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiyuan Ba
- Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Department of Pain Medicine, National Key Clinic of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changyu Jiang
- Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Department of Pain Medicine, National Key Clinic of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Donglin Xiong
- Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Department of Pain Medicine, National Key Clinic of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lizu Xiao
- Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Department of Pain Medicine, National Key Clinic of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wuping Sun
- Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Department of Pain Medicine, National Key Clinic of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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Abd E, Gomes J, Sales CC, Yousef S, Forouz F, Telaprolu KC, Roberts MS, Grice JE, Lopes PS, Leite-Silva VR, Andréo-Filho N. Deformable liposomes as enhancer of caffeine penetration through human skin in a Franz diffusion cell test. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 43:1-10. [PMID: 32866296 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The permeation of hydrophilic molecules through the skin is still a challenge due to the barrier posed by stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin. Liposomes have frequently been used as carriers for different types of drugs and may also function as permeation enhancers. Propylene glycol has also been used as an edge activator in liposomes to increase the permeation. The aim of this work was to prepare liposomes containing an edge activator and loaded with caffeine to evaluate the potential of caffeine reaching the deeper layers in the skin. METHODS The formulations were prepared by a top-down process using high-pressure homogenization at 200 00 psi for 10 min. They were characterized by size, polydispersity index (PI), zeta potential (ZP), pH, caffeine content and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) on preparation (time zero) and after 30 days. Cytotoxicity of blank and loaded liposomes was assessed by MTT proliferation assay with a normal keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). In vitro permeation tests were performed with human skin in Franz cells over 24 h, and caffeine concentration was determined in the skin surface, stratum corneum, dermo-epidermal fraction and receptor medium by HPLC. RESULTS The caffeine liposomes with (DL-Caf) or without propylene glycol (CL-Caf) showed, respectively, mean size 94.5 and 95.4 nm, PI 0.48 and 0.42, ZP + 1.3 and + 18.1 mV and caffeine content of 78.57 and 80.13%. IC50 values of caffeine in DL-Caf (3.59 v/v %) and CL-Caf (3.65 v/v %) were not significantly different from conventional blank liposome (3.27 v/v %). The DL-Caf formulation presented the best capability to enhance the caffeine permeation through the skin, resulting 1.94-folds higher than caffeine solution. Furthermore, the caffeine flux from DL-Caf was 1.56- and 3.05-folds higher than caffeine solution and CL-Caf, respectively. On the other hand, CL-Caf showed the lowest caffeine penetration revealing the importance of edge activator to aid hydrophilic drug penetration to all skin layers. CONCLUSION The DL-Caf formulation tested was able to improve the permeation of caffeine through the stratum corneum and dermo-epidermal layers, suggesting that this delivery system may be effective for deep skin delivery of hydrophilic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Abd
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Qld., 4072, Australia
| | - J Gomes
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, prédio de vidro, Diadema, SP, CEP 09913-030, Brazil
| | - C C Sales
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, prédio de vidro, Diadema, SP, CEP 09913-030, Brazil
| | - S Yousef
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Qld., 4072, Australia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - F Forouz
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Qld., 4072, Australia
| | - K C Telaprolu
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Qld., 4072, Australia
| | - M S Roberts
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Qld., 4072, Australia.,Clinical and Health Sciences, City West Campus, Level 6 Cancer Research Institute (UniSA CRI), University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, S.A., 5000, Australia
| | - J E Grice
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Qld., 4072, Australia
| | - P S Lopes
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, prédio de vidro, Diadema, SP, CEP 09913-030, Brazil
| | - V R Leite-Silva
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Qld., 4072, Australia.,Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, prédio de vidro, Diadema, SP, CEP 09913-030, Brazil
| | - N Andréo-Filho
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, prédio de vidro, Diadema, SP, CEP 09913-030, Brazil
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Kuraishi Y. [A memoir of my research on pain and analgesia for 39 years]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 134:1125-42. [PMID: 25366910 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review describes my research for the past 39 years regarding the pharmacology of pain and analgesia. We have demonstrated that the descending noradrenergic system is involved in the analgesic effect of morphine injected into the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, and that noradrenaline exerts antinociception mediated by α-adrenoceptors. We have found that noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli to the skin increase the release of substance P and somatostatin, respectively, from the dorsal horn in situ, and that noradrenaline inhibits the release of substance P and glutamate from primary afferents. We developed an animal model of cancer pain using melanoma cells. We have shown that the suppression of cancer pain results in the inhibition of tumor growth and lung metastasis, and that melanoma cells release several algogenic substances including ATP, endothelin-1, and bradykinin. We investigated neuropathic allodynia induced by the chemotherapeutic drugs paciltaxel, oxaliplatin, vincristine, and bortezomib. Single administration of these drugs caused allodynia with similar time-courses. However, antiallodynic actions of adjuvant analgesics, including gabapentin and limaprost, were dependent on the chemotherapeutic drugs used. Limaprost experiments have revealed that a decrease in peripheral blood flow is involved in allodynia exacerbation after the administration of paciltaxel and oxaliplatin. We have developed animal models of herpetic pain and postherpetic neuralgia using herpes simplex virus 1. We have demonstrated that nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and galectin-3 are involved in herpetic allodynia, that risk factors associated with postherpetic allodynia include severe herpetic pain, nociceptin, and major histocompatibility complex, and that deafferentation and nitric oxide are involved in postherpetic allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kuraishi
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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Kuraishi Y, Sasaki A. Animal models and pharmacology of herpetic and postherpetic pain. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 20:57-74. [PMID: 24496651 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella upon primary infection and subsequently becomes latent in the sensory ganglia. Reactivation of latent VZV in the sensory ganglion results in herpes zoster, which usually begins with pain and dysesthesia. Pain that persists long after healing of the rash is termed postherpetic neuralgia. VZV inoculation into rats induces mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia without causing herpes zoster. As with VZV, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) is an alphaherpesvirus. HSV1 also becomes latent in the sensory ganglia after primary infection, and reactivation of latent HSV1 in the sensory ganglion results in herpes simplex. HSV1 inoculation into mice causes zoster-like skin lesions together with mechanical allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia. A marked difference between the two rodent models is whether the herpes virus proliferates in the nervous system after inoculation. VZV-inoculated rats are useful for investigating mechanical allodynia induced by latent infection with herpes virus. HSV1-inoculated mice are useful for investigating mechanical allodynia induced by the proliferation of herpes virus in sensory neurons and for assessing the effects of acute herpetic pain on the incidence of postherpetic allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kuraishi
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan,
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Kamiyama H, Kurosaki K, Kurimoto M, Katagiri T, Nakamura Y, Kurokawa M, Sato H, Endo S, Shiraki K. Herpes simplex virus-induced, death receptor-dependent apoptosis and regression of transplanted human cancers. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:990-8. [PMID: 15596049 PMCID: PMC11158949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Revised: 10/06/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inoculation of a live attenuated herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector, betaH1, into human U87MG glioblastoma cells transplanted into athymic nude mice induced complete regression of tumors. The infected cells underwent histochemically confirmed apoptosis without lymphocyte infiltration after expressing CD30, CD30 ligand (CD30L), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, TNF receptor 1 (TNF-R1), FAS, and FAS ligand (FAS-L) with activation of caspases 3 and 8. Induction of the transcripts of these receptors and ligands in inoculated tumors was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. To examine the specificity of apoptosis in the transplanted tumor, we inoculated betaH1 into transplanted human lung, breast, gastric, and colon cancer tumors, and similar tumor regression with apoptosis was observed in all tumors. We analyzed the roles of expression of CD30, CD30L, TNF-alpha, TNF-R1, FAS, and FAS-L in the tumors, and found that HSV-induced apoptosis was suppressed by the respective antibodies. These findings indicate that the CD30/CD30L, TNF-alpha/TNF-R1, and FAS/FAS-L interactions resulted in apoptosis and tumor regression in immunocompromised mice. In addition to the death receptor-dependent apoptosis induced by HSV, the expressed ligands and receptors might enhance the susceptibility of tumor cells to cell-mediated cyto-toxicity and augment the activation of tumor-killing lymphocytes in immunocompetent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironaga Kamiyama
- Department of Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Fukuda Y, Yamamura JI, Uwano T, Nishijo H, Kurokawa M, Fukuda M, Ono T, Shiraki K. Regulated transgene delivery by ganciclovir in the brain without physiological alterations by a live attenuated herpes simplex virus vector. Neurosci Res 2003; 45:233-41. [PMID: 12573470 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(02)00235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of a live attenuated herpes simplex virus (betaH1)-mediated gene delivery into the central nervous system (CNS) was regulated by growth inhibition with ganciclovir (GCV) and the effect of this transgene expression system on the physiologic response was characterized by the acoustic startle response and its prepulse inhibition. We inoculated betaH1 expressing beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) driven by the latency associated transcripts promoter into the right caudate putamen of rats. Histochemical analysis demonstrated that the inoculation of betaH1 in the right caudate putamen resulted in a high level of beta-gal expression in the neurons of the area projecting to the inoculation site. On 14 days after inoculation without GCV-treatment, beta-gal activity localized in the anterior olfactory nucleus, frontal, insular, orbital, parietal, perirhinal, piriform cortices and the temporal region including the amygdala. In contrast, the distribution of beta-gal activity was regulated by the interval between virus inoculation and GCV-treatment and maintained after its cessation without significant alteration. The whole process of transgene expression did not influence the emotional behavior, indicating that this vector system is a suitable model for analyzing the transgene function or applying the gene therapy for the CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Fukuda
- Department of Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Takasaki I, Andoh T, Shiraki K, Kuraishi Y. Allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by herpes simplex virus type-1 infection in mice. Pain 2000; 86:95-101. [PMID: 10779666 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(00)00240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human subjects infected with herpes or varicella-zoster viruses complain of pain, such as allodynia, in or near the region with vesicles. However, the mechanisms of the pain are unclear. We show for the first time that infection with herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) induces allodynia and hyperalgesia in mice. When HSV-1 was inoculated on the hind paw of the mouse, eruption appeared on the back on day 5 post-inoculation, and zosteriform skin lesions were developed on the inoculated side. Allodynia and hyperalgesia became apparent in the hind paw on the inoculated side on day 5 and persisted until at least day 8. HSV-1 DNA was detected in the dorsal root ganglia from days 2 to 8 post-inoculation, with a peak effect on day 5. The application of heat-inactivated HSV-1 induced no allodynia, hyperalgesia and skin lesion. When started from days 0 or 2, repeated treatment with acyclovir, anti-HSV-1 agent, inhibited the appearance of allodynia, hyperalgesia, eruption and the viral proliferation in the dorsal root ganglia. In contrast, when started from days 5 or 6, acyclovir treatment slightly inhibited the development of skin lesions and the viral proliferation, but not allodynia and hyperalgesia. These results suggest that the propagation of HSV-1 in the dorsal root ganglia produces allodynia and hyperalgesia as a result of functional abnormality of the sensory neurons in mice. This may be a useful model for studying the mechanisms of herpetic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Takasaki
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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