A new technique for implanting a fine-wire microelectrode for chronic recording of unit activity from freely-moving mice

Miniature multichannel preamplifier for extracellular recordings of single unit activity in freely moving and swimming small animals

The design of a miniature multichannel preamplifier for extracellular recordings of single unit activity in freely moving and swimming small animals is presented. The advantages of this design include perfect protection of the critical components and electric contacts from water. Thus, neuronal activity and EEG may be recorded differentially in any kinds of behavioral tasks including swimming in Morris water maze. Recordings are stable even if an animal is diving and swimming under the water surface. The reusable dismountable base can adopt different types of chronically implanted fine wire electrodes and movable arrays. Electrodes may be implanted to any desired depth. The assembly weight is less than 240 mg. Thus, the construction is light enough even for mice. This work is the first successful attempt for multichannel recording of neuronal activity in mice performing spatial task in Morris water maze.

Comprehensive analysis of tissue preservation and recording quality from chronic multielectrode implants

Multielectrodes have been used with great success to simultaneously record the activity of neuronal populations in awake, behaving animals. In particular, there is great promise in the use of this technique to allow the control of neuroprosthetic devices by human patients. However, it is crucial to fully characterize the tissue response to the chronic implants in animal models ahead of the initiation of human clinical trials. Here we evaluated the effects of unilateral multielectrode implants on the motor cortex of rats weekly recorded for 1-6 months using several histological methods to assess metabolic markers, inflammatory response, immediate-early gene (IEG) expression, cytoskeletal integrity and apoptotic profiles. We also investigated the correlations between each of these features and firing rates, to estimate the impact of post-implant time on neuronal recordings. Overall, limited neuronal loss and glial activation were observed on the implanted sites. Reactivity to enzymatic metabolic markers and IEG expression were not significantly different between implanted and non-implanted hemispheres. Multielectrode recordings remained viable for up to 6 months after implantation, and firing rates correlated well to the histochemical and immunohistochemical markers. Altogether, our results indicate that chronic tungsten multielectrode implants do not substantially alter the histological and functional integrity of target sites in the cerebral cortex.

Miniature microdrive–headstage assembly for extracellular recording of neuronal activity with high-impedance electrodes in freely moving mice

The design of a removable miniature microdrive-headstage assembly for extracellular recordings of single unit activity with high-impedance electrodes in freely moving small animals is presented. The advantages of this construction include simple installation and removal of the electrodes, rapid attachment of the assembly to the animal's skull and rapid removal after recording. The microdrive provides precise vertical positioning of the electrode without rotation or lateral shift, stable recordings of single units for several hours and the possibility to change the penetration track 5-10 times in the same animal. The microdrive permits microelectrode penetration to any desired depth. The small size of the microdrive permits installation of several units simultaneously. The assembly weight is less than 120mg.

Long-term gliosis around chronically implanted platinum electrodes in the Rhesus macaque motor cortex

Chronically implanted microelectrodes have been an important tool used by neuroscientists for many years and are critical for the development of neural prostheses designed to restore function after traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injury. It is well established that a variety of mammals, including non-human primates (NHP), tolerate noble metal electrodes in the cortex for extended periods of time, but little is known about the long-term effects of electrode implantation at the cellular level. While data from rodents have clearly shown gliosis around such implants, there have been difficulties in demonstrating these reactions in NHP. Glial reactions are to be expected in NHP, since any trauma to the mammalian CNS is believed to result in the formation of a glial scar consisting of reactive astrocytes and microglia around the injury site. Because a glial scar can potentially affect the quality of recordings or stimulations from implanted electrodes, it is important to determine the extent of gliosis around implants in NHP. We studied the response of cortical glial cells to chronic electrode implantation in the motor cortices of Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) after 3 months and 3 years duration. Antibodies specific for astrocytes and microglia were used to detect the presence of glial reactions around electrode implant sites. Reactive glia were found within the cortical neuropil surrounding the chronically implanted noble metal electrodes. Reactive gliosis persisted over the time periods studied and demonstrates the importance of developing strategies to minimize this event, even around noble metal implants.