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Oduola AA, Callewaert P, Devlieghere F, Bluhm BH, Atungulu GG. Growth and Aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis rate of model Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3357 exposed to selected infrared wavelengths. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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2
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Álvarez M, Delgado J, Núñez F, Cebrián E, Andrade MJ. Proteomic analyses reveal mechanisms of action of biocontrol agents on ochratoxin A repression in Penicillium nordicum. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Álvarez M, Rodríguez A, Bermúdez E, Roncero E, Andrade MJ. Development of a Methodology for Estimating the Ergosterol in Meat Product-Borne Toxigenic Moulds to Evaluate Antifungal Agents. Foods 2021; 10:438. [PMID: 33671272 PMCID: PMC7922909 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifungal agents are commonly used in the meat industry to prevent the growth of unwanted moulds, such as toxigenic ones, on dry-cured meat products. For enhancing the application of antifungals, their mode of action must be evaluated. Their effect on the mould ergosterol content is one of the most studied ones, since it is the target site of some commercialised antifungals or of those that are in development. The aim of this study was to develop a methodology for determining how the antifungal agents used in the meat industry work. A method for analysing ergosterol was firstly developed using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection coupled to a diode array detector (HPLC-FLD/DAD). The chromatographically optimised conditions (gradient and mobile phases) allowed us to reduce the time per analysis with respect to previously published methods up to 22 min. Withing the six checked extraction methods, method 5, showing the best mean recovery values (99.51%), the shortest retention time (15.8 min), and the lowest standard deviation values (9.92) and working temperature (60 °C), was selected. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.03 and 0.1 µg/mL, respectively. All the validation parameters corroborated the method's suitability. Finally, its feasibility for evaluating the effect of a commercial antifungal preparation (AP) and different herbs that are frequently added to meat products on the ergosterol content of several toxigenic moulds was studied. Differences at the strain level were obtained in the presence of AP. Moreover, the addition of herbs significantly reduced the ergosterol content in Penicillium nordicum up to 83.91%. The developed methodology is thus suitable for screening the antifungals' role in altering mould ergosterol biosynthesis before their application in real meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Álvarez
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n. 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.Á.); (E.B.); (E.R.)
| | - Alicia Rodríguez
- Food Quality and Microbiology, University Institute for the Research in Agrifood Resources, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez, s/n. 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Elena Bermúdez
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n. 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.Á.); (E.B.); (E.R.)
| | - Elia Roncero
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n. 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.Á.); (E.B.); (E.R.)
| | - María J. Andrade
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n. 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.Á.); (E.B.); (E.R.)
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Model of Fungal Development in Stored Barley Ecosystems as a Prognostic Auxiliary Tool for Postharvest Preservation Systems. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-020-02575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPostharvest preservation and storage have a crucial impact on the technological quality and safety of grain. The important threat to stored grain quality and nutritional safety of cereal products is mould development and their toxic metabolites, mycotoxins. Models based on predictive microbiology, which are able to estimate the kinetics of fungal growth, and thus, the risks of mycotoxin accumulation in a mass of grain are promising prognostic tools that can be applied in postharvest management systems. The study developed a modelling approach to describe total fungal growth in barley ecosystems stored at different temperatures (T = 12–30 °C) and water activity in grain (aw = 0.78–0.96). As the pattern of fungal growth curves was sigmoidal, the experimental data were modelled using the modified Gompertz equation, in which constant coefficients reflecting biological parameters of mould development (i.e. lag phase duration (τlag), maximum growth rate (μmax) and the maximum increase in fungal population level (Δmaxlog(CFU)) were expressed as functions of storage conditions, i.e. aw and T. The criteria used to evaluate the overall model performance indicated its good precision (R2 = 0.95; RMSE = 0.23) and high prediction accuracy (bias factor and accuracy factor Bf = 1.004, Af = 1.035). The formulated model is able to estimate the extension of fungal contamination in a bulk of grain versus time by monitoring temperature and intergranular relative humidity that are readily measurable in practice parameters; therefore, it may be used as a prognostic support tool in modern postharvest management systems.
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Oktay Başeğmez Hİ, Baydemir Peşint G, Nergiz M, Zenger O. Determination of mold contamination using ergosterol imprinted particles. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 37:e3089. [PMID: 33016620 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ergosterol is a key biochemical marker for fungal mycelial growth. In this study, molecularly ergosterol imprinted particles (Erg-MIPs) were newly synthesized for the selective detection of ergosterol in mold samples. Erg-MIPs were characterized via scanning electron microscopy, swelling studies, and surface area measurements. Maximum selective ergosterol adsorption achieved as 28.50 mg/g Erg-MIP. Selectivity studies showed that Erg-MIPs adsorbed Erg 2.01 and 3.27 times higher than that of cholesterol and stigmasterol, respectively. Erg adsorption from Aspergillus niger was found as 23.87 mg/g. Reusability of Erg-MIPs was studied and decrease in Erg adsorption capacity of the particles was negligible (3%). Erg-MIPs are good affinity materials for the selective Erg detection from food samples, prior to use in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gözde Baydemir Peşint
- Bioengineering Department, Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Nergiz
- Bioengineering Department, Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Okan Zenger
- Bioengineering Department, Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University, Adana, Turkey
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Carboué Q, Rébufa C, Hamrouni R, Roussos S, Bombarda I. Statistical approach to evaluate effect of temperature and moisture content on the production of antioxidant naphtho-gamma-pyrones and hydroxycinnamic acids by Aspergillus tubingensis in solid-state fermentation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:2283-2294. [PMID: 32880738 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-ochratoxigenic Aspergillus tubingensis G131 is a filamentous fungus that can produce naphtho-gamma-pyrones (NγPs), polyketide pigments that exhibit interesting antioxidant properties. This study aims to investigate the effect of two critical parameters, temperature and moisture content on the fungus grown in solid-state fermentation using agricultural by-products (vine shoots and wheat bran) as sole medium. From the kinetic productions of secondary metabolites NγPs (asperpyrone E, dianhydroaurasperone C, fonsecin, fonsecin B and ustilaginoidin A), alkaloids (nigragilin and aspernigrin A), degradation products from the solid medium (β-D-glucose, p-coumaric acid and trans-ethyl ferulate), ergosterol and conidia obtained for different temperatures and moisture contents, a principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to highlight the production patterns of these compounds. This approach allowed us to determine that fonsecin, the compound of higher interest-exhibiting the most interesting antiradical potential-is particularly more produced at 25 °C and 66% of moisture content. This study underlines the importance of temperature and moisture content on naphtho-gamma-pyrones and hydroxycinnamic acid production using solid-state fermentation and contributes to the development of agroindustrial by-product valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Carboué
- Vinovalie, ZA Les Portes du Tarn, 81370, Saint-Sulpice-la-Pointe, France. .,Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France.
| | - Catherine Rébufa
- Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Rayhane Hamrouni
- Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Sevastianos Roussos
- Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Bombarda
- Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France.
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Ghisoni S, Lucini L, Rocchetti G, Chiodelli G, Farinelli D, Tombesi S, Trevisan M. Untargeted metabolomics with multivariate analysis to discriminate hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars and their geographical origin. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:500-508. [PMID: 31435948 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study a metabolomics-based approach was used to discriminate among different hazelnut cultivars and to trace their geographical origins. Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI/QTOF-MS) was used to profile phenolic and sterolic compounds. RESULTS Compounds were identified against an in-house database using accurate monoisotopic mass and isotopic patterns. The screening approach was designed to discern 15 hazelnut cultivars and to discriminate among the geographical origins of six cultivars from the four main growing regions (Chile, Georgia, Italy, and Turkey). This approach allowed more than 1000 polyphenols and sterols to be annotated. The metabolomics data were elaborated with both unsupervised (hierarchical clustering) and supervised (orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA) statistics. These multivariate statistical tools allowed hazelnut samples to be discriminated, considering both 'cultivar type' and 'geographical origin'. Flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavanols and flavonols - VIP scores 1.34-1.49), phenolic acids (mainly hydroxycinnamics - VIP scores 1.35-1.55) together with cholesterol, ergosterol, and stigmasterol derivatives (VIP scores 1.34-1.49) were the best markers to discriminate samples according to geographical origin. CONCLUSIONS This work illustrates the potential of untargeted profiling of phenolics and sterols based on UHPLC-ESI/QTOF mass spectrometry to discriminate hazelnut and support authenticity and origin. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ghisoni
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giulia Chiodelli
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Daniela Farinelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università degli studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sergio Tombesi
- Department for Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Marco Trevisan
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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Antifungal activity of selected essential oils against Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum and their secondary metabolites in wheat seeds. Arch Microbiol 2019; 201:1085-1097. [PMID: 31123790 PMCID: PMC6746685 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are products of plant origin and include mixtures of different chemical compounds. These volatile substances have many interesting properties, including antifungal properties. Fungi may develop under field conditions on crops such as wheat or corn and are able to synthesize mycotoxins, which adversely affect livestock and human health. In the present study, selected EOs were used to inhibit the growth of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum and reduce the concentrations of mycotoxins in wheat grain. The EOs significantly inhibited the growth of tested Fusarium species (90.99-99.99%), as determined based on ergosterol quantitative analysis. Only the addition of orange oil to F. culmorum exhibits a different inhibition capacity (68.13%). EO application resulted in a large reduction in zearalenone content (99.08-99.99%); only in the case of orange oil application was the reduction estimated at approximately 68.33%. However, all EOs provided a significant reduction in the concentration levels of group B trichothecenes (94.51-100%). It can be concluded that EOs inhibit the growth of fungi of the genus Fusarium and reduce concentration levels of the mycotoxins zearalenone and group B trichothecenes.
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9
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Jeszka-Skowron M, Oszust K, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Frąc M. Quality assessment of goji fruits, cranberries, and raisins using selected markers. Eur Food Res Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-018-3125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Kadakal Ç, Tepe TK. Is ergosterol a new microbiological quality parameter in foods or not? FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2018.1482495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Çetin Kadakal
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pamukkale, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Tolga Kağan Tepe
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pamukkale, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey
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Koziróg A, Brycki B, Pielech-Przybylska K. Impact of Cationic and Neutral Gemini Surfactants on Conidia and Hyphal Forms of Aspergillus brasiliensis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E873. [PMID: 29543767 PMCID: PMC5877734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the biological activity of two cationic gemini surfactants, hexamethylene-1,6-bis-(N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylammonium bromide) C6 and pentamethylene-1,5-bis-(N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecyla,.mmonium bromide) C5, and their two neutral analogs, hexamethylene-1,6-bis-(N-methyl-N-dodecylamine) (A6) and pentamethylene-1,5-bis-(N-methyl-N-dodecylamine) (A5). Experiments were performed with Aspergillus brasiliensis, which is used in the standard tests for biocides. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for conidia and mycelium were determined using the dilution method. The viability of the conidia was evaluated using the plate count method. The dry mass of the mycelium was determined using the thermogravimetric method. Ergosterol was extracted from the mycelium and evaluated by gas chromatography. The effect of gemini surfactants on fungal morphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Cationic gemini surfactants were found to be active at lower concentrations compared to their non-ionic analogues, rapidly reducing the total number of conidia that were able to grow. They also decreased both the ergosterol content in the mycelium and its dry weight. These results suggest that cationic gemini surfactants C6 and C5 could have a wide range of practical applications as active compounds. However, it should be remembered that usage at too low concentrations, below the MIC, will only lead to short-term disturbances in the development of conidia and mycelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koziróg
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Bogumił Brycki
- Laboratory of Microbiocides Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Pielech-Przybylska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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TLC-Digital Image-Based Fluorometric Analysis of Ergosterol and Chitin Content in Food Grains Artificially Infested with Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Jeszka-Skowron M, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Waśkiewicz A, Stępień Ł, Stanisz E. Positive and negative aspects of green coffee consumption - antioxidant activity versus mycotoxins. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:4022-4028. [PMID: 28195330 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality of coffee depends not only on the contents of healthy compounds but also on its contamination with microorganisms that can produce mycotoxins during development, harvesting, preparation, transport and storage. RESULTS The antioxidant activity of green coffee brews measured in this study by ABTS, DPPH and Folin-Ciocalteu assays showed that coffee extracts from Robusta beans possessed higher activity in all assays than extracts from Arabica beans. The occurrence of ochratoxin A and aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) in green coffee beans was studied using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Apart from mycotoxins, the content of ergosterol as a marker indicating fungal occurrence was also determined. Among aflatoxins, aflatoxin B1 was the dominant mycotoxin in coffee bean samples, with the highest level at 17.45 ng g-1 . Ochratoxin A was detected in four samples at levels ranging from 1.27 to 4.34 ng g-1 , and fungi potentially producing this toxin, namely Aspergillus oryzae, Alternaria sp., Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus tamarii and Penicillium citrinum, were isolated. CONCLUSION Steaming and decaffeination of coffee beans increased antioxidant activities of brews in comparison with those prepared from unprocessed beans. Although toxins can be quantified in green coffee beans and novel fungi were isolated, their concentrations are acceptable according to legal limits. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jeszka-Skowron
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | | | | | - Łukasz Stępień
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Stanisz
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
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Jeszka-Skowron M, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Stanisz E, Waśkiewicz A. Potential health benefits and quality of dried fruits: Goji fruits, cranberries and raisins. Food Chem 2016; 221:228-236. [PMID: 27979197 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dried fruits are important snacks and additives to other foods due to their taste and nutritional advantages. Therefore there is an important goal to control the quality of the food on the market for consumer's safety. Antioxidant activity of goji fruits (Lycium barbarum), cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon and oxycoccus) and raisins (Vitis vinifera) were studied using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and Folin-Ciocalteu assays. Cu, Mn and Ge influencing antioxidant activity were determined together with selected toxic metals (Cd, Ni and Pb). Contamination with fungi was studied by quantification of their marker - ergosterol and important mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, and ochratoxin A) were also determined. Antioxidant activity of all tested dried fruits was confirmed with goji fruits being the most profitable for consumers. Contamination of the tested fruits with toxic metals and mycotoxins was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jeszka-Skowron
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Zgoła-Grześkowiak
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Stanisz
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
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15
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The relationship between ergosterol and mycotoxin contamination in maize from various countries. Mycotoxin Res 2015; 31:91-9. [PMID: 25600135 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-015-0219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Maize is a good substrate for fungal growth and production of toxic secondary metabolites or mycotoxins. The relationships between the fungal biomarker ergosterol (ERG) and mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEA) were investigated in maize collected from four different geographic locations. ERG and mycotoxins were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV and fluorescence detection. ERG did not correlate with AFs in 139 analysed samples. OTA contamination was found in only one sample from the North American region. A significant correlation (r (2) = 0.82) was observed between ERG and ZEA. AFs and ZEA were found in 47% of all samples. Half of the samples contained more than two mycotoxins. Levels of ERG and mycotoxin contamination differed by geographical region. North American and Asian samples had higher frequencies and levels of ERG and mycotoxin contamination. No AF contamination was observed in European samples (limit of detection 0.025 μg/kg for AFB1). We conclude that samples containing less than 3 mg/kg ERG in most cases do not exceed the EU maximum limits for AFs, OTA and ZEA.
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Modeling the growth of Byssochlamys fulva and Neosartorya fischeri on solidified apple juice by measuring colony diameter and ergosterol content. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 193:23-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Hossain MZ, Goto T. A Rapid Determination of Ergosterol in Grains Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Method Without Derivatization. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9983-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Chua YG, Bloodworth BC, Leong LP, Li SFY. Metabolite profiling of edible bird's nest using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1387-1400. [PMID: 24797951 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Edible bird's nest (EBN) is a renowned food item in the Chinese community due to the therapeutic effects claimed to be brought about by its consumption. However, very little scientific information has been revealed to support these claims. Thus, metabolite profiling was performed to identify the metabolites and to relate them to the medicinal properties of EBN. The study also aims to further extend the results to determine any possible differences when the EBNs are classified according to their coloration, countries or production sites. METHODS Extraction of the metabolites was performed via sonication of EBN with methanol and chloroform. Two analytical platforms, namely gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), were utilized to detect the metabolites. This multi-analytical platform would provide a comprehensive coverage of the metabolites in EBN. GC/MS analysis was conducted in scan mode from m/z 50-650. On the other hand, LC/MS analysis was operated in both positive and negative ion mode from m/z 150-1000. RESULTS Metabolites were identified and their relationships with the medicinal properties of EBN were deduced. Classification with chemometrics illustrates that EBNs could be differentiated according to their coloration, countries and production sites. This differentiation was due to the environment where the EBNs are produced. Furthermore, GC/MS was demonstrated to be more suitable for classification as the processing methods of the EBNs did not cause a significant variation in the metabolites detected by GC/MS. CONCLUSIONS The overall findings suggest that the novel approach of metabolite profiling offers new insights to understanding EBN and provided evidence to support the medicinal properties of EBN. In addition, the success of classification of EBNs with metabolite profiling combining with chemometrics represents a paradigm shift in the quality control of this food item.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guan Chua
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 11754, Singapore
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Gutarowska B, Skóra J, Pielech-Przybylska K. Evaluation of ergosterol content in the air of various environments. AEROBIOLOGIA 2014; 31:33-44. [PMID: 25750476 PMCID: PMC4342787 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-014-9344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the content of ergosterol in different microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts and moulds) isolated from the air as well as in six species of moulds in their different morphological forms-live mycelium, dead mycelium, and spores. Evaluation of the level of mould contamination of the air in various places using culture method and ergosterol determination was also performed. The analysis of ergosterol was carried out by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionisation detector. For evaluation of the results, analysis of variance and multiple comparison test were used. The quantity of ergosterol in the spores of various species of mould was in the range 1.9-9.4 pg/spore. The presence of yeasts and bacteria in the air does not significantly affect ergosterol concentration, in view of the low content of that sterol in their cells (max. 0.009 pg/cell for bacteria and 0.39 pg/cell for yeast). An ergosterol concentration above 1 ng per m3 can be considered an indicator of excessive mould contamination of indoor air. Based on determination of ergosterol in the air of mouldy rooms the result obtained may be compared with the culture method, due to the 1,000 times higher concentration of ergosterol in the mycelium compared with spores. However, in the analysis of outdoor air, in view of the presence of mould mainly in the form of spores and the degradation of ergosterol by UV radiation, analysis of that compound may indicate a lower level of contamination compared with the culture method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Gutarowska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska St. 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna Skóra
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska St. 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pielech-Przybylska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska St. 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Ekinci R, Otağ M, Kadakal Ç. Patulin & ergosterol: New quality parameters together with aflatoxins in hazelnuts. Food Chem 2014; 150:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Yang M, Jiang B, Xie J, Xiang Y, Yuan R, Chai Y. Electrochemiluminescence recovery-based aptasensor for sensitive Ochratoxin A detection via exonuclease-catalyzed target recycling amplification. Talanta 2014; 125:45-50. [PMID: 24840413 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on the recovery of the quantum dot (QD) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and exonuclease-catalyzed target recycling amplification, the development of a highly sensitive aptasensor for Ochratoxin A (OTA) detection is described. The duplex DNA probes containing the biotin-modified aptamer are immobilized on a CdTe QD composite film-coated electrode. The presence of the OTA target leads to effective removal of the biotin-aptamers from the electrode surface via exonuclease-catalyzed recycling and reuse of OTA, which prevents the attachment of streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase (STV-ALP) through biotin-STV interaction. The electron transfer (ET) from the excited state CdTe QD ([CdTe](⁎)) to the electro-oxidized species of the enzymatic product of ALP during the potential scan is thus inhibited and the QD ECL emission is restored for quantitative OTA detection. Due to the exonuclease-catalyzed target recycling amplification, the inhibition effect of ET is significantly enhanced to achieve sensitive detection of OTA down to 0.64 pg mL(-1). The proposed method is selective for OTA and can be used to monitor OTA in real red wine samples. Our developed ECL recovery-based aptasensor thus offers great potential for the development of new ECL sensing platforms for various target analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Bingying Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, PR China.
| | - Jiaqing Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, PR China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yaqin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
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Ekinci R, Kadakal Ç, Otağ M. Effects of temperature and packaging types on ergosterol and Howard mold count values of tomato paste during storage. J Food Prot 2014; 77:499-503. [PMID: 24674445 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of temperature and packaging on ergosterol and Howard mold count (HMC) changes of tomato paste during storage. The other purpose of this study was to determine whether the measurement of ergosterol stability in tomato paste can be useful for the assessment of microbiological quality of tomato paste as related to the storage temperature (4, 20, 28, or 37°C) and time. Ergosterol analysis was done by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Tomato paste samples were packaged in either aseptic bags or tin boxes and stored at 4, 20, 28, or 37°C for a period of 10 months. The detection limit of ergosterol was 0.1 mg/kg. Measurements showed that packaging and storage temperatures of 28 and 37°C have a considerable influence on ergosterol and HMC changes in the product. The poor precision of the "percentage of discarded fruits" and HMC methods has increased the importance of ergosterol for the microbiological quality evaluation of tomato and tomato products. This article reports the data from what we believe to be the first survey for the influence of storage temperature and packaging material on ergosterol and HMC changes of tomato paste during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raci Ekinci
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Çetin Kadakal
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Denizli, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Otağ
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Denizli, Turkey
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Wawrzyniak J, Waśkiewicz A. Ochratoxin A and citrinin production byPenicillium verrucosumon cereal solid substrates. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:139-48. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.861933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Reverberi M, Fabbri AA, Fanelli C. Ochratoxin A and Related Mycotoxins. Fungal Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1191-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Hossain M, Goto T. Near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy as efficient tools for detection of fungal and mycotoxin contamination in agricultural commodities. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy have proven to be most promising tools for the detection of fungal contamination and estimation of mycotoxins in agricultural commodities, particularly of cereals. Owing to significant economic losses incurred from fungal contamination of foodstuffs, producers and processors are looking for fast, reliable, and less-expensive methods for the detection of fungal damage. In this context, NIR and MIR spectroscopy offer a fast, less-expensive, non-destructive, and relatively simple analytical method. Results from published studies indicate that NIR and MIR spectroscopy can be successfully applied to identifying fungal contamination and estimating specific mycotoxins. This review will focus on the applications of NIR and MIR spectroscopy to the classification of fungal contamination and the determination of specific mycotoxin contamination levels, and to compare this technology with traditional analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.Z. Hossain
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Mura, Kamiina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - T. Goto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Mura, Kamiina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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Wawrzyniak J, Ryniecki A, Gawrysiak-Witulska M. Kinetics of mould growth in the stored barley ecosystem contaminated with Aspergillus westerdijkiae, Penicillium viridicatum and Fusarium poae at 23-30 °C. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:895-901. [PMID: 22903624 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to the lack of a rapid method for determining fungi on cereals, the best way to enhance the safety and nutritive value of stored grain is to develop prognostic tools based on the relationship between easily measurable online parameters, e.g. water activity (a(w)) and temperature (t) of grain, and fungal growth. This study examined the effect of unfavourable temperature (23 and 30 °C) and humidity (0.80-0.94 a(w)) storage conditions on mould growth in the stored barley ecosystem with its adverse microbiological state provided by contamination with Aspergillus westerdijkiae, Penicillium viridicatum and Fusarium poae. RESULTS Among the applied storage parameters, a(w) turned out to be the main factor affecting mould development. The longest lag phase and period of fungal activation were observed for grain with 0.80 a(w), which was not threatened with fungal development for at least 30 days. However, in grain with 0.92 and 0.94 a(w), fungal activation occurred within 24-48 h. CONCLUSION The obtained data and the identification of critical points in mould growth may be used to develop a control system for the postharvest preservation of barley based on a(w) and temperature of grain, which are easy to measure in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Wawrzyniak
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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Tong P, Zhang L, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Simply amplified electrochemical aptasensor of ochratoxin A based on exonuclease-catalyzed target recycling. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 29:97-101. [PMID: 21855315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new "signal-on" aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in wheat starch was developed based on exonuclease-catalyzed target recycling. To construct the aptasensor, a ferrocene (Fc) labeled probe DNA (S1) was immobilized on a gold electrode (GE) via Au-S bonding for the following hybridization with the complementary OTA aptamer, with the labeled Fc on S1 far from the GE surface. In the presence of analyte OTA, the formation of aptamer-OTA complex would result in not only the dissociation of aptamer from the double-strand DNA but also the transformation of the probe DNA into a hairpin structure. Subsequently, the OTA could be liberated from the aptamer-OTA complex for analyte recycling due to the employment of exonuclease, which is a single-stranded DNA specific exonuclease to selectively digest the appointed DNA (aptamer). Owing to the labeled Fc in close proximity to the electrode surface caused by the formation of the hairpin DNA and to the analyte recycling, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) signal could be produced with enhanced signal amplification. Based on this strategy, an ultrasensitive aptasensor for the detection of OTA could be exhibited with a wide linear range of 0.005-10.0ngmL(-1) with a low detection limit (LOD) of 1.0pgmL(-1) OTA (at 3σ). The fabricated biosensor was then applied for the measurement of OTA in real wheat starch sample and validated by ELISA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Tong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Analytical and Testing Center, The Sport Science Research Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Mycotoxin production by different ochratoxigenic Aspergillus and Penicillium species on coffee- and wheat-based media. Mycotoxin Res 2011; 27:239-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-011-0100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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SASAKI A, KONISHI A, MIYAGAWA H, GOTO T. Analysis of Ergosterol in Cereals without Saponif cation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2520/myco.61.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Bankole SA, Schollenberger M, Drochner W. Survey of ergosterol, zearalenone and trichothecene contamination in maize from Nigeria. J Food Compost Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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Gutarowska B, Żakowska Z. Estimation of fungal contamination of various plant materials with UV-determination of fungal ergosterol. ANN MICROBIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-010-0057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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33
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Wang H, Qi J, Xu T, Liu JH, Qin MJ, Zhu DN, Yu BY. Effects of storage condition factors on fungal invasion of Radix Ophiopogonis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5432-5437. [PMID: 20397649 DOI: 10.1021/jf9044588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fungal invasion is a main factor leading to the loss of postharvest herbs during storage. To prevent fungal invasion and clarify the favorable conditions for the stability of herbs during the storage period, uniform design and three-dimensional response surfaces were applied to investigate the relationship of the mildew degree of Radix Ophiopogonis induced by prevalent fungal isolates and the storage factors including air relative humidity (X(1)), temperature (X(2)), and moisture content (X(3)), in laboratory studies. Mildew degree was evaluated by ergosterol assay of mold isolates through a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) technique. As a result, storage conditions, which satisfied the following correlation equations established by the relationships between the storage factors and the biomass of mildew (Y), could effectively prevent fungal spoilage: Y = -0.2484084028 + 0.00030711966572 x X(3) x X(3) + 0.00018881361186 x X(1) x X(2) - 0.00029473040679 x X(2) x X(3) <or= 0; Y = -0.2697457586 + 0.004127756022 x X(1) - 0.000015977780492 x X(1) x X(1) + 0.00021906984606 x X(2) x X(3) <or= 0; Y = -0.325655811 + 0.015464432582 x X(2) + 0.00004779394354 x X(1) x X(1) - 0.00021743815482 x X(2) x X(2) <or= 0. This compositive methodology might be useful to predict the occurrence of fungal invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Complex Prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Dohnal V, Jezkova A, Pavlikova L, Musilek K, Jun D, Kuca K. Fluctuation in the ergosterol and deoxynivalenol content in barley and malt during malting process. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:109-114. [PMID: 20225055 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3585-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes determination of the deoxynivalenol and ergosterol in samples from different varieties of barley and, consequently, malt produced from this barley. In total, 20 samples of barley and 20 samples of barley malt were analyzed. The alkaline hydrolysis with consequent extraction into hexane was applied to obtain the ergosterol from cereals. Extraction to acetonitrile/water and subsequent solid-phase extraction (SPE) were used for deoxynivalenol. The determination of the samples was performed on high-performance liquid chromatography using UV detection (ergosterol) and mass spectrometric detection (deoxynivalenol). The influence of the malting process on the production of two compounds of interest was assessed from obtained results. Ergosterol concentration ranged 0.88-15.87 mg/kg in barley and 2.63-34.96 mg/kg in malt, where its content increased to 95% compared to samples before malting. The malting process was observed as having a significant effect on ergosterol concentration (P = 0.07). The maximum concentration of deoxynivalenol was found to be 641 microg/kg in barley and 499 microg/kg in malt. Its concentration was lower than the legislative limit for unprocessed cereals (1,250 microg/kg). The statistic effect of the malting process on deoxynivalenol production was not found. Linear correlation between ergosterol and deoxynivalenol content was found to be very low (barley R = 0.02, malt R = 0.01). The results revealed that it is not possible to consider the ergosterol content as the indicator of deoxynivalenol contamination of naturally molded samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlastimil Dohnal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of J.E. Purkynje in Usti nad Labem, Ceske mladeze 8, 400 96, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic. .,Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Alena Jezkova
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Zemedelská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Pavlikova
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Zemedelská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of J.E. Purkynje in Usti nad Labem, Ceske mladeze 8, 400 96, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of J.E. Purkynje in Usti nad Labem, Ceske mladeze 8, 400 96, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic.,Center of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of J.E. Purkynje in Usti nad Labem, Ceske mladeze 8, 400 96, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Center of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Aroyeun SO, Adegoke GO, Varga J, Teren J. Grading of fermented and dried cocoa beans using fungal contamination, ergosterol index and ochratoxin a production. MYCOBIOLOGY 2009; 37:215-217. [PMID: 23983536 PMCID: PMC3749391 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2009.37.3.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sixty four samples of cocoa beans replicated in quadruplicates were collected from five warehouses from southwest Nigeria and examined for fungal loads, ergosterol and ochratoxin A The levels of all the variables obtained were further used as indices for cocoa grading into food quality, FoQ (erg < 5 mg/kg; OTA < 1 µg/kg), feed quality, FeQ (erg = 5~10 mg/kg; OTA in the range of 1.1~3.11 µg/kg), Screen for mycotoxin, SFM (erg = 10~20 mg/kg; OTA from 3.12 µg/kg and above) with fuel quality, FuQ having erg > 20 mg/kg and OTA > 6.12 µg/kg. Using these ergosterol indices, 18.75% of the cocoa beans examined was classified with the FoQ, 18.75% with the FuQ while 31.25% was classified with both the FeQ and the SFM, respectively. In conclusion, ergosterol can be used as a rapid index to grade fermented, dried cocoa beans meant for export.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Aroyeun
- Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB, 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria
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36
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Isolation of ergosterol peroxide from Nomuraea rileyi infected larvae of tobacco cutworm. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9830-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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37
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Marín S, Cuevas D, Ramos AJ, Sanchis V. Fitting of colony diameter and ergosterol as indicators of food borne mould growth to known growth models in solid medium. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 121:139-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Ng HE, Raj S, Wong S, Tey D, Tan HM. Estimation of fungal growth using the ergosterol assay: a rapid tool in assessing the microbiological status of grains and feeds. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 46:113-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Börjesson T, Stenberg B, Schnürer J. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Estimation of Ergosterol Content in Barley: A Comparison Between Reflectance and Transmittance Techniques. Cereal Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-84-3-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Börjesson
- Lantmännen, Grain Department, SE-531 87 Lidköping, Sweden
- Corresponding author. Phone: +46 510 88559. Fax: +46 510 88810. E-mail:
| | - B. Stenberg
- Precision Agriculture, Dept. of Soil Science, SLU, P.O. Box 234, SE-532 23Skara, Sweden
| | - J. Schnürer
- Dept. of Microbiology, SLU, P.O. Box 7025, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Xue HQ, Upchurch RG, Kwanyuen P. Ergosterol as a Quantifiable Biomass Marker for Diaporthe haseolorum and Cercospora kikuchi. PLANT DISEASE 2006; 90:1395-1398. [PMID: 30780905 DOI: 10.1094/pd-90-1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between ergosterol content and biomass was determined for the soybean fungal pathogens Diaporthe phaseolorum (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc. var. sojae, causal agent of Phomopsis seed decay, and Cercospora kikuchii (Matsumoto & Tomoy.), causal agent of leaf blight and purple seed stain. Biomass was manipulated by varying incubation period, and ergosterol was quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Fungal dry mass was linearly correlated with ergosterol content (r2 = 0.90, P < 0.05 for D. phaseolorum, and r2 = 0.95, P < 0.01 for C. kikuchii). In vitro ergosterol content of fungi was 3.16 μg/mg for D. phaseolorum and 2.85 μg/mg for C. kikuchii. Ergosterol content of inoculated seed was qualitatively correlated with observed seed colonization by both pathogens. Soybean variety had a significant effect on fungal colonization by D. phaseolorum and ergosterol content. Results show that ergosterol content can be used to quantify colonization of soybean seed by both pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Q Xue
- Crop Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - R G Upchurch
- USDA-ARS Soybean and Nitrogen Fixation Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - P Kwanyuen
- USDA-ARS Soybean and Nitrogen Fixation Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695
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Anand S, Rati ER. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for monitoring of Aspergillus ochraceus growth in coffee powder, chilli powder and poultry feed. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 42:59-65. [PMID: 16411921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The work was carried out to develop an immunoassay for estimation of Aspergillus ochraceus biomass on solid substrate. METHODS AND RESULTS An indirect noncompetitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for determination of fungal biomass in food commodities using antibody raised against A. ochraceus mycelial antigen. The sensitivity of the assay was linear in the range of 10-160 microg fungal biomass per millilitre extract of coffee (R(2)=0.989), poultry feed (R(2)=0.987) and chilli (R(2)=0.989). The growth of A. ochraceus in the food commodities like chilli, coffee beans and poultry feed, under the influence of two levels of moisture (20% and 30%) were monitored by the ELISA. The maximum fungal colonization was observed in poultry feed (9.8 and 11.8 mg g(-1)) followed by coffee beans (6.8 and 11.3 mg g(-1)) and chilli (5.1 and 6.3 mg g(-1)) at 20% and 30% moisture after 20 days of incubation. Similarly the fungus produced maximum ochratoxin A in poultry feed (25 and 120 microg g(-1)) followed by coffee beans (8 and 24 microg g(-1)) and chilli (0.2 and 0.45 microg g(-1)) at 20% and 30% moisture after 20 days of incubation. CONCLUSIONS The method can be used for quantitative estimation of fungal biomass and comparison of fungal colonization in food substrates varying in composition. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The method can be adapted for studying the fungal colonization in different solid substrates under different culture condition. The method is sensitive to mould colonization of >or=0.02% (w/w) and can be used for early detection of specific fungal infestation in food commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anand
- Department of Human Resource Development, Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore, India
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Leong SLL, Hocking AD, Scott ES. Effect of temperature and water activity on growth and ochratoxin A production by Australian Aspergillus carbonarius and A. niger isolates on a simulated grape juice medium. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 110:209-16. [PMID: 16824635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of water activity (0.92, 0.95, 0.965 and 0.98) and temperature (15 degrees C, 25 degrees C, 30 degrees C and 35 degrees C) on growth rate and ochratoxin A (OA) production by five strains of Aspergillus carbonarius and two strains of A. niger isolated from Australian vineyards was characterised on a synthetic grape juice medium. Maximum growth for A. carbonarius occurred at ca 0.965 aw and 30 degrees C, and for A. niger, at ca 0.98 aw and 35 degrees C. The optimum temperature for OA production was 15 degrees C and little was produced above 25 degrees C. The optimum aw for toxin production was 0.95-0.98 for A. carbonarius and 0.95 for A. niger. Toxin was produced in young colonies after and, typically, did not continue to accumulate the entire surface area of the plate was colonised. Rather, the amount decreased as colonies aged. Trends for growth and OA production were similar among Australian isolates and those from European grapes, as reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-lin L Leong
- CSIRO Food Science Australia, PO Box 52, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
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Abstract
Dried figs of three different categories, palatable, fluorescent, and cull, were investigated for their contents of aflatoxins (B(1), B(2), G(1) and G(2)), patulin, and ergosterol. Samples were obtained from four fig processing plants located in a major fig producing area in the Aegean Region in Turkey. Affinity column clean-up methods were employed for aflatoxins. All aflatoxins, patulin, and ergosterol were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Palatable figs contaminated with trace amounts of aflatoxins, patulin, and ergosterol, so they posed no risk for the consumer when national and/or international regulatory limits were considered. Fluorescent figs were contaminated with high (117.9-471.9 ppb) aflatoxin levels and cull figs with high patulin (39.3-151.6 ppb) and ergosterol (4.5-18 ppm) levels. The total aflatoxins content was significantly correlated with the patulin content (r(2) = 0.813, p < 0.002) and the ergosterol content (r(2) = 0.920, p < 0.002) only in fluorescent figs. However there was no significant correlation between patulin and ergosterol contents of fluorescent figs. Furthermore, there were no significant correlations between the contents of any two of the three substances in cull figs. This is the first report on the presence of patulin and its co-occurrence with aflatoxin in dried figs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Karaca
- Department of Food Engineering, Ankara University, Faculty of Engineering, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey.
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Taniwaki MH, Pitt JI, Hocking AD, Fleet GH. Comparison of hyphal length, ergosterol, mycelium dry weight, and colony diameter for quantifying growth of fungi from foods. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 571:49-67. [PMID: 16408593 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-28391-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M H Taniwaki
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas-Sp, Brazil.
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Marín S, Ramos AJ, Sanchis V. Comparison of methods for the assessment of growth of food spoilage moulds in solid substrates. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 99:329-41. [PMID: 15808367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Revised: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the general suitability of ergosterol content, CFU, and colony diameters determinations for a range of fungi representing food spoilage moulds for the assessment of their growth on solid substrates, in particular intermediate moisture foods. Sixteen food-borne mould species were inoculated onto DG18 agar overlaid with cellophane, allowing determination of a direct measurement of biomass density weighing. The samples were also evaluated with regard to visible and microscopic colony diameters, total ergosterol content, Thoma counts, viable CFU counts, and so on. The same parameters were assayed in the spore suspensions obtained from those cultures. Data were evaluated by multivariate data analysis using projection methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), showing some groupings among the measured variables, mainly linked to the sporulating/nonsporulating nature of the different species tested. Ratios among the different variables were obtained, compared among the species, and evaluated along time (2-10 days). It was concluded that, as a general rule for all the species, ergosterol content and colony diameters were better correlated to fungal biomass dry weight than CFU counts were. Conversion factors were 0.3-3 microg ergosterol mg(-1) biomass dry weight and 76-227 mg biomass dry weight cm(-2), depending on the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Marín
- Food Technology Department, Lleida University, CeRTA-UTPV, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
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Lindblad M, Johnsson P, Jonsson N, Lindqvist R, Olsen M. Predicting noncompliant levels of ochratoxin A in cereal grain from Penicillium verrucosum counts. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 97:609-16. [PMID: 15281942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To model the probability of exceeding the European legislative limit of 5 microg ochratoxin A (OTA) per kilogram grain in relation to Penicillium verrucosum levels and storage conditions, and to evaluate the possibilities of using P. verrucosum colony counts for predicting noncompliant OTA levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Cereal samples were inoculated with P. verrucosum spores and stored for up to 9 months at temperatures and water activities ranging from 10-25 degrees C and aw 0.77-0.95. A logistic regression analysis showed that the probability of exceeding 5 microg OTA kg(-1) grain was related to colony counts of P. verrucosum and water activity. The sensitivity and specificity of various P. verrucosum count thresholds for predicting noncompliant OTA levels were estimated, using data from the storage trial and natural cereal samples. CONCLUSION The risk of exceeding 5 microg OTA kg(-1) grain increased with increasing levels of P. verrucosum, and with increasing water activities. A threshold of 1000 CFU P. verrucosum per gram grain is suggested to predict whether or not the legislative limit is exceeded. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study has provided a tool to evaluate the levels of P. verrucosum in grain in relation to OTA levels. Hence, mycological analyses can be used to identify cereal samples with high risk of containing OTA levels above the legislative limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lindblad
- National Food Administration, Microbiology Division, Uppsala, Sweden
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Paterson RRM, Venâncio A, Lima N. Solutions to Penicillium taxonomy crucial to mycotoxin research and health. Res Microbiol 2004; 155:507-13. [PMID: 15313249 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2004] [Accepted: 04/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The stability of taxonomy within Penicillium is reviewed with respect to mycotoxin production. Identification remains difficult despite the availability of modern methods. Proficiency testing is rare and conventional identifications do not inform reliably as to whether mycotoxins were detected/produced. A solution which consists of identifying a Penicillium strain as terverticillate and then undertaking mycotoxin analysis is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Russell M Paterson
- Micoteca da Universidade do Minho, Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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