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Dias Costa R, Silva V, Leite A, Saraiva M, Lopes TT, Themudo P, Campos J, Vieira-Pinto M. Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae Control at a Pig Abattoir: Are We Missing Lairage Time Effect, Pig Skin, and Internal Carcass Surface Contamination? Foods 2023; 12:2910. [PMID: 37569179 PMCID: PMC10418833 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To provide meat safety and consumer protection, appropriate hygiene control measures at an abattoir are required. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of visual fecal contamination level (VFCL) and lairage time (LT) on pig skin (PS) and external (ECS) and internal (ICS) carcass surfaces. The presence of Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella in PS, ECS, and ICS were evaluated. A total of 300 paired samples were collected from 100 pigs. Results underlined the importance of the skin (Enterobacteriaceae: 3.27 ± 0.68 log CFU/cm2; E. coli: 3.15 ± 0.63 log CFU/cm2; Salmonella: 21% of samples) as a direct or indirect source of carcass contamination. Although VFCL revealed no significant effect (p > 0.05), the increase of LT had a significant impact (p < 0.001) on Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli levels across all analysed surfaces, and Salmonella presence on ICS (p < 0.01), demanding attention to LT. Also, the ICS showed a higher level of these bacteria compared to ECS. These results highlight the need of food business operators to consider ICS as an alternative area to sample for Salmonella, as a criterion for process hygiene based on EC Regulation No. 2073/2005, and as a potential contamination source to be integrated in the hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dias Costa
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences/Inov4Agro—Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Vanessa Silva
- CECAV—Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Ana Leite
- CECAV—Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- INSA—National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Food Microbiology Laboratory, Reference Unit, Department of Food and Nutrition, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.); (T.T.L.)
| | - Teresa Teixeira Lopes
- INSA—National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Food Microbiology Laboratory, Reference Unit, Department of Food and Nutrition, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.); (T.T.L.)
| | - Patrícia Themudo
- INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Bacteriology and Micology Laboratory, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Joana Campos
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences/Inov4Agro—Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- CECAV—Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (A.L.)
- Veterinary Science Department—Gab. B.1.02, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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A review of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) contamination in the raw pork production chain. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 377:109832. [PMID: 35834920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections associated with the consumption of contaminated pork highlight the need for increased awareness of STEC as an emerging pathogen in the pork supply chain. The objective of this review is to contribute to our understanding of raw pork products as potential carriers of STEC into the food supply. We summarize and critically analyze primary literature reporting the prevalence of STEC in the raw pork production chain. The reported prevalence rate of stx-positive E. coli isolates in live swine, slaughtered swine, and retail pork samples around the world ranged from 4.4 % (22/500) to 68.3 % (82/120), 22 % (309/1395) to 86.3 % (69/80), and 0.10 % (1/1167) to 80 % (32/40), respectively, depending upon the sample categories, detection methods, and the hygiene condition of the slaughterhouses and retail markets. In retail pork, serogroup O26 was prevalent in the U.S., Europe, and Africa. Serogroup O121 was only reported in the U.S. Furthermore, serogroup O91 was reported in the U.S., Asia, and South American retail pork samples. The most common virulence gene combination in retail pork around the globe were as follows: the U.S.: serogroup O157 + stx, non-O157 + stx, unknown serogroups+stx + eae; Europe: unknown serogroups+(stx + eae, stx2 + eae, or stx1 + stx2 + eae); Asia: O157 + stx1 + stx2 + ehxA, Unknown+stx1 + eaeA + ehxA, or only eae; Africa: O157 + stx2 + eae + ehxA. STEC strains derived from retail pork in the U.S. fall under low to moderate risk categories capable of causing human disease, thus indicating the need for adequate cooking and prevention of cross contamination to minimize infection risk in humans.
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Yang H, Wei SH, Hobman JL, Dodd CER. Antibiotic and Metal Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Pig Slaughterhouses in the United Kingdom. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110746. [PMID: 33126748 PMCID: PMC7692696 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is currently an important concern, but there are few data on the co-presence of metal and antibiotic resistance in potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli entering the food chain from pork, which may threaten human health. We have examined the phenotypic and genotypic resistances to 18 antibiotics and 3 metals (mercury, silver, and copper) of E. coli from pig slaughterhouses in the United Kingdom. The results showed resistances to oxytetracycline, streptomycin, sulphonamide, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, ceftiofur, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, aztreonam, and nitrofurantoin. The top three resistances were oxytetracycline (64%), streptomycin (28%), and sulphonamide (16%). Two strains were resistant to six kinds of antibiotics. Three carried the blaTEM gene. Fifteen strains (18.75%) were resistant to 25 µg/mL mercury and five (6.25%) of these to 50 µg/mL; merA and merC genes were detected in 14 strains. Thirty-five strains (43.75%) showed resistance to silver, with 19 possessing silA, silB, and silE genes. Fifty-five strains (68.75%) were resistant to 8 mM copper or above. Seven contained the pcoE gene. Some strains were multi-resistant to antibiotics, silver, and copper. The results in this study, based on strains isolated between 2007 and 2010, will aid understanding about the effects of strategies to reduce resistance and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; (S.-H.W.); (J.L.H.); (C.E.R.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Shao-Hung Wei
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; (S.-H.W.); (J.L.H.); (C.E.R.D.)
- JHL Biotech, Zhubei City, Hsinchu County 302, Taiwan
| | - Jon L. Hobman
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; (S.-H.W.); (J.L.H.); (C.E.R.D.)
| | - Christine E. R. Dodd
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; (S.-H.W.); (J.L.H.); (C.E.R.D.)
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Goma MKE, Indraswari A, Haryanto A, Widiasih DA. Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Shiga toxin 2a gene in pork, pig feces, and clean water at Jagalan slaughterhouse in Surakarta, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Vet World 2019; 12:1584-1590. [PMID: 31849420 PMCID: PMC6868253 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1584-1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The feasibility assessment of food products on the market becomes one of the milestones of food safety. The quality of food safety of animal origin especially pork need to get attention and more real action from the parties related and concerned. Since pork is also a source of transmission for the contagion of foodborne disease so that the study of the existence of several agents in the pork and its products become the benchmark of safety level. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and detect the Shiga toxin 2a (stx2a) gene from Escherichia coli O157:H7 in pork, pig feces, and clean water in the Jagalan slaughterhouse. Materials and Methods A total of 70 samples consisting of 32 pork samples, 32 pig fecal samples, and 6 clean water samples were used to isolate and identify E. coli O157:H7 and the stx2a gene. Isolation and identification of E. coli O157:H7 were performed using culture on eosin methylene blue agar and Sorbitol-MacConkey agar media and confirmed molecularly with polymerase chain reaction to amplify the target genes rfbE (317 bp) and fliC (381 bp). The isolates, which were identified as E. coli O157:H7, were investigated for the stx2a gene (553 bp). Results The results of this study show that of the total collected samples, E. coli O157:H7 was 28.6% in Jagalan slaughterhouse and consisted of 25% of pork samples, 31.25% of pig fecal samples, and 33.3% of clean water samples. The isolates that were identified to be E. coli O157:H7 mostly contained the stx2a gene, which was equal to 75%, and consisted of seven isolates from pork samples, seven isolates from fecal samples, and one isolate from clean water samples. Conclusion E. coli O157:H7 was found in 28.6% of pork, pig feces, and clean water in Jagalan slaughterhouse and 75% of identified E. coli O157:H7 contained the stx2a gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kristiani Epi Goma
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alvita Indraswari
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Aris Haryanto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Ayu Widiasih
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Ercoli L, Farneti S, Zicavo A, Mencaroni G, Blasi G, Striano G, Scuota S. Prevalence and characteristics of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs and pork products in Umbria and Marche regions of Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 232:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ercoli L, Farneti S, Ranucci D, Scuota S, Branciari R. Role of Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia Coli in the Swine Production Chain. Ital J Food Saf 2015; 4:5156. [PMID: 27800398 PMCID: PMC5076656 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2015.5156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause severe clinical diseases in humans, such as haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Although ruminants, primarily cattle, have been suggested as typical reservoirs of STEC, many food products of other origins, including pork products, have been confirmed as vehicles for STEC transmission. Only in rare cases, pork consumption is associated with severe clinical symptoms caused by high pathogenic STEC strains. However, in these outbreaks, it is unknown whether the contamination of food products occurs during swine processing or via cross-contamination from foodstuffs of different sources. In swine, STEC plays an important role in the pathogenesis of oedema disease. In particular a Shiga toxin subtype, named stx2e, it is considered as a key factor involved in the damage of swine endothelial cells. On the contrary, stx2e-producing Escherichia coli has rarely been isolated in humans, and usually only from asymptomatic carriers or from patients with mild symptoms, such as uncomplicated diarrhoea. In fact, the presence of gene stx2e, encoding for stx2e, has rarely been reported in STEC strains that cause HUS. Moreover, stx2e-producing STEC isolated from humans and pigs were found to differ in serogroup, their virulence profile and interaction with intestinal epithelial cells. Because of the limited epidemiologic data of STEC in swine and the increasing role of non-O157 STEC in human illnesses, the relationship between swine STEC and human disease needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ercoli
- Institute for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of Umbria and Marche, Perugia
| | - Silvana Farneti
- Institute for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of Umbria and Marche, Perugia
| | - David Ranucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefania Scuota
- Institute for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of Umbria and Marche, Perugia
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Borges CA, Beraldo LG, Maluta RP, Cardozo MV, Guth BEC, Rigobelo EC, de Ávila FA. Shiga toxigenic and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in the feces and carcasses of slaughtered pigs. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012. [PMID: 23186549 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a pathogen of major importance in swine and public health. To determine the prevalence of Shiga toxigenic E. coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), samples were collected from the feces and carcasses of swines. In total, 441 samples were collected in four samplings, of which 141 samples tested positive for either the stx1, stx2, and/or eae genes. From the positive samples, one STEC and 15 atypical EPEC (aEPEC) isolates were obtained, and all originated from the same sampling. In addition to eae, lpfA(O157/OI-141), ehxA, toxB, and lpfA(O113) were present in the aEPEC isolates. The only stx2-containing isolate carried stx2e and belonged to serotype O103:HNT. Resistance to four or more antimicrobials was found in almost half of the isolates, and some isolates shared the same fingerprint patterns by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR). The presence of certain virulence genes and the high level of resistance to antimicrobials, as well as the possible fecal contamination of carcasses showed that some of the isolates are of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Araújo Borges
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brasil.
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8
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First Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Shellfish and Coastal Environments of Morocco. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 165:290-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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GOVARIS ALEXANDROS, ANGELIDIS APOSTOLOSS, KATSOULIS KONSTANTINOS, POURNARAS SPYROS. OCCURRENCE, VIRULENCE GENES AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157 IN BOVINE, CAPRINE, OVINE AND PORCINE CARCASSES IN GREECE. J Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2010.00292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Development of PCR assays for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in meat products. Meat Sci 2011; 88:767-73. [PMID: 21458168 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure based on fliC(h7) and rfbE genes was developed for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in raw pork meat and ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products. Two different DNA extraction procedures were evaluated for application on meat products. MasterPure™ DNA Purification kit in combination with immunomagnetic separation was found to be the best method in a meat system. The optimized PCR included an enrichment step in brilliant green bile 2% broth at 37 °C. This method was applied to artificially inoculated meat and RTE meat products with different concentrations of E. coli O157:H7. The results indicate that the PCR assay developed could sensitively and specifically detect E. coli O157:H7 in raw pork meat and RTE meat products in approximately 10h, including a 6h enrichment step. Thus, this method could be proposed for screening E. coli O157:H7 in raw pork and RTE meat products.
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Ateba CN, Mbewe M. Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 virulence genes in isolates from beef, pork, water, human and animal species in the northwest province, South Africa: public health implications. Res Microbiol 2011; 162:240-8. [PMID: 21272634 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify Escherichia coli O157:H7 from pigs, cattle, humans, beef, pork and water samples and to determine their putative virulence genes by PCR analysis. A total of 220 samples were analysed; 5600 presumptive E. coli O157:H7 were screened for the presence of rfb(O157) and fliC(H7) gene fragments by PCR and 130 isolates were confirmed. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was higher in pigs and pork 88(67.7%) than in cattle and beef 36(27.7%), water 3(2.3%) or humans 1 (0.77%). Moreover, the pathogen was more frequently isolated from faecal (16.9%-43.1%) than from meat samples (10.8%-24.6%). A large proportion--73 (56.2%)--of the isolates possessed the hlyA gene, while 48 (36.9%) harboured the eaeA gene. Although there were no major differences in the number of isolates harbouring the stx(1) and stx(2) genes, respectively, only a small proportion 13(10%) harboured both shiga toxin genes. Despite this, the proportion of isolates that possessed the stx(1) 29(22.3%) was higher than those possessing the stx(2) gene. None of the E. coli O157:H7 isolates harboured all four shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) virulence genes investigated. When comparing the proportion of isolates obtained from the different sample sources and/or stations, significant positive correlations were observed between isolates from Mafikeng and Lichtenburg (r = 0.981, p < 0.05) and those from Mafikeng and Rustenburg (r = 0.991, p < 0.05). These results therefore indicate that meat and faeces samples obtained from major cities in the northwest province were contaminated with E. coli O157:H7. We suggest that there is a need for improving the sanitary conditions of farms, abattoirs and butcher shops. This could reduce transmission of E. coli O157:H7 to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collins Njie Ateba
- Dale Beighle Centre for Animal Health Studies, School of Agricultural Sciences, North-West University-Mafikeng Campus, P. Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
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Barros LSS, Amaral LA, Lorenzon CS, Junior JL, Neto JGM. Potential microbiological contamination of effluents in poultry and swine abattoirs. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135:505-18. [PMID: 16893484 PMCID: PMC2870588 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268806006972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Health risks in the effluents of seven swine abattoirs and of seven poultry abattoirs were evaluated with regard to environment degradation and to dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms during the rainy and dry seasons. Supply-water samples from affluents and effluents of the treatment systems at different sites within the abattoir processing system were analysed. Similarly, water samples from the three recipient sites (emission point, 100 m upstream, 100 m downstream) were also analysed. Temperature, free residual chlorine (FRC), total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, enterococci, identification and serotyping of salmonellae were assessed. Scalding is the most significant stage in the slaughtering chain (P<0.05) when temperature is taken into account. Temperatures at effluents and at the sampled sites in the water bodies accorded to state and federal legislation standards. Supply waters did not meet the standards for FRC and microbial count standards according to the Ministry of Health and within limits imposed by the Industrial and Sanitary Inspection Regulations for Animal Products. Feather plucking and evisceration in poultry slaughter and the cleansing of carcasses and facilities in poultry and swine slaughtering had the highest contamination impact. The three loci at the water bodies were above the microbiological standards for classes II and III sites, in conformity with Law 8468 of the state of São Paulo, Brazil and Conama. Salmonella was found at several sites during slaughter, at both types of abattoirs, including in the effluent treatment system. This showed that these sites were the dissemination sources of the microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S S Barros
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction of FCAV/UNESP/Campus Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Gourmelon M, Montet MP, Lozach S, Le Mennec C, Pommepuy M, Beutin L, Vernozy-Rozand C. First isolation of Shiga toxin 1d producing Escherichia coli variant strains in shellfish from coastal areas in France. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:85-97. [PMID: 16405688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was carried out to evaluate the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and E. coli O157:H7 in shellfish from French coastal environments. METHODS AND RESULTS Shellfish were collected in six growing areas or natural beds (B category) and nonfarming areas (D category) from July 2002 to August 2004. PCR detection of stx genes was performed on homogenized whole shellfish and digestive gland tissues enrichments. STEC strains were detected by colony DNA hybridization using a stx-specific gene probe and E. coli O157 strains were additionally searched by immunomagnetic separation with O157-specific magnetic beads. Stx genes were detected in 40 of 144 (27.8%) sample enrichments from mussels, oysters or cockles, 32 of 130 enrichments (24.6%) were from B-category areas and eight of 14 (57.1%) from the D-category area. Five strains carrying stx(1) or stx(1d) genes and one stx negative, eae and ehxA positive E. coli O157:H7 were isolated from six of 40 stx-positive enrichments. No relation was found between the total E. coli counts in shellfish and the presence of STEC strains in the samples. CONCLUSIONS The STEC strains of different serotypes and stx types are present in shellfish from French coastal environments. It is the first isolation of STEC stx1d strains in France. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Shellfish collected in coastal environments can serve as a vehicle for STEC transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gourmelon
- Ifremer, EMP, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Plouzané, France.
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14
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Wilks SA, Michels H, Keevil CW. The survival of Escherichia coli O157 on a range of metal surfaces. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 105:445-54. [PMID: 16253366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Revised: 01/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a serious pathogen causing haemorrhagic colitis. It has been responsible for several large-scale outbreaks in recent years. E. coli O157:H7 is able to survive in a range of environments, under various conditions. The risk of infection from contaminated surfaces is recognised, especially due to the low infectious dose required. In this study, a high concentration (10(7) cells) of E. coli O157 was placed onto different metals and survival time measured. Results showed E. coli O157 to survive for over 28 days at both refrigeration and room temperatures on stainless steel. Copper, in contrast, has strong antibacterial properties (no bacteria can be recovered after only 90 min exposure at 20 degrees C, increasing to 270 min at 4 degrees C) but its poor corrosion resistance and durability make it unsuitable for use as a surface material. Other copper-containing alloys, such as copper nickels and copper silvers, have improved durability and anticorrosion properties and greatly reduce bacterial survival times at these two temperatures (after 120 min at 20 degrees C and 360 min at 4 degrees C, no E. coli could be detected on a copper nickel with a 73% copper content). Use of a surface material with antibacterial properties could aid in preventing cross-contamination events in food processing and domestic environments, if standard hygiene measures fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Wilks
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK.
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15
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Saridakis CE, Johnson RP, Benson A, Ziebell K, Gyles CL. Influence of animal origin and lineage on survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains in strong and weak acid challenges. J Food Prot 2004; 67:1591-6. [PMID: 15330520 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-67.8.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from humans, cattle, and pigs were maintained in HCl (pH 2.5) and in a volatile fatty acid (VFA) mixture (pH 4.0) for up to 6 h at 37 degrees C to assess their ability to survive in acidic conditions that simulate those of the stomach and ileum, respectively. In HCl, the average group survival of bovine strains was significantly higher than that of porcine and human strains, whereas in VFAs, porcine strains were significantly more resistant than bovine and human strains. Bovine strains exhibited significantly higher average survival in HCl than in VFAs. The average survival of strains classified as octamer-based genome scanning (OBGS) lineage II was significantly superior to that of strains classified as OBGS lineage I in HCl. The group of lineage I strains was more resistant in VFAs compared with lineage II, but only after 6 h of challenge. The possible involvement of urease in acid resistance of E. coli O157:H7 was also examined. Although the strains possessed the ureC gene, as shown by PCR, this gene did not appear to contribute to acid resistance under the conditions tested. The data indicate that there is a relationship between acid resistance and source or lineage of O157:H7 strains.
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Vialette M, Jandos-Rudnik AM, Guyard C, Legeay O, Pinon A, Lange M. Validating the use of green fluorescent-marked Escherichia coli O157:H7 for assessing the organism behaviour in foods. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 96:1097-104. [PMID: 15078527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Monitoring bacterial kinetics in food is of great importance in food safety. The targeted micro-organism has to be identified accurately among competitive flora. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transformed strains is a possible answer to such issues. However, quantitative studies require that this transformation does not alter the micro-organism behaviour: parent and transformed organisms were thus compared. METHODS AND RESULTS Three Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains were transformed using a GFP-plasmid expressing. Parent and transformed strains were compared according to their genetic characteristics and serotypes. Growth ability was also assessed in constant and fluctuating temperature profiles. Cardinal values of pH, water activity and temperature were computed. No differences were observed between parent and transformed strains for all these experiments. The plasmid was satisfactorily maintained within transformed strains throughout the studies. Growth was eventually monitored in beef meat. CONCLUSIONS Using the GFP marker is of great value, as it allows easier enumeration of E. coli O157:H7 in food in the presence of natural microflora. Using transformed strains is legitimate: their behaviour does not differ from that of their parent strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY GFP transformation appears to be a valuable and reliable tool for challenge testing studies and predictive microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vialette
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.
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Botteldoorn N, Heyndrickx M, Rijpens N, Herman L. Detection and characterization of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli by a VTEC/EHEC multiplex PCR in porcine faeces and pig carcass swabs. Res Microbiol 2003; 154:97-104. [PMID: 12648724 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(03)00028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether pigs and pig carcasses are a reservoir of verotoxigenic-producing Escherichia coli, a sensitive and rapid isolation method was developed. A VTEC/EHEC multiplex PCR method was developed to test all samples taken at the farm (n=289) and at the slaughterhouse (n=233). From the 137 positive VTEC/EHEC multiplex PCR farm samples, 54 strains were isolated that carried one virulence gene. Of these, thirty-one strains carried the vt2e variant of the vt2 gene, which causes oedemic disease in young pigs, four strains contained the hlyA gene and 19 the eaeA gene. All strains isolated were further identified with an enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) multiplex PCR developed to detect the LTI, STIa, STII and vt2 genes in a single reaction. One-third of the vt2e-positive strains also contained the STIa gene. A small fraction of the 132 carcasses tested were found positive for VTEC or the E. coli O157 serotype. We conclude that none of the isolated strains carried a combination of virulence genes indicative of potential human pathogenic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Botteldoorn
- Center for Agricultural Research--Ghent, Department for Animal Product Quality and Transformation Technology, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
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Vernozy-Rozand C, Ray-Gueniot S, Ragot C, Bavai C, Mazuy C, Montet MP, Bouvet J, Richard Y. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in industrial minced beef. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002; 35:7-11. [PMID: 12081541 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The lack of baseline data on the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in retail minced beef in France prompted this survey of industrial minced beef production. METHODS AND RESULTS An automated enzyme-linked fluorescence immunoassay (ELFA), the VIDAS E. coli O157 method, was used to detect E. coli O157 in industrial minced beef samples. Confirmation of samples positive according to the ELFA was performed using an automated immunoconcentration (ICE) system, VIDAS ICE, which allows the selective capture and release of target organisms. The ICE was followed by culture on cefixime tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar and a chromogenic medium, O157:H7 ID. Of the 3450 minced beef samples tested, 175 samples were positive with the ELFA method and, of these, four were confirmed by the ICE method. They were identified as sorbitol-negative, O157-positive, H7-positive, mobile, verotoxin-producing E. coli. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in industrial French minced beef was 0.12%, consistent with many other reports. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The low infective dose of E. coli O157:H7 presents a major threat. The main means of combating this organism are thermal destruction and good food hygiene covering activities on-farm, in the abattoir and in minced beef industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vernozy-Rozand
- Unité de Microbiologie Alimentaire et Prévisionnelle, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy I'Etoile, France.
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Bouvet J, Montet MP, Rossel R, Le Roux A, Bavai C, Ray-Gueniot S, Mazuy C, Atrache V, Vernozy-Rozand C. Prevalence of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) and E. coli O157:H7 in French pork. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 93:7-14. [PMID: 12067369 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determination the prevalence of VTEC in pork products and the surrounding environment of the pork plant (slaughterhouse and cutting plant), and characterization of the VTEC strains isolated (virulence genes and serotype). METHODS AND RESULTS Among the 2146 carcass and pork samples and 876 environmental samples (swabs of surfaces or materials), 328 (15%) and 170 (19%) were PCR-positive for stx genes respectively. VTEC strains were recovered from positive samples by colony hybridization or immunoconcentration, serotyped and genetically characterized. Strains of E. coli O157:H7 were not isolated from 3 uidA-positive samples detected by PCR. The VTEC isolates did not harbour eae, ehx and uidA genes. CONCLUSIONS Pigs and pork meat may contain VTEC strains but characterization of the strains based on virulence factors showed that the potential danger of pork meat appears to be low since although all strains harboured a stx gene, they did not have other virulence genes. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY General hygiene measures appear to be sufficient and specific hygiene measures for VTEC are not necessary at this time. The porcine VTEC strains isolated in our study probably do not present a hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bouvet
- Unité de Microbiologie Alimentaire et Prévisionnelle, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, France.
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Bouvet J, Bavai C, Rossel R, Le Roux A, Montet MP, Ray-Gueniot S, Mazuy C, Atrache V, Vernozy-Rozand C. Effects of cutting process on pork meat contamination by verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) and E. coli O157:H7. Int J Food Microbiol 2002; 77:91-7. [PMID: 12076042 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were: (i) to evaluate verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) prevalence in pork cutting meat; (ii) to determine the effects of cutting process on pork meat contamination by VTEC; (iii) to characterise the VTEC strains isolated from pork and pork cutting plants (virulence genes and serotype); and (iv) to compare the strains isolated the same day in the same cutting plant in order to identify the routes of contamination inside the cutting plant. Pork carcasses from three French cutting plants were sampled before carcass cutting (carcass samples), after carcasses were divided into big portions (untrimmed cuts) and after preparation of primal cuts (rindless boneless cuts), and different environmental sites in each cutting plant were sampled at three different times in the work day. Potable water was also collected. PCR detection of stx genes was performed on a total of 2042 samples. In addition, a second PCR specific for E. coli O157:H7 detection was carried out on the stx-positive samples. VTEC strains were recovered from positive samples by colony hybridisation or immunoconcentration, then serotyped, genetically characterised (eae, ehx, stx1, stx2, stx2e, uidA and genes which are associated with virulence) and pulsotyped. No E. coli O157:H7 was detected. Meat contamination decreased from carcass (12%) and primary cuts (19%) to secondary cuts (5%), whereas environmental contamination increased after 2 h of activity (from 3% before the commencement of the work day to 25% and 20%, 2 and 6 h after commencement of cutting). No VTEC isolates harboured eae, ehx and uidA genes. VTEC contamination routes were not clearly identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bouvet
- Unité de Microbiologie Alimentaire et Prévisionnelle, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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Bouvet J, Montet MP, Rossel R, Le Roux A, Bavai C, Ray-Gueniot S, Mazuy C, Atrache V, Vernozy-Rozand C. Effects of slaughter processes on pig carcass contamination by verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and E. coli O157:H7. Int J Food Microbiol 2002; 77:99-108. [PMID: 12076043 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were: (i) to evaluate verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) faecal carriage of slaughtered pigs; (ii) to determine the effects of three different pig slaughtering processes on pig carcass contamination by VTEC; (iii) to characterise the VTEC strains isolated from pig and pig slaughterhouses (virulence genes and serotype); and (iv) to compare the strains isolated in the same slaughterhouse in order to identify the routes of contamination inside the slaughterhouse. Pork carcasses from three French slaughterhouses were sampled at three steps of the slaughter process and different sites in each slaughterhouse were sampled at three different times in the work day. Faecal material from each sampled carcass, potable water and scalding water were also collected. Detection of stx genes was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on a total of 1227 samples. In addition, a second PCR specific for E. coli O157:H7 detection was carried out on the stx-positive samples. VTEC strains were recovered from positive samples by colony hybridisation or immunoconcentration, then serotyped, genetically characterised (eae, ehx, stx1, stx2, stx2c, uidA genes associated with virulence) and pulsotyped. No E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from the three uidA-positive samples. VTEC faecal carriage was 31%. Global carcass contamination decreased with slaughter process (from 46% to 15%), whereas environmental contamination increased (from 7% to 29%). No VTEC isolates harboured eae, ehx, and uidA genes. VTEC contamination routes were not clearly identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bouvet
- Unité de Microbiologie Alimentaire et Prévisionnelle, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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