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Almeida JMDS, Pascoal LAF, de Almeida JLS, Guerra RR, da Silva JHV, da Silva DRP, Silva Neto MR, Martins TDD. Effects of dietary L-glutamine and glutamic acid combination, and whey powder on the performance and nutrient digestion in weaned piglets that received grain-based diets. Anim Biosci 2021; 34:1963-1973. [PMID: 33902169 PMCID: PMC8563238 DOI: 10.5713/ab.20.0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of including L-glutamine along with glutamic acid as a supplement in weaned piglets’ diets with and without whey powder. Methods Two assays were carried out. A total of 40 piglets ([Landrace×Large White]× Pietrain) weaned at 24 days of age with an initial body weight of 6.6±0.6 kg were used in the first assay, and the following parameters were evaluated: growth performance, the incidence of diarrhea, morphometry, intestinal integrity, and hepatic glycogen index. The animals were then blocked into four groups according to different diets: diet all-grain feeding (G); diet all-grain feeding with whey powder (GW); and with vs without 1% supplementation of the commercial product containing L-glutamine and glutamic acid (A or NA). Whey powder was added according to the stage of life, corresponding to 17%, 10%, and 5%, respectively, in order to meet the need for lactose. The animals were evaluated at 24 to 42 days and at 24 to 55 days of age. The nutrient digestibility for the second assay was carried out by using 24 animals with an average weight of 11.49±1.6 kg, and the same diets were tested. Results The supplementation of L-glutamine + glutamic acid or the addition of whey powder in diets for weaned piglets provided (p<0.05) greater feed intake, greater weight gain and improved feed conversion in the initial period (24 to 42 days age). However, in the whole period (24 to 55 days age) only amino acid supplementation affected (p<0.05) growth performance. There was a positive interaction (p<0.05) between the type of diet and L-glutamine + glutamic acid supplementation on villus height, crypt depth and the villus:crypt ratio in the duodenum. In addition, L-glutamine + glutamic acid supplementation reduced (p<0.05) the crypt depth and improved the villus:crypt ratio in the jejunum. The inclusion of whey powder affected (p<0.05) positively the digestibility coefficients analyzed except mineral matter digestibility coeficients. The supplementation of 1% the commercial product composed of L-glutamine and glutamic acid improved (p<0.05) only the digestibility coefficient of crude protein. Conclusion These results indicate that supplementation of 1% commercial product containing L-glutamine + glutamic acid in diets for piglets from 24 to 55 days of age, dispenses with the use of whey powder when evaluating growth performance. Amino acid supplementation alone or associated with whey powder affects (p<0.05) positively the indicators of the intestinal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge Luiz Santos de Almeida
- Post-graduation Program in Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Areia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Romão Guerra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Areia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Manoel Rosa Silva Neto
- Post-graduation Program in Aquaculture, Paulista State University, Unesp Aquaculture Center, São Paulo, Brazil
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Patil AA, Bhor SA, Rhee WJ. Cell death in culture: Molecular mechanisms, detections, and inhibition strategies. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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3
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Kiesslich S, Kamen AA. Vero cell upstream bioprocess development for the production of viral vectors and vaccines. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 44:107608. [PMID: 32768520 PMCID: PMC7405825 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Vero cell line is considered the most used continuous cell line for the production of viral vectors and vaccines. Historically, it is the first cell line that was approved by the WHO for the production of human vaccines. Comprehensive experimental data on the production of many viruses using the Vero cell line can be found in the literature. However, the vast majority of these processes is relying on the microcarrier technology. While this system is established for the large-scale manufacturing of viral vaccine, it is still quite complex and labor intensive. Moreover, scale-up remains difficult and is limited by the surface area given by the carriers. To overcome these and other drawbacks and to establish more efficient manufacturing processes, it is a priority to further develop the Vero cell platform by applying novel bioprocess technologies. Especially in times like the current COVID-19 pandemic, advanced and scalable platform technologies could provide more efficient and cost-effective solutions to meet the global vaccine demand. Herein, we review the prevailing literature on Vero cell bioprocess development for the production of viral vectors and vaccines with the aim to assess the recent advances in bioprocess development. We critically underline the need for further research activities and describe bottlenecks to improve the Vero cell platform by taking advantage of recent developments in the cell culture engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Kiesslich
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Amine A Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada.
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Kiesslich S, Vila-Chã Losa JP, Gélinas JF, Kamen AA. Serum-free production of rVSV-ZEBOV in Vero cells: Microcarrier bioreactor versus scale-X™ hydro fixed-bed. J Biotechnol 2020; 310:32-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Jiang Y, van der Welle JE, Rubingh O, van Eikenhorst G, Bakker WAM, Thomassen YE. Kinetic model for adherent Vero cell growth and poliovirus production in batch bioreactors. Process Biochem 2019; 81:156-164. [PMID: 31217725 PMCID: PMC6559155 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical model for Vero cell growth in batch bioreactors. Mathematical model for poliovirus proliferation on Vero cells. Oxygen uptake rate as process analytical technology for simple process monitoring.
The production of poliovirus vaccines in adherent Vero cells in batch bioreactors usually consists of a two-step upstream process: (1) Vero cell cultivation on microcarriers and (2) poliovirus proliferation. In this study we developed a mathematical model to describe this two-step process. We introduced the calculation of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and a correction of measurement for the sampling effect in order to ensure the high quality data sets. Besides the data of the OUR, we selected glucose concentration, Vero cell concentration and the virus titer for daily in process control to evaluate the progress of the process. With the selected data sets, the described model can accurately describe poliovirus production by Vero cells. Several other regular in process control samples (e.g. lactate concentration, ammonia concentration, and amino acids concentration) were excluded from the model, simplifying the process control analysis and minimizing labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- Intravacc, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Olaf Rubingh
- Intravacc, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wilfried A M Bakker
- Intravacc, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne E Thomassen
- Intravacc, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Grein TA, Loewe D, Dieken H, Salzig D, Weidner T, Czermak P. High titer oncolytic measles virus production process by integration of dielectric spectroscopy as online monitoring system. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1186-1194. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja A. Grein
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Daniel Loewe
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Hauke Dieken
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Giessen Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME); Project group Bioresources; Giessen Germany
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Farrell CJ, Cicalese SM, Davis HB, Dogdas B, Shah T, Culp T, Hoang VM. Cell confluency analysis on microcarriers by micro-flow imaging. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2469-2478. [PMID: 27179644 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-9967-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The productivity of cell culture-derived vaccines grown in anchorage-dependent animal cells is limited by bioreactor surface area. One way to increase the available surface area is by growing cells as monolayers on small spheres called microcarriers, which are approximately 100-250 μm in diameter. In order for microcarrier-based cell culture to be a success, it is important to understand the kinetics of cell growth on the microcarriers. Micro-flow imaging (MFI) is a simple and powerful technique that captures images and analyzes samples as they are drawn through a precision flow cell. In addition to providing size distribution and defect frequency data to compare microcarrier lots, MFI was used to generate hundreds of images to determine cell coverage and confluency on microcarriers. Same-day manual classification of these images provided upstream cell culture teams with actionable data that informed in-process decision making (e.g. time of infection). Additionally, an automated cell coverage algorithm was developed to increase the speed and throughput of the analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Farrell
- Vaccine Analytical Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA.
| | - Stephanie M Cicalese
- Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories Professional Scientific Services, Lancaster, PA, USA
| | - Harrison B Davis
- Vaccine Drug Product Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Belma Dogdas
- Applied Mathematics and Modeling, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Tosha Shah
- Applied Mathematics and Modeling, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Tim Culp
- Vaccine Analytical Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Van M Hoang
- Vaccine Analytical Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
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Weiss K, Gerstenberger J, Salzig D, Mühlebach MD, Cichutek K, Pörtner R, Czermak P. Oncolytic measles viruses produced at different scales under serum‐free conditions. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Weiss
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical TechnologyMittelhessen University of Applied Sciences Giessen Germany
| | - Jarrid Gerstenberger
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical TechnologyMittelhessen University of Applied Sciences Giessen Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical TechnologyMittelhessen University of Applied Sciences Giessen Germany
| | - Michael D. Mühlebach
- Oncolytic Measles Viruses and Vectored VaccinesPaul‐Ehrlich‐Institut Langen Germany
| | - Klaus Cichutek
- Division of Medical BiotechnologyPaul‐Ehrlich‐Institut Langen Germany
| | - Ralf Pörtner
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology Hamburg Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical TechnologyMittelhessen University of Applied Sciences Giessen Germany
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKansas State University Manhattan KS USA
- Faculty of Biology and ChemistryJustus‐Liebig‐University of Giessen Germany
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Mathematical model of adherent Vero cell growth and poliovirus production in animal component free medium. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2014; 38:543-55. [PMID: 25294335 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-014-1294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sabin-IPV (or sIPV, inactivated polio vaccine based on attenuated Sabin strains) is anticipated to replace the oral polio vaccine for the endgame in polio eradication. Optimization of sIPV production will lead to a better economically feasible vaccine. To assist process optimization, we studied Sabin type 1 poliovirus (PV) infection kinetics on Vero cells in controlled bioreactor vessels. The aim of our study was to develop a descriptive mathematical model able to capture the dynamics of adherent Vero cell growth and PV infection kinetics in animal component free medium. The model predicts the cell density, metabolites profiles, and viral yields in time. We found that the multiplicity of infection (MOI) and the time of infection (TOI) within the investigated range did not affect maximal PV yields, but they did affect the process time. The latter may be reduced by selecting a low TOI and a high MOI. Additionally, we present a correlation between viral titers and D-antigen, a measure for immunogenicity, of Sabin type 1 PV. The developed model is adequate for further studies of the cell metabolism and infection kinetics and may be used to identify control strategies to increase viral productivity. Increased viral yields reduce costs of polio vaccines with large implications on public health.
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Approaches to optimizing animal cell culture process: substrate metabolism regulation and protein expression improvement. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 113:177-215. [PMID: 19373452 DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Some high value proteins and vaccines for medical and veterinary applications by animal cell culture have an increasing market in China. In order to meet the demands of large-scale productions of proteins and vaccines, animal cell culture technology has been widely developed. In general, an animal cell culture process can be divided into two stages in a batch culture. In cell growth stage a high specific growth rate is expected to achieve a high cell density. In production stage a high specific production rate is stressed for the expression and secretion of qualified protein or replication of virus. It is always critical to maintain high cell viability in fed-batch and perfusion cultures. More concern has been focused on two points by the researchers in China. First, the cell metabolism of substrates is analyzed and the accumulation of toxic by-products is decreased through regulating cell metabolism in the culture process. Second, some important factors effecting protein expression are understood at the molecular level and the production ability of protein is improved. In pace with the rapid development of large-scale cell culture for the production of vaccines, antibodies and other recombinant proteins in China, the medium design and process optimization based on cell metabolism regulation and protein expression improvement will play an important role. The chapter outlines the main advances in metabolic regulation of cell and expression improvement of protein in animal cell culture in recent years.
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11
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Wilczek G, Rost-Roszkowska M, Wilczek P, Babczyńska A, Szulińska E, Sonakowska L, Marek-Swędzioł M. Apoptotic and necrotic changes in the midgut glands of the wolf spider Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae) in response to starvation and dimethoate exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 101:157-67. [PMID: 24507141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the intensity of degenerative changes (apoptosis, necrosis) in the cells of the midgut glands of male and female wolf spiders, Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae), exposed to natural (starvation) and anthropogenic (the organophosphorous pesticide dimethoate) stressors under laboratory conditions were compared. The spiders were collected from two differentially polluted sites, both located in southern Poland: Katowice-Welnowiec, which is heavily polluted with metals, and Pilica, the reference site. Starvation and dimethoate treatment resulted in enhancement of apoptotic and necrotic changes in the midgut glands of the spiders. The frequency of degenerative changes in starving individuals was twice as high as in the specimens intoxicated with dimethoate. The percentage of apoptotic and necrotic cells was higher in starving males than in starving females. A high intensity of necrotic changes, together with increased Cas-3 like activity and a greater percentage of cells with depolarized mitochondria, were typical of starving males from the polluted site. The cell death indices observed in females depended more strongly on the type of stressor than on previous preexposure to pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wilczek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland.
| | - M Rost-Roszkowska
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - P Wilczek
- Heart Prosthesis Institute, Bioengineering Laboratory, Wolnosci 345a, Zabrze 41-800, Poland
| | - A Babczyńska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - E Szulińska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - L Sonakowska
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - M Marek-Swędzioł
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
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12
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Genzel Y, Reichl U. Continuous cell lines as a production system for influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:1681-92. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Verhelst R, Schroyen M, Buys N, Niewold T. Selection ofEscherichia coliHeat-Labile Toxin (LT) Inhibitors Using Both the GM1-ELISA and the cAMP Vero Cell Assay. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:603-7. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martine Schroyen
- Livestock Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Nadine Buys
- Livestock Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Theo Niewold
- Nutrition and Health Unit, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
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Baradez MO, Marshall D. The use of multidimensional image-based analysis to accurately monitor cell growth in 3D bioreactor culture. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26104. [PMID: 22028809 PMCID: PMC3197601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from traditional culture methods towards bioreactor based bioprocessing to produce cells in commercially viable quantities for cell therapy applications requires the development of robust methods to ensure the quality of the cells produced. Standard methods for measuring cell quality parameters such as viability provide only limited information making process monitoring and optimisation difficult. Here we describe a 3D image-based approach to develop cell distribution maps which can be used to simultaneously measure the number, confluency and morphology of cells attached to microcarriers in a stirred tank bioreactor. The accuracy of the cell distribution measurements is validated using in silico modelling of synthetic image datasets and is shown to have an accuracy >90%. Using the cell distribution mapping process and principal component analysis we show how cell growth can be quantitatively monitored over a 13 day bioreactor culture period and how changes to manufacture processes such as initial cell seeding density can significantly influence cell morphology and the rate at which cells are produced. Taken together, these results demonstrate how image-based analysis can be incorporated in cell quality control processes facilitating the transition towards bioreactor based manufacture for clinical grade cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damian Marshall
- Science and Technology Division, LGC, Teddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Petiot E, Guedon E, Blanchard F, Gény C, Pinton H, Marc A. Kinetic characterization of vero cell metabolism in a serum-free batch culture process. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 107:143-53. [PMID: 20506276 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A global kinetic study of the central metabolism of Vero cells cultivated in a serum-free medium is proposed in the present work. Central metabolism including glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) was demonstrated to be saturated by high flow rates of consumption of the two major substrates, glucose, and glutamine. Saturation was reavealed by an accumulation of metabolic intermediates and amino acids, by a high production of lactate needed to balance the redox pathway, and by a low participation of the carbon flow to the TCA cycle supply. Different culture conditions were set up to reduce the central metabolism saturation and to better balance the metabolic flow rates between lactate production and energetic pathways. From these culture conditions, substitutions of glutamine by other carbon sources, which have lower transport rates such as asparagine, or pyruvate in order to shunt the glycolysis pathway, were successful to better balance the central metabolism. As a result, an increase of the cell growth with a concomitant decrease of cell death and a better distribution of the carbon flow between TCA cycle and lactate production occurred. We also demonstrated that glutamine was a major carbon source to supply the TCA cycle in Vero cells and that a reduction of lactate production did not necessary improve the efficiency of the Vero cell metabolism. Thus, to adapt the formulation of the medium to the Vero cell needs, it is important to provide carbon substrates inducing a regulated supply of carbon in the TCA cycle either through the glycolysis or through other pathways such as glutaminolysis. Finally, this study allowed to better understand the Vero cell behavior in serum-free medium which is a valuable help for the implementation of this cell line in serum-free industrial production processes.
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Feng SZ, Jiao PR, Qi WB, Fan HY, Liao M. Development and strategies of cell-culture technology for influenza vaccine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:893-902. [PMID: 21063703 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2973-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is a pandemic contagious disease and causes human deaths and huge economic destruction of poultry in the world. In order to control and prevent influenza, mainly type A, influenza vaccine for human and poultry were available since the 1940s and 1920s, respectively. In the development of vaccine production, influenza viruses were cultured originally from chicken embryos to anchorage-dependent cell lines, such as MDCK and Vero. The anchorage-independent lines have also been used to produce influenza virus, such as PER.C6 and engineering modified MDCK and Vero. During the process of influenza vaccine production, the common problem faced by all producers is how to improve the titer of influenza virus. This paper focuses on the developments of cell culture for influenza virus vaccine production, limitations of cell culture, and relative strategies for improvement virus yields in cell-culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Zhen Feng
- Laboratory of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Mel M, Karim MIA, Yusuf SAM, Hashim YZHY, Ahmad Nor Y. Comparing BRIN-BD11 culture producing insulin using different type of microcarriers. Cytotechnology 2010; 62:423-30. [PMID: 20953703 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-010-9294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was conducted to examine the growth profile, growth kinetics, and insulin-secretory responsiveness of BRIN-BD11 cells grown in optimized medium on different types of microcarriers (MCs). Comparisons were made on modified polystyrene (Hillex(®) II) and crosslinked polystyrene Plastic Plus (PP) from Solohill Engineering. The cell line producing insulin was cultured in a 25 cm(2) T-flask as control while MCs based culture was implemented in a stirred tank bioreactor with 1 L working volume. For each culture type, the viable cell number, glucose, lactate, glutamate, and insulin concentrations were measured and compared. Maximum viable cell number was obtained at 1.47 × 10(5) cell/mL for PP microcarrier (PPMCs) culture, 1.35 × 10(5) cell/mL Hillex(®) II (HIIMCs) culture and 0.95 × 10(5) cell/mL for T-flask culture, respectively. The highest insulin concentration has been produced in PPMCs culture (5.31 mg/L) compared to HIIMCs culture (2.01 mg/L) and T-flask culture (1.99 mg/L). Therefore overall observation suggested that PPMCs was likely preferred to be used for BRIN-BD11 cell culture as compared with Hillex(®) II MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maizirwan Mel
- Bioprocess and Molecular Engineering Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, 50728, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
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Domeneghini C, Di Giancamillo A, Bosi G, Arrighi S. Can nutraceuticals affect the structure of intestinal mucosa? Qualitative and quantitative microanatomy in L-glutamine diet-supplemented weaning piglets. Vet Res Commun 2009; 30:331-42. [PMID: 16437309 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2004] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Weaning piglets were fed an L-glutamine-supplemented diet with the aim of monitoring the effects on gut mucosal turnover and barrier function, to elucidate the potential preventive or therapeutic roles of glutamine as a nutraceutical or 'functional food'. Sixteen female weaning piglets were divided into two groups, which were fed a control diet (Ctr group: n = 8) or a Ctr + 0.5% L-glutamine diet (G group: n = 8) for 28 days. In the ileum of group G piglets the villus height (V) and crypt depth (C) were increased, and the V:C ratio was decreased (p < 0.01). The PCNA and TUNEL immunoreactivities were also tested. The number of mitotic mucosal cells (M) was increased, and that of mucosal cells with apoptotic nuclei (A) decreased in such a way that the A:M index diminished (p < 0.01). The A:M index also decreased at the level of some components of the gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT), thus indicating a positive effect on the gut barrier function. This trial showed that L: -glutamine supplementation influenced some morphofunctional characteristics of piglet ileal mucosa. These data corroborate the nutraceutical role of glutamine as a trophic agent for mucosal repair, improvement of barrier function and gut adaptation in the swine per se and as an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Domeneghini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Trentacoste 2, Milan, I-20134, Italy.
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Petiot E, Fournier F, Gény C, Pinton H, Marc A. Rapid Screening of Serum-Free Media for the Growth of Adherent Vero Cells by Using a Small-Scale and Non-invasive Tool. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:1600-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Souza APB, Peixoto CC, Maranga L, Carvalhal AV, Moraes RHP, Mendonça RMZ, Pereira CA, Carrondo MJT, Mendonça RZ. Purification and Characterization of an Anti-Apoptotic Protein Isolated from Lonomia obliqua Hemolymph. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 21:99-105. [PMID: 15903246 DOI: 10.1021/bp049831p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previously it was reported that supplementation of insect cell culture with Lonomia obliqua hemolymph could extend culture longevity (Maranga et al. Biotechnol. Prog. 2003, 19, 58-63). In this work the anti-apoptotic properties of this hemolymph in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cell culture were investigated. The presence or absence of apoptotic cells was characterized by light microscopy, flow cytometry, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Hemolymph was fractionated by several ion exchange and gel filtration chromatographic steps for identification of the compounds responsible for this effect. Fractions exhibiting a potent anti-apoptotic effect were isolated and tested in cell culture. A protein of about 51 kDa was identified, isolated, and tested for apoptosis inhibition. Addition of this purified protein to Sf-9 cultures was able to prevent apoptosis induced by nutrient depletion as well as by potent apoptosis chemical inducers such as Actinomycin D. This work confirms that the enhanced culture longevity obtained by supplementation with L. obliqua hemolymph is due to the presence of potent anti-apoptotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro P B Souza
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Laboratório de Parasitologia, and Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500 São Paulo SP, 05503-900 Brazil
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22
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Intracellular redox status and oxidative stress: implications for cell proliferation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2008; 82:273-99. [PMID: 18443763 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress can be defined as the imbalance between cellular oxidant species production and antioxidant capability. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in a variety of different cellular processes ranging from apoptosis and necrosis to cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. In fact, molecular events, such as induction of cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and oxidative DNA damage have been proposed to be critically involved in carcinogenesis. Carcinogenicity and aging are characterized by a set of complex endpoints, which appear as a series of molecular reactions. ROS can modify many intracellular signaling pathways including protein phosphatases, protein kinases, and transcription factors, suggesting that the majority of the effects of ROS are through their actions on signaling pathways rather than via non-specific damage of macromolecules; however, exact mechanisms by which redox status induces cells to proliferate or to die, and how oxidative stress can lead to processes evoking tumor formation are still under investigation.
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Conceição MM, Tonso A, Freitas CB, Pereira CA. Viral antigen production in cell cultures on microcarriers Bovine parainfluenza 3 virus and MDBK cells. Vaccine 2007; 25:7785-95. [PMID: 17920165 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Viral antigens can be obtained from infected mammalian cells cultivated on microcarriers. We have worked out parameters for the production of bovine parainfluenza 3 (PI-3) virus by Mandin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells cultivated on Cytodex 1 microcarriers (MCs) in spinners flasks and bioreactor using fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplemented Eagle minimal essential medium (Eagle-MEM). Medium renewal during the cell culture was shown to be crucial for optimal MCs loading (>90% MCs with confluent cell monolayers) and cell growth (2.5 x 10(6)cells/mL and a micro(x) (h(-1)) 0.05). Since cell cultures performed with lower amount of MCs (1g/L), showed good performances in terms of cell loading, we designed batch experiments with a lower concentration of MCs in view of optimizing the cell growth and virus production. Studies of cell growth with lower concentrations of MCs (0.85 g/L) showed that an increase in the initial cell seeding (from 7 to 40 cells/MC) led to a different kinetic of initial cell growth but to comparable final cell concentrations ((8-10)x10(5)cells/mL at 120 h) and cell loading (210-270 cells/MC). Upon infection with PI-3 virus, cultures showed a decrease in cell growth and MC loading directly related to the multiplicity of infection (moi) used for virus infection. Infected cultures showed also a higher consumption of glucose and production of lactate. The PI-3 virus and PI-3 antigen production among the cultures was not significantly different and attained values ranging from, respectively, 7-9 log(10) TCID(50)/mL and 1.5-2.2 OD. The kinetics of PI-3 virus production showed a sharp increase during the first 24h and those of PI-3 antigen increased after 24h. The differential kinetics of PI-3 virus and PI-3 antigen can be explained by the virus sensitivity to temperature. In view of establishing a protocol of virus production and based on the previous experiments, MDBK cell cultures performed under medium perfusion in a bioreactor of 1.2L were infected and the PI-3 virus production in 12L attained 12 log(10) TCID(50). Other than establishing a protocol for PI-3 production in MDBK cell cultures on Cytodex 1, the experiments are proposed as a basis for approaching the development of a virus production protocol in mammalian cells cultivated on microcarriers in bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Conceição
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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Trabelsi K, Rourou S, Loukil H, Majoul S, Kallel H. Optimization of virus yield as a strategy to improve rabies vaccine production by Vero cells in a bioreactor. J Biotechnol 2005; 121:261-71. [PMID: 16153733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To improve rabies vaccine production by Vero cells, we have developed a strategy based on high cell density culture and optimization of virus yield. We have first optimized cell growth in spinner flask using a Taguchi's L8 experimental design. We analyzed the effects of the following factors: initial glucose and glutamine concentrations, Cytodex 1 concentration and the regulation of glucose level at 1 g l(-1). We have also investigated the effect of the following factor interactions: Cytodex 1 concentration/glutamine concentration, Cytodex 1 concentration/glucose concentration and glucose concentration/glutamine concentration. Statistical analysis of the collected data pointed to the initial glucose concentration, the regulation of glucose level at 1 g l(-1) and the interactions between Cytodex 1 concentration/initial glucose concentration and Cytodex 1 concentration/initial glutamine concentration as the parameters that affected cell growth. Using the optimal conditions determined earlier, we have studied Vero cell growth in a 7-l bioreactor and in batch culture, and obtained a cell density level equal to 3.6 +/- 0.2 x 10(6) cells ml-1. Cell infection with rabies virus (LP 2061/Vero strain) at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.3 using M199 medium supplemented with 0.2% bovine serum albumin (BSA), yielded a maximal virus titer equal to 8 +/- 1.6 x 10(7) Fluorescent Focus Units (FFU) ml-1. We have also studied Vero cell growth in a 7-l bioreactor using recirculation as a perfusion culture mode during cell proliferation step and perfusion for virus multiplication phase. In comparison to batch culture, we reached a higher cell density level that was equal to 10.1 +/- 0.5 x 10(6) cells ml-1. Cell infection under the conditions previously indicated, yielded 14l of virus harvest that had a virus titer equal to 2.6 +/- 0.5 x 10(7) FFU ml-1. The activity of the inactivated virus harvest showed a protective activity that meets WHO requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Trabelsi
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Unit, Institut Pasteur de Tunis 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002 Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia
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Trabelsi K, Rourou S, Loukil H, Majoul S, Kallel H. Comparison of various culture modes for the production of rabies virus by Vero cells grown on microcarriers in a 2-l bioreactor. Enzyme Microb Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Giarratana MC, Kobari L, Lapillonne H, Chalmers D, Kiger L, Cynober T, Marden MC, Wajcman H, Douay L. Ex vivo generation of fully mature human red blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2004; 23:69-74. [PMID: 15619619 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe here the large-scale ex vivo production of mature human red blood cells (RBCs) from hematopoietic stem cells of diverse origins. By mimicking the marrow microenvironment through the application of cytokines and coculture on stromal cells, we coupled substantial amplification of CD34(+) stem cells (up to 1.95 x 10(6)-fold) with 100% terminal differentiation into fully mature, functional RBCs. These cells survived in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice, as do native RBCs. Our system for producing 'cultured RBCs' lends itself to a fundamental analysis of erythropoiesis and provides a simple in vitro model for studying important human viral or parasitic infections that target erythroid cells. Further development of large-scale production of cultured RBCs will have implications for gene therapy, blood transfusion and tropical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Catherine Giarratana
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie EA1638, Université Paris VI, CHU Saint Antoine, 27 rue de Chaligny-75571 Paris Cedex 12, France
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Arden N, Betenbaugh MJ. Life and death in mammalian cell culture: strategies for apoptosis inhibition. Trends Biotechnol 2004; 22:174-80. [PMID: 15038922 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cell culture is widely used to produce valuable biotherapeutics including monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and growth factors. Industrial cell lines such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), mouse myeloma (NS0), baby hamster kidney (BHK) and human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 retain many molecular components of the apoptosis cascade. Consequently, these cells often undergo programmed cell death upon exposure to stresses encountered in bioreactors. The implementation of strategies to control apoptosis and enhance culture productivities represents a major goal of biotechnologists. Fortunately, previous research has uncovered many intracellular proteins involved in activating and inhibiting apoptosis. Here, we summarize three apoptotic pathways and discuss different environmental and genetic methodologies implemented to limit cell death for biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilou Arden
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Yokomizo AY, Antoniazzi MM, Galdino PL, Azambuja N, Jorge SAC, Pereira CA. Rabies virus production in high vero cell density cultures on macroporous microcarriers. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 85:506-15. [PMID: 14760691 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the rabies virus multiplication in Vero cell cultures performed on porous microcarriers, MCs (cellulose-Cytopore and gelatin-Cultispher G), which provide higher available surface area compared with solid (nonporous) MCs (DEAE-Cytodex 1). In a set of experiments performed at the same MC concentration (MCs per milliliter), cell densities regularly obtained in porous MC cultures were comparable, but almost twice as high as those in solid MC cultures. In addition, 41.1 +/- 3.9-, 35.2 +/- 2-, and 19.6 +/- 5.8-fold increases in cell concentration, relative to the initial cell number, along with maximum rabies virus titers of 6.3 +/- 0.3 x 10(4), 5 +/- 0.1 x 10(4), and 4.3 +/- 0.2 x 10(4) FFD(50)/mL were observed in Cytopore, Cultispher G, and Cytodex 1 MC cultures, respectively. When higher concentrations of MCs were employed, lower performances of virus production and MC-cell occupation (cells per MC or cells per square millimeter) were observed. Cell attachment to MCs was shown to be faster for Cytopore MCs and Cytodex 1 MCs than for Cultispher G MCs. Concerning the kinetics of cell multiplication on MCs, exponential cell growth, at similar specific cell growth rates, took place on Cytopore, Cultispher G, and Cytodex 1 MCs. In addition, cell densities as high as 2.1 +/- 0.2 x 10(6) cells/mL on Cytopore MCs, 1.8 +/- 0.1 x 10(6) cells/mL on Cultispher G MCs, and 1 +/- 0.3 x 10(6) cells/mL on Cytodex 1 MCs were regularly obtained in batch cultures. Optical as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies carried out to analyze MC structure, MC cell occupation, and cell permissivity to virus infection demonstrated that there was uniform cell distribution in the external and internal areas of the MCs, suggesting an efficiency of virus synthesis. Our results indicate the usefulness of these supports for rabies virus antigen production, as well as possibilities for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Yokomizo
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brasil.
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