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Savio S, di Natale C, Paolesse R, Lvova L, Congestri R. Keeping Track of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyta) Culture Contamination by Potentiometric E-Tongue. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21124052. [PMID: 34204672 PMCID: PMC8231153 DOI: 10.3390/s21124052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The large-scale cultivation of microalgae provides a wide spectrum of marketable bioproducts, profitably used in many fields, from the preparation of functional health products and feed supplement in aquaculture and animal husbandry to biofuels and green chemistry agents. The commercially successful algal biomass production requires effective strategies to maintain the process at desired productivity and stability levels. Hence, the development of effective early warning methods to timely indicate remedial actions and to undertake countermeasures is extremely important to avoid culture collapse and consequent economic losses. With the aim to develop an early warning method of algal contamination, the potentiometric E-tongue was applied to record the variations in the culture environments, over the whole growth process, of two unialgal cultures, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and a microalgal contaminant, along with those of their mixed culture. The E-tongue system ability to distinguish the cultures and to predict their growth stage, through the application of multivariate data analysis, was shown. A PLS regression method applied to the E-tongue output data allowed a good prediction of culture growth time, expressed as growth days, with R2 values in a range from 0.913 to 0.960 and RMSEP of 1.97–2.38 days. Moreover, the SIMCA and PLS-DA techniques were useful for cultures contamination monitoring. The constructed PLS-DA model properly discriminated 67% of cultures through the analysis of their growth media, i.e., environments, thus proving the potential of the E-tongue system for a real time monitoring of contamination in microalgal intensive cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Savio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado di Natale
- Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Larisa Lvova
- Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (R.C.); Tel.: +39-06727594732 (L.L.); +39-0672595989 (R.C.)
| | - Roberta Congestri
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (R.C.); Tel.: +39-06727594732 (L.L.); +39-0672595989 (R.C.)
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Jiang H, Zhang M, Bhandari B, Adhikari B. Application of electronic tongue for fresh foods quality evaluation: A review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2018.1424184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University,Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bhesh Bhandari
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Kutyła-Olesiuk A, Wawrzyniak UE, Ciosek P, Wróblewski W. Electrochemical monitoring of citric acid production by Aspergillus niger. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 823:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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4
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Detection of adulteration in cherry tomato juices based on electronic nose and tongue: Comparison of different data fusion approaches. J FOOD ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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On-line monitoring of food fermentation processes using electronic noses and electronic tongues: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 804:29-36. [PMID: 24267060 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fermentation processes are often sensitive to even slight changes of conditions that may result in unacceptable end-product quality. Thus, close follow-up of this type of processes is critical for detecting unfavorable deviations as early as possible in order to save downtime, materials and resources. Nevertheless the use of traditional analytical techniques is often hindered by the need for expensive instrumentation and experienced operators and complex sample preparation. In this sense, one of the most promising ways of developing rapid and relatively inexpensive methods for quality control in fermentation processes is the use of chemical multisensor systems. In this work we present an overview of the most important contributions dealing with the monitoring of fermentation processes using electronic noses and electronic tongues. After a brief description of the fundamentals of both types of devices, the different approaches are critically commented, their strengths and weaknesses being highlighted. Finally, future trends in this field are also mentioned in the last section of the article.
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Kutyła-Olesiuk A, Zaborowski M, Prokaryn P, Ciosek P. Monitoring of beer fermentation based on hybrid electronic tongue. Bioelectrochemistry 2012; 87:104-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Luttmann R, Bracewell DG, Cornelissen G, Gernaey KV, Glassey J, Hass VC, Kaiser C, Preusse C, Striedner G, Mandenius CF. Soft sensors in bioprocessing: a status report and recommendations. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1040-8. [PMID: 22489000 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The following report with recommendations is the result of an expert panel meeting on soft sensor applications in bioprocess engineering that was organized by the Measurement, Monitoring, Modelling and Control (M3C) Working Group of the European Federation of Biotechnology - Section of Biochemical Engineering Science (ESBES). The aim of the panel was to provide an update on the present status of the subject and to identify critical needs and issues for the furthering of the successful development of soft sensor methods in bioprocess engineering research and for industrial applications, in particular with focus on biopharmaceutical applications. It concludes with a set of recommendations, which highlight current prospects for the extended use of soft sensors and those areas requiring development.
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Kulapina EG, Snesarev SV. Potentiometric sensors based on organic ion exchangers of tetraalkylammonium and silver complexes with ampicillin, oxacillin, and cefazolin. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934811120069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Palmer SM, Kunji ERS. Online analysis and process control in recombinant protein production (review). Methods Mol Biol 2012; 866:129-155. [PMID: 22454120 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-770-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Online analysis and control is essential for efficient and reproducible bioprocesses. A key factor in real-time control is the ability to measure critical variables rapidly. Online in situ measurements are the preferred option and minimize the potential loss of sterility. The challenge is to provide sensors with a good lifespan that withstand harsh bioprocess conditions, remain stable for the duration of a process without the need for recalibration, and offer a suitable working range. In recent decades, many new techniques that promise to extend the possibilities of analysis and control, not only by providing new parameters for analysis, but also through the improvement of accepted, well practiced, measurements have arisen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Palmer
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, The Medical Research Council, Cambridge, UK
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Ciosek P, Jańczyk M, Wróblewski W. Classification of amino acids and oligopeptides with the use of multi-mode chemical images obtained with ion selective electrode array. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 699:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Zhao G, Lin X, Dou W, Tian S, Deng S, Shi J. Use of the smart tongue to monitor mold growth and discriminate between four mold species grown in liquid media. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 690:240-7. [PMID: 21435482 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel voltammetric electronic tongue, smart tongue, was employed to monitor the growth of mold and to differentiate between four types of mold grown in liquid medium. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract the relevant information obtained by the smart tongue. Reference growth curves were based on measurements of dry weight and pH. The growth detected by the smart tongue was basically consistent with that observed by the measurement of dry weight and pH. The optimal combinations of electrodes and frequencies for monitoring growth were as follows: for Aspergillus, both the Pt and Au electrodes at 1 Hz, 10 Hz and 100 Hz; for Penicillium, the Pt and W electrodes at 100 Hz; for Mucor, the Pt, Pd and W electrodes at the three frequency segments; for Rhizopus, the Pd, Ti and Ag electrodes at the three frequency segments. The Ag electrode at 10 Hz or 100 Hz frequency could differentiate well between the four types of mold for culturing 6 h in the liquid media. Therefore, the smart tongue has a promising future as a modern rapid analytical technology for the real time detection of the growth of mold and for the classification model of mold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangying Zhao
- Food Safety Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Food Quality and Safety, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China.
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Kulapina EG, Snesarev SV, Makarova NM, Pogorelova ES. Potentiometric sensor arrays for the individual determination of penicillin class antibiotics using artificial neural networks. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934811010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Witkowska E, Buczkowska A, Zamojska A, Szewczyk KW, Ciosek P. Monitoring of periodic anaerobic digestion with flow-through array of miniaturized ion-selective electrodes. Bioelectrochemistry 2010; 80:87-93. [PMID: 20851060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years Electronic tongues (ETs) based on various sensor arrays were applied to the monitoring of various fermentation processes, as devices capable of fast, inexpensive, automated and on-line control. In this work a novel application of ET is proposed--flow-through array of miniaturized ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) was used for the analysis of samples obtained during anaerobic digestion (methane fermentation) performed in periodic conditions. The samples were classified according to their Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) content. Moreover, for this application a novel design of ISEs was developed, which is fully compatible with flow-through modules for sensor measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Witkowska
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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Jańczyk M, Kutyła A, Sollohub K, Wosicka H, Cal K, Ciosek P. Electronic tongue for the detection of taste-masking microencapsulation of active pharmaceutical substances. Bioelectrochemistry 2010; 80:94-8. [PMID: 20869333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electronic tongues can produce chemical images of samples, whose changes can be correlated with general properties, e.g. taste sensations. In this work, a sensor array equipped with eight types of ion-selective electrodes was coupled with Principal Components Analysis in order to detect microencapsulation effect of two Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), which influences their taste properties. The character of change of sensor array responses in samples modified by microencapsulation was the same in two investigated APIs (Ibuprofen and Rixithromycin), proving, that the "sensed taste" becomes similar in both formulations after Eudragit modification. The obtained results show, that the presented electronic tongue can be used for analysis of masking effects in drugs and detection of microencapsulation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Jańczyk
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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Vlasov YG, Ermolenko YE, Legin AV, Rudnitskaya AM, Kolodnikov VV. Chemical sensors and their systems. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810090029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
This minireview describes the main developments of electronic tongues (e-tongues) and taste sensors in recent years, with a summary of the principles of detection and materials used in the sensing units. E-tongues are sensor arrays capable of distinguishing very similar liquids employing the concept of global selectivity, where the difference in the electrical response of different materials serves as a fingerprint for the analysed sample. They have been widely used for the analysis of wines, fruit juices, coffee, milk and beverages, in addition to the detection of trace amounts of impurities or pollutants in waters. Among the various principles of detection, electrochemical measurements and impedance spectroscopy are the most prominent. With regard to the materials for the sensing units, in most cases use is made of ultrathin films produced in a layer-by-layer fashion to yield higher sensitivity with the advantage of control of the film molecular architecture. The concept of e-tongues has been extended to biosensing by using sensing units capable of molecular recognition, as in films with immobilized antigens or enzymes with specific recognition for clinical diagnosis. Because the identification of samples is basically a classification task, there has been a trend to use artificial intelligence and information visualization methods to enhance the performance of e-tongues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Riul
- UFScar, campus Sorocaba, 18052-780 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
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17
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Guaccio A, Netti PA. Monitoring oxygen uptake in 3D tissue engineering scaffolds by phosphorescence quenching microscopy. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:1494-500. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Maiti SK, Srivastava RK, Bhushan M, Wangikar PP. Real time phase detection based online monitoring of batch fermentation processes. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Makarova N, Kulapina E. Quantification of Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Homologous Nonylphenol Polyethoxylates Using the Potentiometric Sensor Array. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Vlasov YG, Legin AV, Rudnitskaya AM. Electronic tongue: Chemical sensor systems for analysis of aquatic media. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363208120335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Sensor systems, electronic tongues and electronic noses, for the monitoring of biotechnological processes. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:443-451. [PMID: 18189151 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-007-0298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Production of biofuel is based on the conversion by microorganisms of complex organic substrates into the methane or ethanol, which are consequently used as energy sources. Real time monitoring of the fermented media composition is of paramount for the effectiveness of the whole process. However, despite the fact that products worth billions of dollars are produced through fermentation processes annually, analytical instruments used for these processes' monitoring remain relatively primitive. Established laboratory techniques produce exhaustive information about media composition but analysis is often quite time-consuming, expensive, requires skilled personnel and hardly can be automated. Lack of on-line sensors for the fermentation monitoring is commonly stressed in the literature. One of the techniques particularly suitable for this purpose is chemical sensors. Such features as low prices, relatively simple instrumentation, minimal sample preparation and easy automation of measurements make chemical sensors an attractive tool for industrial process control. However, practical use of chemical sensors in complex media is often hindered by their insufficient selectivity. For example, only pH and oxygen probes are routinely used in bio-reactors. One of the emerging approaches permitting to overcome the selectivity problems is the use of systems instead of discrete sensors. Such systems for liquid and gas analysis were named electronic tongues and electronic noses correspondingly. They are capable to perform both quantitative analysis (components' concentrations) and classification or recognition of multicomponent media. This review presents recent achievements in the R&D and applications of electronic tongues and noses to the monitoring of biotechnological processes.
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Lomborg CJ, Wiebe L, Esbensen KH. At-line determination of octanoic acid in cultivation broth-An electronic tongue (ET) feasibility study. J Biotechnol 2008; 133:162-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 08/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mikhaleva NM, Kulapina EG, Kolotvin AA, Lobachev AL. Determination of the homologous distribution of sodium alkylbenzenesulfonates in commercial sulfonol preparations. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934807110147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Electronic tongue systems are multisensor devices dedicated to automatic analysis of complicated composition samples and to the recognition of their characteristic properties. Recently, the number of publications covering this topic has significantly increased. Many possible architectures of such devices were proposed: potentiometric, voltammetric, as well as approaches embracing mass- and optical-sensors. For the analysis of sensor array data, various pattern recognition systems were proposed. All of these topics are summarized in this review. Moreover, additional problems are considered: miniaturization of electronic tongues and hybrid systems for liquid sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Ciosek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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25
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Calibration of a Sensor Array (an Electronic Tongue) for Identification and Quantification of Odorants from Livestock Buildings. SENSORS 2007. [DOI: 10.3390/s7010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Ciosek P, Pokorska B, Romanowska E, Wróblewski W. The Recognition of Growth Conditions and Metabolic Type of Plants by a Potentiometric Electronic Tongue. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Mikhaleva N, Kulapina E. Multisensor Systems for Separate Determination of Homologous Anionic and Non-Ionic Surfactants. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Söderström C, Rudnitskaya A, Legin A, Krantz-Rülcker C. Differentiation of four Aspergillus species and one Zygosaccharomyces with two electronic tongues based on different measurement techniques. J Biotechnol 2005; 119:300-8. [PMID: 15993970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two electronic tongues based on different measurement techniques were applied to the discrimination of four molds and one yeast. Chosen microorganisms were different species of Aspergillus and yeast specie Zygosaccharomyces bailii, which are known as food contaminants. The electronic tongue developed in Linköping University was based on voltammetry. Four working electrodes made of noble metals were used in a standard three-electrode configuration in this case. The St. Petersburg electronic tongue consisted of 27 potentiometric chemical sensors with enhanced cross-sensitivity. Sensors with chalcogenide glass and plasticized PVC membranes were used. Two sets of samples were measured using both electronic tongues. Firstly, broths were measured in which either one of the molds or the yeast grew until late logarithmic phase or border of the stationary phase. Broths inoculated by either one of molds or the yeast was measured at five different times during microorganism growth. Data were evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA), partial least square regression (PLS) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). It was found that both measurement techniques could differentiate between fungi species. Merged data from both electronic tongues improved differentiation of the samples in selected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Söderström
- Linköping University, IFM, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
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Schmidt FR. Optimization and scale up of industrial fermentation processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 68:425-35. [PMID: 16001256 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To increase product yields and to ensure consistent product quality, key issues of industrial fermentations, process optimization and scale up are aimed at maintaining optimum and homogenous reaction conditions minimizing microbial stress exposure and enhancing metabolic accuracy. For each individual product, process and facility, suitable strategies have to be elaborated by a comprehensive and detailed process characterization, identification of the most relevant process parameters influencing product yield and quality and their establishment as scale-up parameters to be kept constant as far as possible. Physical variables, which can only be restrictedly kept constant as single parameters, may be combined with other pertinent parameters to appropriate mathematical groups or dimensionless terms. Process characterization is preferably based on real-time or near real-time data collected by in situ and on-line measurements and may be facilitated by supportive approaches and tools like neural network based chemometric data analysis and modelling, clarification of the mixing and stream conditions through computational fluid dynamics and scale-down simulations. However, as fermentation facilities usually are not strictly designed according to scale-up criteria and the process conditions in the culture vessels thus may differ significantly and since any strategy and model can only insufficiently consider and reflect the highly complex interdependence and mutual interaction of fermentation parameters, successful scale up in most cases is not the result of a conclusive and straight-lined experimental strategy, but rather will be the outcome of a separate process development and optimization on each scale. This article gives an overview on the problems typically coming along with fermentation process optimization and scale up, and presents currently applied scale-up strategies while considering future technologies, with emphasis on Escherichia coli as one of the most commonly fermented organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Schmidt
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland, Biocenter H 780, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany.
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30
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Mikhaleva NM, Kulapina EG. Arrays of Nonselective Nonionic-Surfactant Sensors for the Separate Determination of the Homologues of Polyoxyethylated Nonylphenols. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10809-005-0141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Legin A, Kirsanov D, Rudnitskaya A, Iversen J, Seleznev B, Esbensen K, Mortensen J, Houmøller L, Vlasov Y. Multicomponent analysis of fermentation growth media using the electronic tongue (ET). Talanta 2004; 64:766-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2003] [Revised: 03/29/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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