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Effect of Oligosaccharide Degree of Polymerization on the Induction of Xylan-Degrading Enzymes by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245849. [PMID: 33322262 PMCID: PMC7764074 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylan is one of the most abundant carbohydrates on Earth. Complete degradation of xylan is achieved by the collaborative action of endo-β-1,4-xylanases and β-d-xylosidases and a number of accessories enzymes. In filamentous fungi, the xylanolytic system is controlled through induction and repression. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear. Substrates containing xylan promote the induction of xylanases, which release xylooligosaccharides. These, in turn, induce expression of xylanase-encoding genes. Here, we aimed to determine which xylan degradation products acted as inducers, and whether the size of the released oligomer correlated with its induction strength. To this end, we compared xylanase production by different inducers, such as sophorose, lactose, cellooligosaccharides, and xylooligosaccharides in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Results indicate that xylooligosaccharides are more effective than other substrates at inducing endoxylanase and β-xylosidases. Moreover, we report a correlation between the degree of xylooligosaccharide polymerization and induction efficiency of each enzyme. Specifically, xylotetraose is the best inducer of endoxylanase, xylohexaose of extracellular β-xylosidase, and xylobiose of cell-bound β-xylosidase.
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Gérard D, Méline T, Muzard M, Deleu M, Plantier-Royon R, Rémond C. Enzymatically-synthesized xylo-oligosaccharides laurate esters as surfactants of interest. Carbohydr Res 2020; 495:108090. [PMID: 32807358 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of xylo-oligosaccharides esters from pure xylobiose, xylotriose and xylotetraose in the presence of vinyl laurate was investigated. The influence of different experimental parameters such as the loading of lipase, the reaction duration or the use of a co-solvent was studied and the reaction conditions were optimized with xylobiose. Under the best conditions, a regioselective esterification occurred to yield a monoester with the acyl chain at the OH-4 of the xylose unit at the non-reducing end. Surface-active properties of these pure xylo-oligosaccharides fatty esters have been evaluated. They display interesting surfactant activities that differ according to the degree of polymerization (DP) of the glycone moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gérard
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, Chaire AFERE, 51686, Reims, France; Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687, Reims Cedex, France
| | - T Méline
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, Chaire AFERE, 51686, Reims, France
| | - M Muzard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687, Reims Cedex, France
| | - M Deleu
- Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire Aux Interfaces, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - R Plantier-Royon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687, Reims Cedex, France
| | - C Rémond
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, Chaire AFERE, 51686, Reims, France.
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Arnal G, Stogios PJ, Asohan J, Attia MA, Skarina T, Viborg AH, Henrissat B, Savchenko A, Brumer H. Substrate specificity, regiospecificity, and processivity in glycoside hydrolase family 74. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13233-13247. [PMID: 31324716 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase family 74 (GH74) is a historically important family of endo-β-glucanases. On the basis of early reports of detectable activity on cellulose and soluble cellulose derivatives, GH74 was originally considered to be a "cellulase" family, although more recent studies have generally indicated a high specificity toward the ubiquitous plant cell wall matrix glycan xyloglucan. Previous studies have indicated that GH74 xyloglucanases differ in backbone cleavage regiospecificities and can adopt three distinct hydrolytic modes of action: exo, endo-dissociative, and endo-processive. To improve functional predictions within GH74, here we coupled in-depth biochemical characterization of 17 recombinant proteins with structural biology-based investigations in the context of a comprehensive molecular phylogeny, including all previously characterized family members. Elucidation of four new GH74 tertiary structures, as well as one distantly related dual seven-bladed β-propeller protein from a marine bacterium, highlighted key structure-function relationships along protein evolutionary trajectories. We could define five phylogenetic groups, which delineated the mode of action and the regiospecificity of GH74 members. At the extremes, a major group of enzymes diverged to hydrolyze the backbone of xyloglucan nonspecifically with a dissociative mode of action and relaxed backbone regiospecificity. In contrast, a sister group of GH74 enzymes has evolved a large hydrophobic platform comprising 10 subsites, which facilitates processivity. Overall, the findings of our study refine our understanding of catalysis in GH74, providing a framework for future experimentation as well as for bioinformatics predictions of sequences emerging from (meta)genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Arnal
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Peter J Stogios
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Jathavan Asohan
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mohamed A Attia
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Tatiana Skarina
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Alexander Holm Viborg
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France; INRA, USC1408 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Alexei Savchenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Attia MA, Nelson CE, Offen WA, Jain N, Davies GJ, Gardner JG, Brumer H. In vitro and in vivo characterization of three Cellvibrio japonicus glycoside hydrolase family 5 members reveals potent xyloglucan backbone-cleaving functions. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:45. [PMID: 29467823 PMCID: PMC5816542 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xyloglucan (XyG) is a ubiquitous and fundamental polysaccharide of plant cell walls. Due to its structural complexity, XyG requires a combination of backbone-cleaving and sidechain-debranching enzymes for complete deconstruction into its component monosaccharides. The soil saprophyte Cellvibrio japonicus has emerged as a genetically tractable model system to study biomass saccharification, in part due to its innate capacity to utilize a wide range of plant polysaccharides for growth. Whereas the downstream debranching enzymes of the xyloglucan utilization system of C. japonicus have been functionally characterized, the requisite backbone-cleaving endo-xyloglucanases were unresolved. RESULTS Combined bioinformatic and transcriptomic analyses implicated three glycoside hydrolase family 5 subfamily 4 (GH5_4) members, with distinct modular organization, as potential keystone endo-xyloglucanases in C. japonicus. Detailed biochemical and enzymatic characterization of the GH5_4 modules of all three recombinant proteins confirmed particularly high specificities for the XyG polysaccharide versus a panel of other cell wall glycans, including mixed-linkage beta-glucan and cellulose. Moreover, product analysis demonstrated that all three enzymes generated XyG oligosaccharides required for subsequent saccharification by known exo-glycosidases. Crystallographic analysis of GH5D, which was the only GH5_4 member specifically and highly upregulated during growth on XyG, in free, product-complex, and active-site affinity-labelled forms revealed the molecular basis for the exquisite XyG specificity among these GH5_4 enzymes. Strikingly, exhaustive reverse-genetic analysis of all three GH5_4 members and a previously biochemically characterized GH74 member failed to reveal a growth defect, thereby indicating functional compensation in vivo, both among members of this cohort and by other, yet unidentified, xyloglucanases in C. japonicus. Our systems-based analysis indicates distinct substrate-sensing (GH74, GH5E, GH5F) and attack-mounting (GH5D) functions for the endo-xyloglucanases characterized here. CONCLUSIONS Through a multi-faceted, molecular systems-based approach, this study provides a new insight into the saccharification pathway of xyloglucan utilization system of C. japonicus. The detailed structural-functional characterization of three distinct GH5_4 endo-xyloglucanases will inform future bioinformatic predictions across species, and provides new CAZymes with defined specificity that may be harnessed in industrial and other biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Attia
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Cassandra E. Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA
| | - Wendy A. Offen
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Namrata Jain
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Jeffrey G. Gardner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Abad-Romero B, Mereiter K, Sixta H, Hofinger A, Kosma P. Synthesis of regioselectively sulfated xylodextrins and crystal structure of sodium methyl β-d-xylopyranoside 4-O-sulfate hemihydrate. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:21-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ibatullin FM, Baumann MJ, Greffe L, Brumer H. Kinetic Analyses of Retaining endo-(Xylo)glucanases from Plant and Microbial Sources Using New Chromogenic Xylogluco-Oligosaccharide Aryl Glycosides. Biochemistry 2008; 47:7762-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bi8009168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farid M. Ibatullin
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, and Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Molecular and Radiation Biology Division, Russian Academy of Science, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia
| | - Martin J. Baumann
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, and Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Molecular and Radiation Biology Division, Russian Academy of Science, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia
| | - Lionel Greffe
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, and Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Molecular and Radiation Biology Division, Russian Academy of Science, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia
| | - Harry Brumer
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, and Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Molecular and Radiation Biology Division, Russian Academy of Science, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia
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Bocchini DA, Gomes E, Da Silva R. Xylanase Production by Bacillus circulans D1 Using Maltose as Carbon Source. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 146:29-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-8051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Eneyskaya EV, Ivanen DR, Shabalin KA, Kulminskaya AA, Backinowsky LV, Brumer Iii H, Neustroev KN. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of 4-methylumbelliferyl β-(1→4)-d-xylooligosides: new substrates for β-d-xylanase assays. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:146-51. [PMID: 15602610 DOI: 10.1039/b409583a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transglycosylation catalyzed by a beta-D-xylosidase from Aspergillus sp. was used to synthesize a set of 4-methylumbelliferyl (MU) beta-1-->4-D-xylooligosides having the common structure [beta-D-Xyl-(1-->4)]2-5-beta-D-Xyl-MU. MU xylobioside synthesized chemically by the condensation of protected MU beta-D-xylopyranoside with ethyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-thio-beta-D-xylopyranoside was used as a substrate for transglycosylation with the beta-D-xylosidase from Aspergillus sp. to produce higher MU xylooligosides. The structures of oligosaccharides obtained were established by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. MU beta-D-xylooligosides synthesized were tested as fluorogenic substrates for the GH-10 family beta-D-xylanase from Aspergillus orizae and the GH-11 family beta-D-xylanase I from Trichoderma reesei. Both xylanases released the aglycone from MU xylobioside and the corresponding trioside. With substrates having d.p. 4 and 5, the enzymes manifested endolytic activities, splitting off MU, MUX, and MUX2 primarily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Eneyskaya
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Molecular and Radiation Biology Division, Gatchina, 188300, Russia
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Subramaniyan S, Prema P. Biotechnology of microbial xylanases: enzymology, molecular biology, and application. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2002; 22:33-64. [PMID: 11958335 DOI: 10.1080/07388550290789450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Xylanases are hydrolases depolymerizing the plant cell wall component xylan, the second most abundant polysaccharide. The molecular structure and hydrolytic pattern of xylanases have been reported extensively and the mechanism of hydrolysis has also been proposed. There are several models for the gene regulation of which this article could add to the wealth of knowledge. Future work on the application of these enzymes in the paper and pulp, food industry, in environmental science, that is, bio-fueling, effluent treatment, and agro-waste treatment, etc. require a complete understanding of the functional and genetic significance of the xylanases. However, the thrust area has been identified as the paper and pulp industry. The major problem in the field of paper bleaching is the removal of lignin and its derivatives, which are linked to cellulose and xylan. Xylanases are more suitable in the paper and pulp industry than lignin-degrading systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Subramaniyan
- Biochemical Processing Division, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Trivandrum, India
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