Glucose- and nitrogen-dependence of acid proteinase production in semicontinuous culture with immobilized cells of Humicola lutea 120-5

Use of Saccharum spontaneum (wild sugarcane) as biomaterial for cell immobilization and modulated ethanol production by thermotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae VS3

Saccharum spontaneum is a wasteland weed consists of 45.10+/-0.35% cellulose and 22.75+/-0.28% of hemicellulose on dry solid (DS) basis. Aqueous ammonia delignified S. spontaneum yielded total reducing sugars, 53.91+/-0.44 g/L (539.10+/-0.55 mg/g of substrate) with a hydrolytic efficiency of 77.85+/-0.45%. The enzymes required for hydrolysis were prepared from culture supernatants of Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 1846. A maximum of 0.85+/-0.07 IU/mL of filter paperase (FPase), 1.25+/-0.04 IU/mL of carboxy methyl cellulase (CMCase) and 55.56+/-0.52 IU/mL of xylanase activity was obtained after 7 days of incubation at 28+/-0.5 degrees C using delignified S. spontaneum as carbon source under submerged fermentation conditions. Enzymatic hydrolysate of S. spontaneum was then tested for ethanol production under batch and repeated batch production system using "in-situ" entrapped Saccharomyces cerevisiae VS3 cells in S. spontaneum stalks (1 cm x 1 cm) size. Immobilization was confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Batch fermentation of VS3 free cells and immobilized cells showed ethanol production, 19.45+/-0.55 g/L (yield, 0.410+/-0.010 g/g) and 21.66+/-0.62 g/L (yield, 0.434+/-0.021 g/g), respectively. Immobilized VS3 cells showed maximum ethanol production (22.85+/-0.44 g/L, yield, 0.45+/-0.04 g/g) up to 8th cycle during repeated batch fermentation followed by a gradual reduction in subsequent cycles of fermentation.

Production of lactic acid with loofa sponge immobilized Rhizopus oryzae RBU2-10

Lactic acid production by Rhizopus oryzae RBU2-10 immobilized in loofa sponge was evaluated. Shape and texture of loofa sponge, which was obtained from the mature dried fruit of Luffa cylindrica, remained intact after its treatment with buffers of varying pH and following its repeated autoclaving for up to four cycles (121 degrees C, 20 min per cycle). The medium having four pieces of loofa sponge (1.008 cm(3)) per 100 ml medium and inoculated with 3 x1 0(6) spores ml(-1) resulted maximum production (80.75 g l(-1)) of lactic acid in 48 h of fermentation. Repeated batch fermentation for lactic acid production could be carried out for 10 cycles. Remarkably higher levels of productivity (1.66-1.84 g l(-1)h(-1)) was obtained during first five cycles of fermentation with a maximum productivity (1.84 g l(-1)h(-1)) obtained during third cycle of fermentation.