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Pan LQ, Xie ZM, Tang XJ, Wu M, Wang FR, Naranmandura H, Chen SQ. Engineering and refolding of a novel trimeric fusion protein TRAIL-collagen XVIII NC1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012. [PMID: 23208613 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is considered to be a promising anticancer agent because its active form TRAIL trimer is able to induce apoptosis in different tumor cell lines while sparing normal cells. However, TRAIL trimer possesses a short half-life and low stability, which turns out to be a major obstacle for the development of clinical trials. In our present study, we constructed a recombined TRAIL trimer by genetic fusion of non-collagenous domain (NC1) of human collagen XVIII or its trimerization domain (TD) to C-terminus of TRAIL via a flexible linker, and then refolded the fusion proteins using a two-step refolding approach, namely a combination of dilution and gel filtration chromatography. As a result, both recombinant proteins, TRAIL-NC1 and TRAIL-TD, were expressed in Escherichia coli as inclusion bodies, and they exhibited difficultly to refold efficiently by conventional methods. Thereby, we applied a modified two-step refolding approach to refold fusion proteins. More than 55 % of TRAIL-NC1 and 90 % of TRAIL-TD protein activity was recovered during the two-step refolding approach, and their stability was also increased significantly. Also, size exclusion chromatography showed refolded TRAIL-NC1 was a trimer while TRAIL-TD, hexamer. However, both of them exerted good apoptosis activity on NCI-H460 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qiang Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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2
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Anselment B, Schoemig V, Kesten C, Weuster-Botz D. Statistical vs. Stochastic experimental design: An experimental comparison on the example of protein refolding. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:1499-506. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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3
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Nasrollahi P, Khajeh K, Akbari N. Optimizing of the formation of active BMW-amylase after in vitro refolding. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 85:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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4
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Refolding Technology for scFv Using a New Detergent, N-Lauroyl-L-glutamate and Arginine. Antibodies (Basel) 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/antib1020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Berg A, Oelmeier SA, Kittelmann J, Dismer F, Hubbuch J. Development and characterization of an automated high throughput screening method for optimization of protein refolding processes. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3149-59. [PMID: 22821717 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of protein refolding parameters by automated, miniaturized, and parallelized high throughput screening is a powerful approach to meet the demand for fast process development with low material consumption. In this study, we validated methods applicable on a standard liquid handling robot for screening of refolding process parameters by dilution of denatured lysozyme in refolding buffer systems. Different approaches for the estimation of protein solubility and folding were validated concerning resolution and compatibility with the robotic system and with the complex buffer and protein structure composition. We established an indirect method to assess soluble lysozyme concentration independent of matrix effects and protein structure varieties by automated separation of aggregated protein, resolubilization, and measurement of absorption at 280 nm. Using this nonspecific solubility assays the correlation between favorable parameters for high active and soluble lysozyme yields were evaluated. An overlap of good refolding buffer compositions was found provided that the redox environment was controlled with redox reagents. In addition, the need to control unfolding conditions like time, temperature, lysozyme, and dithiothreitol concentration was pointed out as different feedstocks resulted in different refolding yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Berg
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Kumagai I, Asano R, Nakanishi T, Hashikami K, Tanaka S, Badran A, Sanada H, Umetsu M. Integration of PEGylation and refolding for renaturation of recombinant proteins from insoluble aggregates produced in bacteria—Application to a single-chain Fv fragment. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 109:447-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Madan B, Mishra P. Co-expression of the lipase and foldase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to a functional lipase in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:597-604. [PMID: 19629472 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lipA gene, a structural gene encoding for protein of molecular mass 48 kDa, and lipB gene, encoding for a lipase-specific chaperone with molecular mass of 35 kDa, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa B2264 were co-expressed in heterologous host Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) to obtain in vivo expression of functional lipase. The recombinant lipase was expressed with histidine tag at its N terminus and was purified to homogeneity using nickel affinity chromatography. The amino acid sequence of LipA and LipB of P. aeruginosa B2264 was 99-100% identical with the corresponding sequence of LipA and LipB of P. aeruginosa LST-03 and P. aeruginosa PA01, but it has less identity with Pseudomonas cepacia (Burkholderia cepacia) as it showed only 37.6% and 23.3% identity with the B. cepacia LipA and LipB sequence, respectively. The molecular mass of the recombinant lipase was found to be 48 kDa. The recombinant lipase exhibited optimal activity at pH 8.0 and 37 degrees C, though it was active between pH 5.0 and pH 9.0 and up to 45 degrees C. K (m) and V (max) values for recombinant P. aeruginosa lipase were found to be 151.5 +/- 29 microM and 217 +/- 22.5 micromol min(-1) mg(-1) protein, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Madan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
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10
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Dong XY, Fu ML, Sun Y. Refolding of recombinant homodimeric malate dehydrogenase expressed in Escherichia coli as inclusion bodies. Biochem Eng J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Arakawa T, Tsumoto K, Kita Y, Chang B, Ejima D. Biotechnology applications of amino acids in protein purification and formulations. Amino Acids 2007; 33:587-605. [PMID: 17357829 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are widely used in biotechnology applications. Since amino acids are natural compounds, they can be safely used in pharmaceutical applications, e.g., as a solvent additive for protein purification and as an excipient for protein formulations. At high concentrations, certain amino acids are found to raise intra-cellular osmotic pressure and adjust to the high salt concentrations of the surrounding medium. They are called "compatible solutes", since they do not affect macromolecular function. Not only are they needed to increase the osmotic pressure, they are known to increase the stability of the proteins. Sucrose, glycerol and certain amino acids were used to enhance the stability of unstable proteins after isolation from natural environments. The mechanism of the action of these protein-stabilizing amino acids is relatively well understood. On the contrary, arginine was accidentally discovered as a useful reagent for assisting in the refolding of recombinant proteins. This effect of arginine was ascribed to its ability to suppress aggregation of the proteins during refolding, thereby increasing refolding efficiency. By the same mechanism, arginine now finds much wider applications than previously anticipated in the research and development of proteins, in particular in pharmaceutical applications. For example, arginine solubilizes proteins from loose inclusion bodies, resulting in efficient production of active proteins. Arginine suppresses protein-protein interactions in solution and also non-specific adsorption to gel permeation chromatography columns. Arginine facilitates elution of bound proteins from various column resins, including Protein-A or dye affinity columns and hydrophobic interaction columns. This review covers various biotechnology applications of amino acids, in particular arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
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12
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Umetsu M, Tsumoto K, Nitta S, Adschiri T, Ejima D, Arakawa T, Kumagai I. Nondenaturing solubilization of β2 microglobulin from inclusion bodies by l-arginine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 328:189-97. [PMID: 15670769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Expression of beta2 microglobulin (beta2m) in Escherichia coli resulted in formation of inclusion bodies. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared analysis suggested a native-like secondary structure of beta2m in the inclusion bodies. Nondenaturing solubilization of the native-like beta2m from inclusion bodies was achieved using L-arginine solution, which enables an efficient recovery of beta2m with little aggregation. Greater beta2m solubilization from inclusion bodies was obtained at higher temperatures. Low-temperature solubilization yielded beta2m with fluorescence properties identical to those of native beta2m, but its secondary structure was slightly nonnative. Solubilization at moderate temperature gave beta2m with an apparently native structure. We propose an efficient nondenaturing solubilization method combining L-arginine and moderate temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Umetsu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07, Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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13
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Dong XY, Huang Y, Sun Y. Refolding kinetics of denatured-reduced lysozyme in the presence of folding aids. J Biotechnol 2004; 114:135-42. [PMID: 15464607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2003] [Revised: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The refolding kinetic behavior of denatured-reduced lysozyme in the presence of folding aids (acetamide, acetone, thiourea, L-arginine or glycerol) was studied utilizing a simplified model describing the competition between first-order folding reaction and third-order aggregation. It was found that the protein folding aids could be categorized into two groups. One of them at proper concentrations, such as acetamide, acetone, thiourea and L-arginine, stabilized unfolded protein or folding intermediates. In the presence of these additives, the folding rate decreased with increasing their concentration, and there existed a concentration where the aggregation rate constant was minimized. So, there was an optimum concentration for the folding aids to produce a high yield. The other group was protein stabilizers such as glycerol. In the presence of this kind of folding aids, both the refolding rate and yield were enhanced by increasing their concentration to a proper value. Moreover, their effect on improving protein refolding was additive to those of the first group. So the cooperative application of the two kinds of folding aids could result in favorable refolding rate and yield of protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Dong
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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14
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Vallejo LF, Rinas U. Strategies for the recovery of active proteins through refolding of bacterial inclusion body proteins. Microb Cell Fact 2004; 3:11. [PMID: 15345063 PMCID: PMC517725 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in generating active proteins through refolding of bacterial inclusion body proteins are summarized in conjunction with a short overview on inclusion body isolation and solubilization procedures. In particular, the pros and cons of well-established robust refolding techniques such as direct dilution as well as less common ones such as diafiltration or chromatographic processes including size exclusion chromatography, matrix- or affinity-based techniques and hydrophobic interaction chromatography are discussed. Moreover, the effect of physical variables (temperature and pressure) as well as the presence of buffer additives on the refolding process is elucidated. In particular, the impact of protein stabilizing or destabilizing low- and high-molecular weight additives as well as micellar and liposomal systems on protein refolding is illustrated. Also, techniques mimicking the principles encountered during in vivo folding such as processes based on natural and artificial chaperones and propeptide-assisted protein refolding are presented. Moreover, the special requirements for the generation of disulfide bonded proteins and the specific problems and solutions, which arise during process integration are discussed. Finally, the different strategies are examined regarding their applicability for large-scale production processes or high-throughput screening procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe Vallejo
- Biochemical Engineering Division, GBF German Research Center for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ursula Rinas
- Biochemical Engineering Division, GBF German Research Center for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Umetsu M, Tsumoto K, Hara M, Ashish K, Goda S, Adschiri T, Kumagai I. How additives influence the refolding of immunoglobulin-folded proteins in a stepwise dialysis system. Spectroscopic evidence for highly efficient refolding of a single-chain Fv fragment. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:8979-87. [PMID: 12519771 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212247200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The gradual removal of the denaturing reagent guanidine HCl (GdnHCl) using stepwise dialysis with the introduction of an oxidizing reagent and l-arginine resulted in the highly efficient refolding of various denatured single-chain Fv fragments (scFvs) from inclusion bodies expressed in Escherichia coli. In this study, the influence of the additives on the intermediates in scFv refolding was carefully analyzed on the basis of the stepwise dialysis, and it was revealed that the additive effect critically changes the pathway of scFv refolding. Circular dichroism and tryptophan fluorescence emission spectroscopies demonstrated that distinct secondary and tertiary structures were formed upon dialysis from 2 m GdnHCl to 1 m GdnHCl, and 4,4'-dianilino-1,1'-binaphthyl-5,5'-disulfonic acid dipotassium salt binding analysis indicated that the addition of l-arginine to the stepwise dialysis system effectively stabilized the exposed hydrophobic area on the scFv. Quantification of the free thiol groups in the scFv by means of Ellman's assay revealed that there was a particular stage in which most of the free thiol groups were oxidized and that adding an oxidizing reagent (the oxidized form of glutathione, GSSG) at that stage was important for complete refolding of the scFv. The particular stage depended on the nature of the refolding solution, especially on whether l-arginine was present. Spontaneous folding at the 1 m GdnHCl stage resulted in a structure in which a free thiol group accessed to the proper one for correct disulfide linkage; however, the addition of l-arginine resulted in the formation of a partially folded intermediate without disulfide linkages. Mass spectrometry experiments on alkylated scFv were carried out at each stage to determine the effects of l-arginine. The spectroscopic studies revealed two different pathways for scFv refolding in the stepwise dialysis system, pathways that depended on whether l-arginine was present. Controlled coupling of the effects of GSSG and l-arginine led to the complete refolding of scFv in the stepwise dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Umetsu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 07, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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Arakawa T, Li T, Narhi LO. Recombinant production of native proteins from Escherichia coli. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2002; 13:27-60. [PMID: 11987753 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0557-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 3957 Corte Cancion, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360, USA
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Ahn JH, Pan JG, Rhee JS. Homologous expression of the lipase and ABC transporter gene cluster, tliDEFA, enhances lipase secretion in Pseudomonas spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:5506-11. [PMID: 11722899 PMCID: PMC93336 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.12.5506-5511.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2001] [Accepted: 09/25/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ABC transporter TliDEF was found to be an efficient secretory apparatus for extracellular lipase TliA in Pseudomonas fluorescens. For the enhanced secretion of the lipase, we tried to coexpress tliA and tliDEF in various Pseudomonas species. Whereas the coexpression of tliA and tliDEF was required for the lipase secretion in P. fragi, the expression of tliA was sufficient for the lipase secretion in P. fluorescens, P. syringae, and P. putida, indicating the existence of compatible ABC transporter in these species. However, P. fluorescens harboring tliDEFA secreted much more lipase than P. fluorescens harboring only tliA, but the tliDEF was functional only at temperatures below 30 degrees C. The recombinant P. fluorescens overexpressing tliDEFA showed the highest secretion level, 217 U/ml. OD (optical density) (28 microg/ml. OD) of lipase in Luria-Bertani medium under microaerated conditions. With the increase of aeration, the lipase production was decreased and the lipase seemed to be degraded as the cells entered the cell death phase. These results demonstrate that P. fluorescens can be used as a host system for the secretory production of the lipase using the ABC transporter, thus producing lipase in over 14% of the total protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Ahn
- R&D Center, Creagene Inc., Seo-gu, Taejon 302-858, Korea
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Hayashi K, Ying L, Singh S, Kaneko S, Nirasawa S, Shimonishi T, Kawata Y, Imoto T, Kitaoka M. Improving enzyme characteristics by gene shuffling; application to β-glucosidase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(00)00161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Leartsakulpanich U, Antonkine ML, Ferry JG. Site-specific mutational analysis of a novel cysteine motif proposed to ligate the 4Fe-4S cluster in the iron-sulfur flavoprotein of the thermophilic methanoarchaeon Methanosarcina thermophila. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:5309-16. [PMID: 10986231 PMCID: PMC110971 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.19.5309-5316.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isf (iron-sulfur flavoprotein) from Methanosarcina thermophila has been produced in Escherichia coli as a dimer containing two 4Fe-4S clusters and two FMN (flavin mononucleotide) cofactors. The deduced sequence of Isf contains six cysteines (Cys 16, Cys 47, Cys 50, Cys 53, Cys 59, and Cys 180), four of which (Cys 47, Cys 50, Cys 53, and Cys 59) comprise a motif with high identity to a motif (CX(2)CX(2)CX(4-7)C) present in all homologous Isf sequences available in the databases. The spacing of the motif is highly compact and atypical of motifs coordinating known 4Fe-4S clusters; therefore, all six cysteines in Isf from M. thermophila were altered to either alanine or serine to obtain corroborating biochemical evidence that the motif coordinates the 4Fe-4S cluster and to further characterize properties of the cluster dependent on ligation. All except the C16S variant were produced in inclusion bodies and were void of iron-sulfur clusters and FMN. Reconstitution of the iron-sulfur cluster and FMN was attempted for each variant. The UV-visible spectra of all reconstituted variants indicated the presence of iron-sulfur clusters and FMN. The reduced C16A/S variants showed the same electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra as wild-type Isf, whereas the reduced C180A/S variants showed EPR spectra identical to those of one of the two 4Fe-4S species present in the wild-type Isf spectrum. Conversely, EPR spectra of the oxidized C50A and C59A variants showed g values characteristic of a 3Fe-4S cluster. The spectra of the C47A and C53A variants indicated a 4Fe-4S cluster with g values and linewidths different from those for the wild type. The combined results of this study support a role for the novel CX(2)CX(2)CX(4-7)C motif in ligating the 4Fe-4S clusters in Isf and Isf homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Leartsakulpanich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-4500, USA
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Armstrong N, de Lencastre A, Gouaux E. A new protein folding screen: application to the ligand binding domains of a glutamate and kainate receptor and to lysozyme and carbonic anhydrase. Protein Sci 1999; 8:1475-83. [PMID: 10422836 PMCID: PMC2144371 DOI: 10.1110/ps.8.7.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Production of folded and biologically active protein from Escherichia coli derived inclusion bodies can only be accomplished if a scheme exists for in vitro naturation. Motivated by the need for a rapid and statistically meaningful method of determining and evaluating protein folding conditions, we have designed a new fractional factorial protein folding screen. The screen includes 12 factors shown by previous experiments to enhance protein folding and it incorporates the 12 factors into 16 different folding conditions. By examining a 1/256th fraction of the full factorial, multiple folding conditions were determined for the ligand binding domains from glutamate and kainate receptors, and for lysozyme and carbonic anhydrase B. The impact of each factor on the formation of biologically active material was estimated by calculating factor main effects. Factors and corresponding levels such as pH (8.5) and L-arginine (0.5 M) consistently had a positive effect on protein folding, whereas detergent (0.3 mM lauryl maltoside) and nonpolar additive (0.4 M sucrose) were detrimental to the folding of these four proteins. One of the 16 conditions yielded the most folded material for three out of the four proteins. Our results suggest that this protein folding screen will be generally useful in determining whether other proteins will fold in vitro and, if so, what factors are important. Furthermore, fractional factorial folding screens are well suited to the evaluation of previously untested factors on protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Armstrong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Ahn JH, Pan JG, Rhee JS. Identification of the tliDEF ABC transporter specific for lipase in Pseudomonas fluorescens SIK W1. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:1847-52. [PMID: 10074078 PMCID: PMC93584 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.6.1847-1852.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/1998] [Accepted: 01/05/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens, a gram-negative psychrotrophic bacterium, secretes a thermostable lipase into the extracellular medium. In our previous study, the lipase of P. fluorescens SIK W1 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, but it accumulated as inactive inclusion bodies. Amino acid sequence analysis of the lipase revealed a potential C-terminal targeting sequence recognized by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter. The genetic loci around the lipase gene were searched, and a secretory gene was identified. Nucleotide sequencing of an 8.5-kb DNA fragment revealed three components of the ABC transporter, tliD, tliE, and tliF, upstream of the lipase gene, tliA. In addition, genes encoding a protease and a protease inhibitor were located upstream of tliDEF. tliDEF showed high similarity to ABC transporters of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alkaline protease, Erwinia chrysanthemi protease, Serratia marcescens lipase, and Pseudomonas fluorescens CY091 protease. tliDEF and the lipase structural gene in a single operon were sufficient for E. coli cells to secrete the lipase. In addition, E. coli harboring the lipase gene secreted the lipase by complementation of tliDEF in a different plasmid. The ABC transporter of P. fluorescens was optimally functional at 20 and 25 degrees C, while the ABC transporter, aprD, aprE, and aprF, of P. aeruginosa secreted the lipase irrespective of temperature between 20 and 37 degrees C. These results demonstrated that the lipase is secreted by the P. fluorescens SIK W1 ABC transporter, which is organized as an operon with tliA, and that its secretory function is temperature dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Ahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yusong-Gu, Taejon 305-701, Korea
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Abstract
Expression of recombinant proteins as inclusion bodies in bacteria is one of the most efficient ways to produce cloned proteins, as long as the inclusion body protein can be successfully refolded. Aggregation is the leading cause of decreased refolding yields. Developments during the past year have advanced our understanding of the mechanism of aggregation in in vitro protein folding. New additives to prevent aggregation have been added to a growing list. A wealth of literature on the role of chaperones and foldases in in vivo protein folding has triggered the development of new additives and processes that mimic chaperone activity in vitro.
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Kim JD, Singh S, Machida S, Yu Y, Aoyagi C, Kawata Y, Hayashi K. Importance of five amino acid residues at C-terminal region for the folding and stability of β-glucosidase of Cellvibrio gilvus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(98)80089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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