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Chhetri BK, Berke O, Pearl DL, Bienzle D. Comparison of the geographical distribution of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus infections in the United States of America (2000-2011). BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:2. [PMID: 23289366 PMCID: PMC3544736 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) have similar risk factors and control measures, infection rates have been speculated to vary in geographic distribution over North America. Since both infections are endemic in North America, it was assumed as a working hypothesis that their geographic distributions were similar. Hence, the purpose of this exploratory analysis was to investigate the comparative geographical distribution of both viral infections. Counts of FIV (n=17,108) and FeLV (n=30,017) positive serology results (FIV antibody and FeLV ELISA) were obtained for 48 contiguous states and District of Columbia of the United States of America (US) from the IDEXX Laboratories website. The proportional morbidity ratio of FIV to FeLV infection was estimated for each administrative region and its geographic distribution pattern was visualized by a choropleth map. Statistical evidence of an excess in the proportional morbidity ratio from unity was assessed using the spatial scan test under the normal probability model. RESULTS This study revealed distinct spatial distribution patterns in the proportional morbidity ratio suggesting the presence of one or more relevant and geographically varying risk factors. The disease map indicates that there is a higher prevalence of FIV infections in the southern and eastern US compared to FeLV. In contrast, FeLV infections were observed to be more frequent in the western US compared to FIV. The respective excess in proportional morbidity ratio was significant with respect to the spatial scan test (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The observed variability in the geographical distribution of the proportional morbidity ratio of FIV to FeLV may be related to the presence of an additional or unique, but yet unknown, spatial risk factor. Putative factors may be geographic variations in specific virus strains and rate of vaccination. Knowledge of these factors and the geographical distributions of these infections can inform recommendations for testing, management and prevention. However, further studies are required to investigate the potential association of these factors with FIV and FeLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimal K Chhetri
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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2
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Reggeti F, Bienzle D. Alloimmunity does not protect from challenge with the feline immunodeficiency virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 124:152-62. [PMID: 18471896 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses against polymorphic host molecules incorporated into lentiviral envelopes during cell budding have induced protection against primate immunodeficiency virus infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) express high levels of MHC molecules and are infectable by lentiviruses. Therefore, in this pilot study we addressed the hypothesis that immunization of cats with allogeneic DC would induce immune responses that protect against challenge with the feline immunodeficiency virus. Two groups of 3 cats each received 3 subcutaneous injections of allogeneic or autologous DC, and were then challenged with viruses propagated in the immunizing DC. Infection status and lymphocyte parameters of cats were assessed during 6 weeks after challenge. MHC II antigens were incorporated into viral particles as identified by Western blot; and antibodies reactive with MHC class II antigens were detected in the serum of cats immunized with allogeneic but not autologous DC. After challenge, all cats had proviral DNA in blood leukocytes from 2 weeks post-challenge onward and seroconverted. Cats immunized with allogeneic DC maintained higher total and CD21(+) lymphocyte concentrations, and higher CD4(+)/CD8(+) lymphocyte ratios; however, these differences were not significantly different from cats that received autologous DC immunizations. Plasma viral load was not significantly different between groups of cats (p=0.204). These results suggest that immunization of cats with allogeneic DC does not induce protective immunity against FIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Reggeti
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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3
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High prevalence of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) in Slovenia. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2008. [DOI: 10.2298/avb0803191t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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4
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Lecollinet S, Richardson J. Vaccination against the feline immunodeficiency virus: the road not taken. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 31:167-90. [PMID: 17706778 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural infection of domestic cats by the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). FIV is genetically related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the clinical and biological features of infections caused by feline and human viruses in their respective hosts are highly analogous. Although the obstacles to vaccinating against FIV and HIV would seem to be of comparable difficulty, a licensed vaccine against feline AIDS is already in widespread use in several countries. While this seemingly major advance in prevention of AIDS would appear to be highly instructive for HIV vaccine development, its message has not been heeded by investigators in the HIV field. This review endeavours to relate what has been learned about vaccination against feline AIDS, and to suggest what this may mean for HIV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR 1161 Virologie INRA-AFSSA-ENVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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5
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Crawford PC, Levy JK. New challenges for the diagnosis of feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007; 37:335-50, vii. [PMID: 17336678 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of cats against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) with a whole-virus vaccine results in rapid and persistent production of antibodies that are indistinguishable from those used for diagnosis of FIV infection. There are no diagnostic tests available for veterinary practitioners at the present time to resolve the diagnostic dilemma posed by use of whole-virus vaccines for protection of cats against FIV. There is a great need for development of commercially available rapid diagnostic tests that conform to differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cynda Crawford
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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6
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FIV as a Model for HIV: An Overview. IN VIVO MODELS OF HIV DISEASE AND CONTROL 2007. [PMCID: PMC7121254 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-25741-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Animal models for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection play a key role in understanding the pathogenesis of AIDS and the development of therapeutic agents and vaccines. As the only lentivirus that causes an immunodeficiency resembling that of HIV infection, in its natural host, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has been a unique and powerful model for AIDS research. FIV was first described in 1987 by Niels Pedersen and co-workers as the causative agent for a fatal immunodeficiency syndrome observed in cats housed in a cattery in Petaluma, California. Since this landmark observation, multiple studies have shown that natural and experimental infection of cats with biological isolates of FIV produces an AIDS syndrome very similar in pathogenesis to that observed for human AIDS. FIV infection induces an acute viremia associated with Tcell alterations including depressed CD4 :CD8 T-cell ratios and CD4 T-cell depletion, peripheral lymphadenopathy, and neutropenia. In later stages of FIV infection, the host suffers from chronic persistent infections that are typically self-limiting in an immunocompetent host, as well as opportunistic infections, chronic diarrhea and wasting, blood dyscracias, significant CD4 T-cell depletion, neurologic disorders, and B-cell lymphomas. Importantly, chronic FIV infection induces a progressive lymphoid and CD4 T-cell depletion in the infected cat. The primary mode of natural FIV transmission appears to be blood-borne facilitated by fighting and biting. However, experimental infection through transmucosal routes (rectal and vaginal mucosa and perinatal) have been well documented for specific FIV isolates. Accordingly, FIV disease pathogenesis exhibits striking similarities to that described for HIV-1 infection.
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7
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Yamamoto JK, Pu R, Sato E, Hohdatsu T. Feline immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis and development of a dual-subtype feline-immunodeficiency-virus vaccine. AIDS 2007; 21:547-63. [PMID: 17314517 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328013d88a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Howard KE, Fisher IL, Dean GA, Jo Burkhard M. Methodology for isolation and phenotypic characterization of feline small intestinal leukocytes. J Immunol Methods 2005; 302:36-53. [PMID: 16023664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Critical assessment of intestinal immune responses requires the ability to characterize leukocytes from different anatomic locations as leukocytes from inductive sites such as Peyer's patches and lymphoid follicles vary significantly from their effector counterparts, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL). This study describes (1) methods developed to isolate specific intestinal leukocyte populations with high yield and purity, (2) difficulties encountered in establishing a panel of monoclonal antibodies to assess phenotype, and (3) the phenotypic characterization of effector and inductive sites in the feline small intestine. We found that the phenotypic distribution of feline intestinal leukocytes was similar to that found in other species such as humans, macaques and mice. The majority of IEL were CD5(+) T-cells with less than 7% B-cells. CD8(+) T-cells comprised approximately 60% of the IEL with roughly half displaying CD8alphaalpha homodimers. Approximately 10% of IEL were CD4(+) T-cells. In the LPL, CD4(+) T-cells predominated at 42%, with 33% CD8(+) T-cells and 10% B-cells. As would be expected, B-cells predominated in Peyer's patches with 40% B-cells, 28% CD4(+) T-cells and 20% CD8(+) T-cells. Increased MHCII expression was found in the Peyer's patches as compared to the IEL and LPL. B7.1 expression was significantly higher in mucosal leukocyte populations as compared to organized lymphoid tissue in the periphery with expression detected on 65% of IEL and 53% of LPL. Plasma cells were found in all regions of small intestine examined with greater numbers in lamina propria and Peyer's patches. Lymphoblasts were only identified in inductive tissue. In general, no differences were found between the phenotype of mucosal leukocyte populations from specific pathogen free or random source cats. However, the percentage of CD4(+) CD25(+) T-cells was significantly greater in both IEL and LPL from random source animals. This study provides techniques and a baseline from which future studies of the feline intestinal immune system can be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Howard
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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9
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Godfrey DR, Blundell CJ, Essbauer S, Pfeffer M, Shearer DH, Rest JR, Baker JFM. Unusual presentations of cowpox infection in cats. J Small Anim Pract 2004; 45:202-5. [PMID: 15116889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cowpox virus infections are reported typically to cause focal ulcerated, crusted skin lesions, sometimes with mild systemic illness and concurrent oral lesions. Severe systemic illness usually only occurs in young or immunosuppressed individuals. This report describes four cases of cowpox infection in cats which illustrate variations to the usual presentation of the virus. The poxvirus infections were confirmed histopathologically, serologically and by PCR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Godfrey
- Nine Lives Veterinary Practice for Cats, 2068 Stratford Road, Hockley Heath, West Midlands B94 6NT
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10
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Uhl E, Heaton-Jones T, Pu R, Yamamoto J. FIV vaccine development and its importance to veterinary and human medicine: a review FIV vaccine 2002 update and review. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 90:113-32. [PMID: 12459160 PMCID: PMC7119750 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2002] [Revised: 08/05/2002] [Accepted: 08/14/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a natural infection of domestic cats that results in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome resembling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans. The worldwide prevalence of FIV infection in domestic cats has been reported to range from 1 to 28%. Hence, an effective FIV vaccine will have an important impact on veterinary medicine in addition to being used as a small animal AIDS model for humans. Since the discovery of FIV reported in 1987, FIV vaccine research has pursued both molecular and conventional vaccine approaches toward the development of a commercial product. Published FIV vaccine trial results from 1998 to the present have been compiled to update the veterinary clinical and research communities on the immunologic and experimental efficacy status of these vaccines. A brief report is included on the outcome of the 10 years of collaborative work between industry and academia which led to recent USDA approval of the first animal lentivirus vaccine, the dual-subtype FIV vaccine. The immunogenicity and efficacy of the experimental prototype, dual-subtype FIV vaccine and the efficacy of the currently approved commercial, dual-subtype FIV vaccine (Fel-O-Vax FIV) are discussed. Potential cross-reactivity complications between commercial FIV diagnostic tests, Idexx Snap Combo Test and Western blot assays, and sera from previously vaccinated cats are also discussed. Finally, recommendations are made for unbiased critical testing of new FIV vaccines, the currently USDA approved vaccine, and future vaccines in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.W Uhl
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - T.G Heaton-Jones
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - R Pu
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - J.K Yamamoto
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
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11
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Finerty S, Stokes CR, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Hillman TJ, Barr FJ, Harbour DA. Targeted lymph node immunization can protect cats from a mucosal challenge with feline immunodeficiency virus. Vaccine 2001; 20:49-58. [PMID: 11567745 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection worldwide it is clear that effective strategies for mucosal vaccination against lentiviruses are urgently required. The aim of the present study is to determine whether protective immune responses against a mucosal challenge by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) can be elicited by targeting the immunization to the medial iliac lymph nodes--the principal site of migration of cells from the genital and rectal mucosa. Cats were challenged with homologous FIV via the rectal route. Targeted lymph node immunization was found to be an effective route of immunization eliciting both humoral and proliferative responses to peptide-based and fixed cell vaccines. Vaccination with fixed virus infected cells elicited protection against a cell-free mucosal FIV challenge. In addition, some cats vaccinated with fixed uninfected cells also remained uninfected following a cell-associated FIV challenge.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Rectal
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cats
- Cells, Cultured/transplantation
- Cells, Cultured/virology
- Drug Evaluation
- Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/physiology
- Injections, Intralymphatic
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Pilot Projects
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Finerty
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU, Bristol, UK.
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12
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Finerty S, Stokes CR, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Hillman TJ, Reeves NA, Whiting CV, Schaaper WM, Dalsgaard K, Harbour DA. Mucosal immunization with experimental feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) vaccines induces both antibody and T cell responses but does not protect against rectal FIV challenge. Vaccine 2000; 18:3254-65. [PMID: 10869770 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a natural lentiviral pathogen of cats which can be experimentally transmitted via rectal and vaginal routes--the major routes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in man. An important objective for lentiviral research is the development of vaccine strategies which generate good mucosal immune responses capable of giving protection from a mucosal virus challenge. The experimental vaccines employed in this study were based on (a) a peptide from the third variable region of the FIV envelope glycoprotein and (b) fixed whole FIV, Glasgow-8 strain. Adjuvants used were Quil A and cholera toxin for mucosal administration and incomplete Freund's adjuvant and immune stimulating complexes for subcutaneous injection. Mucosal immunization was given by rectal and intranasal routes. Both antibody and proliferative responses were elicited by mucosal immunization and cholera toxin was found to be a good mucosal adjuvant. The addition of a lipo thioester to the FIV peptide improved IgG and IgA responses upon parenteral administration. However, no protection from a rectal FIV challenge was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Finerty
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU, Bristol, UK.
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