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Braz GF, Heinemann MB, Reis JKP, Teixeira BM, Cruz JCM, Rajão DS, Oliveira FG, Alves F, Castro RS, Leite RC, Valas S. Genetic and antigenic characterization of Brazilian SRLV strains: Natural small ruminant interspecies transmission from mixed herds. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 103:105322. [PMID: 35753623 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cross-species transmission events and mixed infection of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) were studied in seven goats and two sheep from three small ruminant mixed flocks from Northeast and Southeast Brazil. Genetic and antigenic analyses with gag/env genes and ELISA multiepitope SU1/SU5 recombinant antigens were carried out, respectively. The genetic analysis of gag and env sequences showed high viral diversity in both species, MVV-like (subtype A1) and CAEV-like B1 in goats, and CAEV-like (subtype B1) in sheep, revealing SRLV interspecies transmission from sheep to goats and vice versa in Brazilian farms. Two Brazilian caprine lentiviruses were segregated in two new genetic clades based on gag analyses, which suggests a new classification into heterogenic genotype A. Furthermore, goat isolates were grouped into subtype A1 and B1 clusters. Cross-reactive antibodies were detected in goats using ELISA with a recombinant antigen carrying SU1 and SU5 immunodominant epitopes; the results showed anti-CAEV and MVV antibodies in goats and anti-CAEV antibodies in sheep. This result can be associated with the high divergence in the V4 region due to SRLV variability. All results confirm cross-species infection of SRLV in Brazilian mixed herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Braz
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Centro Universitário INTA-UNINTA, Brazil.
| | - M B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Brazil.
| | - J K P Reis
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, UFMG, Brazil.
| | - B M Teixeira
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Centro Universitário INTA-UNINTA, Brazil
| | - J C M Cruz
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Centro Universitário INTA-UNINTA, Brazil
| | - D S Rajão
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, United States.
| | | | - F Alves
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica - ICB, UFMG, Brazil.
| | - R S Castro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, UFRPE, Brazil.
| | - R C Leite
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, UFMG, Brazil
| | - S Valas
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments - ANSES, Niort Laboratory, France
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2
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Cecco BS, Henker LC, Lorenzett MP, Molossi FA, Schwertz CI, Baumbach LF, Weber MN, Canal CW, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP, Langohr IM, Carossino M, Balasuriya UBR, Sonne L. An outbreak of visna-maedi in a flock of sheep in Southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1723-1730. [PMID: 35478313 PMCID: PMC9433499 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Visna-maedi is a multisystemic and progressive inflammatory disease caused by a non-oncogenic retrovirus (Visna-maedi virus, VMV). An outbreak of visna-maedi occurred in Southern Brazil in sheep with clinical signs of blindness and stumbling gait. At post-mortem examination, all animals had similar lesions, including heavy non-collapsed lungs and multifocal yellow areas in the cerebral white matter, affecting mainly the periventricular region. These lesions corresponded histologically to lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia and histiocytic periventricular encephalitis surrounding areas of necrosis, in addition to significant demyelination in the brain. Serology was performed in all the sheep from the flock and 14% were seropositive for VMV. The presence of VMV was confirmed through PCR and partial sequencing of the 5'LTR. Sequencing demonstrated that the virus had 89.7 to 90.0% of nucleotide identity with VMV strains reported in the USA. This is the first description of clinical disease related to VMV in Brazil leading to economic losses. This study calls for the need to implement control measures to prevent the spread of small ruminant lentiviruses in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S Cecco
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Luan C Henker
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina P Lorenzett
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Franciéli A Molossi
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Claiton I Schwertz
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia F Baumbach
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus N Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudio W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Saulo P Pavarini
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU), Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU), Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU), Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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3
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Molecular characterization of circulating strains of small ruminant lentiviruses in Brazil based on complete gag and pol genes. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Marinho RC, Martins GR, Souza KC, Sousa ALM, Silva STC, Nobre JA, Teixeira MFS. Duplex nested-PCR for detection of small ruminant lentiviruses. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49 Suppl 1:83-92. [PMID: 30249525 PMCID: PMC6328810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) have high genetic variability which results in different viral strains around the world. This create a challenge to design sensible primers for molecular diagnosis in different regions. This work proposes a protocol of duplex nested-PCR for the precise diagnosis of SRLV. The technique was designed and tested with the control strains CAEV Co and MVV 1514. Then, field strains were submitted to the same protocol of duplex nested-PCR. Blood samples of sheep and goats were tested with AGID and nested PCR with specific primers for pol, gag and LTR. The AGID results showed low detection capacity of positive animals, while the nested PCR demonstrated a greater capacity of virus detection. Results demonstrated that LTR-PCR was more efficient in detecting positive sheep samples, whereas gag-PCR allowed a good detection of samples of positive goats and positive sheep. In addition, pol-PCR was more efficient with goat samples than for sheep. Duplex nested PCR performed with standard virus samples and field strains demonstrated that the technique is more efficient for the detection of multiple pro-viral DNA sequences. This study demonstrated a successful duplex nested PCR assay allowing a more accurate diagnosis of SRLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca C Marinho
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Laboratório de Virologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Gabrielle R Martins
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Laboratório de Virologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Lídia M Sousa
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Laboratório de Virologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Tainah C Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Laboratório de Virologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Juliana A Nobre
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Laboratório de Virologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria F S Teixeira
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Laboratório de Virologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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5
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Panei CJ, Gos ML, Valera AR, Galosi CM, Echeverria MG. First isolation and nucleotide comparison of the gag gene of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus circulating in naturally infected goats from Argentina. Open Vet J 2017; 7:32-35. [PMID: 28331831 PMCID: PMC5356288 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v7i1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) has been reported in different countries worldwide, based on serological and molecular detection. In Argentina, the prevalence of CAEV infections is increasing, with goats showing symptoms associated mostly with cachexia and arthritis. Although in Argentina the virus has been detected by serology, it has never been isolated or characterized. Thus, the objectives of this work were to isolate and analyze the nucleotide sequences of the gag gene of Argentine CAEV strains and compare them with those of other SRLVs previously reported. Nucleotide sequence comparison showed homology with CAEV-Co, the CAEV prototype. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the Argentine strains clustered with genotype B, subtype B1. Because the molecular characterization of the gag region is suitable for phylogenetic studies and may be applied to monitor the control of SRLV, molecularly characterizing the Argentine CAEV strains may help develop a proper plan of eradication of CAEV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Javier Panei
- Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 and 118, CC 296, 1900, La Plata, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Maria Laura Gos
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina; Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 and 118, CC 296, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Rafael Valera
- Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 and 118, CC 296, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Monica Galosi
- Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 and 118, CC 296, 1900, La Plata, Argentina; Scientific Research Commission of Buenos Aires Province (CIC-PBA), Argentina
| | - Maria Gabriela Echeverria
- Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 and 118, CC 296, 1900, La Plata, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
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6
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Small ruminant lentivirus variants and related clinical features in goats from southeastern Brazil. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Sanjosé L, Crespo H, Blatti-Cardinaux L, Glaria I, Martínez-Carrasco C, Berriatua E, Amorena B, De Andrés D, Bertoni G, Reina R. Post-entry blockade of small ruminant lentiviruses by wild ruminants. Vet Res 2016; 47:1. [PMID: 26738942 PMCID: PMC4702310 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection causes losses in the small ruminant industry due to reduced animal production and increased replacement rates. Infection of wild ruminants in close contact with infected domestic animals has been proposed to play a role in SRLV epidemiology, but studies are limited and mostly involve hybrids between wild and domestic animals. In this study, SRLV seropositive red deer, roe deer and mouflon were detected through modified ELISA tests, but virus was not successfully amplified using a set of different PCRs. Apparent restriction of SRLV infection in cervids was not related to the presence of neutralizing antibodies. In vitro cultured skin fibroblastic cells from red deer and fallow deer were permissive to the SRLV entry and integration, but produced low quantities of virus. SRLV got rapidly adapted in vitro to blood-derived macrophages and skin fibroblastic cells from red deer but not from fallow deer. Thus, although direct detection of virus was not successfully achieved in vivo, these findings show the potential susceptibility of wild ruminants to SRLV infection in the case of red deer and, on the other hand, an in vivo SRLV restriction in fallow deer. Altogether these results may highlight the importance of surveilling and controlling SRLV infection in domestic as well as in wild ruminants sharing pasture areas, and may provide new natural tools to control SRLV spread in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Sanjosé
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | - Helena Crespo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | | | - Idoia Glaria
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | - Carlos Martínez-Carrasco
- Animal Health Department, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Berriatua
- Animal Health Department, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Amorena
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | - Damián De Andrés
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | | | - Ramses Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
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8
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Dolfini T, Conrad L, Flores I, Ravazzolo A. Comparison of primer pairs: Greater degeneracy improves small ruminant lentivirus (SRLVs) detection by seminested PCR. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) break the species barrier to acquire new host range. Viruses 2013; 5:1867-84. [PMID: 23881276 PMCID: PMC3738966 DOI: 10.3390/v5071867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic events of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from non-human primates to humans have generated the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), one of the most devastating infectious disease of the last century with more than 30 million people dead and about 40.3 million people currently infected worldwide. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2), the two major viruses that cause AIDS in humans are retroviruses of the lentivirus genus. The genus includes arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) and Maedi-Visna virus (MVV), and a heterogeneous group of viruses known as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), affecting goat and sheep. Lentivirus genome integrates into the host DNA, causing persistent infection associated with a remarkable diversity during viral replication. Direct evidence of mixed infections with these two closely related SRLVs was found in both sheep and goats. The evidence of a genetic continuum with caprine and ovine field isolates demonstrates the absence of an efficient species barrier preventing cross-species transmission. In dual-infected animals, persistent infections with both CAEV and MVV have been described, and viral chimeras have been detected. This not only complicates animal trade between countries but favors the risk that highly pathogenic variants may emerge as has already been observed in the past in Iceland and, more recently, in outbreaks with virulent strains in Spain. SRLVs affecting wildlife have already been identified, demonstrating the existence of emergent viruses adapted to new hosts. Viruses adapted to wildlife ruminants may acquire novel biopathological properties which may endanger not only the new host species but also domestic ruminants and humans. SRLVs infecting sheep and goats follow a genomic evolution similar to that observed in HIV or in other lentiviruses. Lentivirus genetic diversity and host factors leading to the establishment of naturally occurring virulent versus avirulent infections, in addition to the emergence of new strains, challenge every aspect of SRLV control measures for providing efficient tools to prevent the transmission of diseases between wild ungulates and livestock.
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10
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Expanding possibilities for intervention against small ruminant lentiviruses through genetic marker-assisted selective breeding. Viruses 2013; 5:1466-99. [PMID: 23771240 PMCID: PMC3717717 DOI: 10.3390/v5061466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses include members that infect sheep (ovine lentivirus [OvLV]; also known as ovine progressive pneumonia virus/maedi-visna virus) and goats (caprine arthritis encephalitis virus [CAEV]). Breed differences in seroprevalence and proviral concentration of OvLV had suggested a strong genetic component in susceptibility to infection by OvLV in sheep. A genetic marker test for susceptibility to OvLV has been developed recently based on the TMEM154 gene with validation data from over 2,800 sheep representing nine cohorts. While no single genotype has been shown to have complete resistance to OvLV, consistent association in thousands of sheep from multiple breeds and management conditions highlight a new strategy for intervention by selective breeding. This genetic marker-assisted selection (MAS) has the potential to be a useful addition to existing viral control measures. Further, the discovery of multiple additional genomic regions associated with susceptibility to or control of OvLV suggests that additional genetic marker tests may be developed to extend the reach of MAS in the future. This review will cover the strengths and limitations of existing data from host genetics as an intervention and outline additional questions for future genetic research in sheep, goats, small ruminant lentiviruses, and their host-pathogen interactions.
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11
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Small ruminant lentiviruses: genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis. Viruses 2013; 5:1175-207. [PMID: 23611847 PMCID: PMC3705272 DOI: 10.3390/v5041175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause a multisystemic chronic disease affecting animal production and welfare. SRLV infections are spread across the world with the exception of Iceland. Success in controlling SRLV spread depends largely on the use of appropriate diagnostic tools, but the existence of a high genetic/antigenic variability among these viruses, the fluctuant levels of antibody against them and the low viral loads found in infected individuals hamper the diagnostic efficacy. SRLV have a marked in vivo tropism towards the monocyte/macrophage lineage and attempts have been made to identify the genome regions involved in tropism, with two main candidates, the LTR and env gene, since LTR contains primer binding sites for viral replication and the env-encoded protein (SU ENV), which mediates the binding of the virus to the host’s cell and has hypervariable regions to escape the humoral immune response. Once inside the host cell, innate immunity may interfere with SRLV replication, but the virus develops counteraction mechanisms to escape, multiply and survive, creating a quasi-species and undergoing compartmentalization events. So far, the mechanisms of organ tropism involved in the development of different disease forms (neurological, arthritic, pulmonary and mammary) are unknown, but different alternatives are proposed. This is an overview of the current state of knowledge on SRLV genetic variability and its implications in tropism as well as in the development of alternative diagnostic assays.
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12
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Gregory L, Lara M, Kiraly A, Hasegawa M, Rizzo H, Henriques L, Rossi R, Castro R. Pesquisa de anticorpos contra Maedi-Visna em ovinos nas microrregiões de Botucatu, Campinas, Piedade e São Paulo, Estado de São Paulo. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1808-16572013000100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência da infecção pelo vírus Maedi-Visna em ovinos criados nas microrregiões de Botucatu, Campinas, Piedade e São Paulo do Estado de São Paulo. As amostras de soro sanguíneo foram colhidas de 226 ovinos e foi realizada a técnica de imunodifusão em gel de ágar para a detecção de anticorpos antivírus Maedi-Visna e verificou-se que nenhuma das amostras testadas foi sororeagente. Dessa forma, faz-se necessário um estudo mais amplo no estado, a fim de se confirmar a baixa ocorrência e importância da enfermidade no estado.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - H. Rizzo
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Pio Décimo, Brasil
| | | | | | - R.S. Castro
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brasil
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13
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Feitosa ALVL, da Silva Teixeira MF, Pinheiro RR, da Cunha RMS, Lima JPMS, Andrioli A, Dantas TVM, de Melo VSP, Pinheiro DCSN. Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses from Northern Brazil. Small Rumin Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Park JE, Son SY, Shin HJ. Sequence comparison on gag gene of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus from Korea. Virus Genes 2010; 41:99-101. [PMID: 20379771 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is a lentiviral infection in goats characterized by arthritis. Although CAE has been identified in most goat-rearing countries around the world, Korea had been considered to be free from this disease. Here, we determine the partial sequence on the gag gene of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) suspect from Korea using nested PCR. Genetic analysis of our isolate showed 93.5 and 90.9% sequence homology with the standard strain CAEV Cork and lentivirus strain, respectively. Our results show that the virus is closely related to other CAEV isolates, and therefore, suggest that the causative agent was CAEV. This is the first outbreak of CAE to be ever reported in a local farm in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Park
- Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gungdong, Yuseong, Daejeon, Korea
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15
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VandeWoude S, Troyer J, Poss M. Restrictions to cross-species transmission of lentiviral infection gleaned from studies of FIV. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 134:25-32. [PMID: 19896218 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
More than 40 species of primates and over 20 species of cats harbor antibodies that sero-react to lentiviral antigens. In nearly all cases where viral genetic analysis has been conducted, each host species is infected with a unique lentivirus. Though lentivirus clades within a species can be substantially divergent, they are typically monophyletic within that species. A notable significant departure from this observation is apparent cross-species transmission of FIV between bobcats (Lynx rufus) and pumas (Puma concolor) in Southern California that has occurred at least three times; evidence from one bobcat sequence suggests this cross-over may have also occurred in Florida between bobcats and the endangered Florida panther. Several other isolated reports demonstrate cross-species transmission of FIV isolates among captive animals housed in close proximity, and it is well established that HIV-1 and HIV-2 arose from human contact with SIV-infected non-human primates. Using an experimental model, we have determined that domestic cats (Felis catus) are susceptible to FIVs originating from pumas or lions. While infections are initially replicative, and animals seroconvert, within a relatively short period of time circulating virus is reduced to nearly undetectable levels in a majority of animals. This diminution of viral load is proportional to initial viral peak. Although viral reservoirs can be identified in gastrointestinal tissues, most viral genomes recovered peripherally are highly mutated, suggesting that the non-adapted host successfully inhibits normal viral replication, leading to replication incompetent viral progeny. Mechanisms possible for such restriction of cross-species infections in natural settings include: (1) Lack of contact conducive to lentiviral transmission between infected and shedding animals of different species; (2) Lack of suitable receptor repertoire to allow viral entry to susceptible cells of a new species; (3) Cellular machinery in the new host sufficiently divergent from the primary host to support viral replication (i.e. passive unfacilitated viral replication); (4) Intracellular restriction mechanisms present in the new host that is able to limit viral replication (i.e. active interrupted viral replication. These include factors that limit uncoating, replication, packaging, and virion release); (5) Unique ability of new host to raise sterilizing adaptive immunity, resulting in aborted infection and inability to spread infections among con-specifics; or (6) Production of defective or non-infectious viral progeny that lack cellular cofactors to render them infectious to con-specifics (i.e. particles lacking appropriate cellular components in viral Env to render them infectious to other animals of the same species). Data to support or refute the relative importance of each of these possibilities is described in this review. Insights based on our in vivo cross-species model suggest intracellular restriction mechanisms effectively inhibit rapid inter-specific transmission of lentiviruses. Further, limited contact both within and between species in natural populations is highly relevant to limiting the opportunity for spread of FIV strains. Studies of naturally occurring SIV and innate host restriction systems suggest these same two mechanisms are significant factors inhibiting widespread cross-species transmission of lentiviruses among primate species as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1619, USA.
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Ghanem Y, El-Khodery S, Saad AA, Elragaby S, Abdelkader A, Heybe A. Prevalence and risk factors of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus infection (CAEV) in Northern Somalia. Small Rumin Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Pisoni G, Bertoni G, Puricelli M, Maccalli M, Moroni P. Demonstration of coinfection with and recombination by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and maedi-visna virus in naturally infected goats. J Virol 2007; 81:4948-55. [PMID: 17344293 PMCID: PMC1900236 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00126-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination of different strains and subtypes is a hallmark of lentivirus infections, particularly for human immunodeficiency virus, and contributes significantly to viral diversity and evolution both within individual hosts and within populations. Recombinant viruses are generated in individuals coinfected or superinfected with more than one lentiviral strain or subtype. This, however, has never been described in vivo for the prototype lentivirus maedi-visna virus of sheep and its closely related caprine counterpart, the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. Cross-species infections occur in animals living under natural conditions, which suggests that dual infections with small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are possible. In this paper we describe the first documented case of coinfection and viral recombination in two naturally infected goats. DNA fragments encompassing a variable region of the envelope glycoprotein were obtained from these two animals by end-limiting dilution PCR of peripheral blood mononuclear cells or infected cocultures. Genetic analyses, including nucleotide sequencing and heteroduplex mobility assays, showed that these goats harbored two distinct populations of SRLVs. Phylogenetic analysis permitted us to assign these sequences to the maedi-visna virus group (SRLV group A) or the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus group (SRLV group B). SimPlot analysis showed clear evidence of A/B recombination within the env gene segment of a virus detected in one of the two goats. This case provides conclusive evidence that coinfection by different strains of SRLVs of groups A and B can indeed occur and that these viruses actually recombine in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine/classification
- Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine/genetics
- Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine/growth & development
- Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine/isolation & purification
- Base Sequence
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Genome, Viral
- Goat Diseases/virology
- Goats
- Heteroduplex Analysis
- Lentivirus Infections/complications
- Lentivirus Infections/veterinary
- Lentivirus Infections/virology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep/complications
- Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep/virology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Proviruses/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Visna-maedi virus/classification
- Visna-maedi virus/genetics
- Visna-maedi virus/growth & development
- Visna-maedi virus/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Pisoni
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, University of Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Reina R, Mora MI, Glaria I, García I, Solano C, Luján L, Badiola JJ, Contreras A, Berriatua E, Juste R, Mamoun RZ, Rolland M, Amorena B, de Andrés D. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic study of Maedi Visna and Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis viral sequences in sheep and goats from Spain. Virus Res 2006; 121:189-98. [PMID: 16870297 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are widely spread in many countries, including Spain. However, little is known about the genetic characteristics of Spanish goat and sheep SRLV. In this study, segments from three genomic regions (pol, gag-p25 and LTR) were amplified using DNA isolated from three Spanish autochthonous sheep (one) and goats (two). Animals (one per flock) belonged to distantly located, single-species flocks (goat or sheep). Sequence analysis showed conservation of regions that are putatively relevant to viral survival. Sequences of Spanish goat and sheep SRLV were allocated into phylogenetic trees (phylograms) with known SRLV groups. The phylograms corresponding to the pol, gag-p25 and LTR regions analyzed presented a compatible topology. This showed that Spanish caprine and ovine SRLV sequences belonged to the A or D phylogenetic groups and were closer to sheep SRLV prototypes (A1 group) than to goat SRLV prototypes (B or C groups), according to the current classification [Shah, C., Boni, J., Huder, J.B., Vogt, H.R., Muhlherr, J., Zanoni, R., Miserez, R., Lutz, H., Schupbach, J., 2004a. Phylogenetic analysis and reclassification of caprine and ovine lentiviruses based on 104 new isolates: evidence for regular sheep-to-goat transmission and worldwide propagation through livestock trade. Virology 319 (1), 12-26]. It was not possible to amplify in the three genetic regions the expected fragment in additional Spanish caprine and ovine SRLV proviral DNA sequences with the PCR primers used. This suggests that there is heterogeneity at the primer binding site among Spanish SRLV sequences. It also illustrates the need to develop diagnostic tests that are sensitive in local breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reina
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-UPNA, Ctra Mutilva Baja s/n, 31192 Mutilva Baja, Spain
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19
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Pisoni G, Bertoni G, Boettcher P, Ponti W, Moroni P. Phylogenetic analysis of the gag region encoding the matrix protein of small ruminant lentiviruses: Comparative analysis and molecular epidemiological applications. Virus Res 2006; 116:159-67. [PMID: 16293335 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Little sequence information exists on the matrix-protein (MA) encoding region of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV). Fifty-two novel sequences were established and permitted a first phylogenetic analysis of this region of the SRLV genome. The variability of the MA encoding region is higher compared to the gag region encoding the capsid protein and surprisingly close to that reported for the env gene. In contrast to primate lentiviruses, the deduced amino acid sequences of the N- and C-terminal domains of MA are variable. This permitted to pinpoint a basic domain in the N-terminal domain that is conserved in all lentiviruses and likely to play an important functional role. Additionally, a seven amino acid insertion was detected in all MVV strains, which may be used to differentiate CAEV and MVV isolates. A molecular epidemiology analysis based on these sequences indicates that the Italian lentivirus strains are closely related to each other and to the CAEV-CO strain, a prototypic strain isolated three decades ago in the US. This suggests a common origin of the SRLV circulating in the monitored flocks, possibly related to the introduction of infected goats in a negative population. Finally, this study shows that the MA region is suitable for phylogenetic studies and may be applied to monitor SRLV eradication programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Pisoni
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, University of Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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20
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Pisoni G, Quasso A, Moroni P. Phylogenetic analysis of small-ruminant lentivirus subtype B1 in mixed flocks: Evidence for natural transmission from goats to sheep. Virology 2005; 339:147-52. [PMID: 16005486 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Revised: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), consisting of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) and the maedi-visna virus (MVV), cause chronic multisystemic infections in goats and sheep. The SRLV subtype B1, characterized by the prototypic strain CAEV-CO, has a worldwide distribution and, remarkably, has been isolated exclusively from goats, suggesting potential host specificity. To test this hypothesis, SRLV pol sequences were obtained by PCR amplification from blood samples of seropositive dairy goats and sheep living in mixed flocks. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences demonstrates that SRLV subtype B1 does cross the species barrier under field conditions through direct contact between adult animals. This implies that SRLV control programs targeting only sheep or goats can no longer be proposed (based on a putative species specificity of the SRLV subtype B1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Pisoni
- Department of Animal Pathology, Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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21
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Angelopoulou K, Karanikolaou K, Papanastasopoulou M, Koumpati-Artopiou M, Vlemmas I, Papadopoulos O, Koptopoulos G. First partial characterisation of small ruminant lentiviruses from Greece. Vet Microbiol 2005; 109:1-9. [PMID: 15964721 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections are widespread in Greece, but SRLVs have never been isolated and characterized. In this study, we present the sequence of a 574-nucleotide (191-amino acid) region of the gag gene of SRLV strains from four sheep and one goat from a single geographic area of Greece. All five sequences appeared to be closely related at both nucleotide (2.1-14.2% variation) and deduced amino acid (1.6-4.2% variation) level. Greek SRLV strains were closer to ovine prototypic strains (average divergence 16.8%) than to the caprine strain CAEV-Co (21% divergence). By amino acid composition, the Greek SRLVs were on the average more than twice as distant from CAEV-Co as from other ovine strains. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that Greek strains segregate into a unique group, separate from, but related to, other ovine prototype sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Angelopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Shah C, Huder JB, Böni J, Schönmann M, Mühlherr J, Lutz H, Schüpbach J. Direct evidence for natural transmission of small-ruminant lentiviruses of subtype A4 from goats to sheep and vice versa. J Virol 2004; 78:7518-22. [PMID: 15220425 PMCID: PMC434116 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.14.7518-7522.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), which include the caprine arthritis-encephalitis and the maedi-visna virus, cause persistent inflammatory infections in goats and sheep. SRLV are mainly transmitted from mother to offspring through milk. Transmission after prolonged contact between adult animals has also been observed. The observation that certain SRLV subtypes are found in both goats and sheep suggests that interspecies transmission has occurred on several occasions in the past. We investigated seropositive goats and sheep that were kept together in small mixed herds. Phylogenetic analysis of long proviral sequences in gag and pol, combined with epidemiologic information, demonstrated natural sheep-to-goat transmission of the recently identified SRLV subtype A4 in two instances and goat-to-sheep transmission of the same subtype in one instance. In a further mixed cluster, the direction of the interspecies transmission could not be determined. These findings present for the first time direct evidence that natural interspecies transmission of SRLV is ongoing in both directions. The findings are of relevance to virus eradication programs in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Shah
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Lima P, Rocha M, Stancek D, Gouveia A, Oliveira G. Vírus da artrite encefalite caprina: isolamento e caracterização de parte do gene gag. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352004000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amostras de sangue de 12 animais soropositivos pelo teste de imunodifusão em gel de agarose e que não apresentavam sinais clínicos sugestivos de infecção pelo vírus da artrite-encefalite caprina (CAEV) foram coletadas para isolamento viral. Mácrofagos derivados de monócitos foram co-cultivados com células de membrana sinovial caprina (MSC), resultando em cinco amostras que apresentaram efeito citopático característico do tipo persistente, semelhante ao observado para o CAEV. Uma técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) foi padronizada para amplificar parte do gene gag do genoma pró-viral, codificante para a proteína do capsídeo viral (p25). As cinco amostras foram amplificadas pela PCR e três delas, BR-UFMG/PL1, BR-UFMG/PL2 e BR-UFMG/PL3, foram seqüenciadas diretamente dos seus produtos de PCR. O alinhamento múltiplo das seqüências obtidas com outras de lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (LVPR), obtidas no GenBank, e o dendrograma revelaram que as novas amostras de CAEV são únicas e distintas das demais amostras de LVPR, possuindo maior identidade de nucleotídeos e aminoácidos entre si e com as amostras de CAEV do que com a do vírus maedi-visna.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.P. Lima
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
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Shah C, Böni J, Huder JB, Vogt HR, Mühlherr J, Zanoni R, Miserez R, Lutz H, Schüpbach J. Phylogenetic analysis and reclassification of caprine and ovine lentiviruses based on 104 new isolates: evidence for regular sheep-to-goat transmission and worldwide propagation through livestock trade. Virology 2004; 319:12-26. [PMID: 14967484 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2003] [Revised: 09/25/2003] [Accepted: 09/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We performed a phylogenetic analysis of caprine and ovine lentiviruses using long sequences in gag and pol of 104 new Swiss isolates and six available corresponding database sequences. Forty-five isolates, forming five sequence clusters, were unclassifiable by the present classification. Pairwise DNA distance analysis indicated different categories of relatedness, requiring a new classification system. We propose four principal sequence groups, A-D, which differ by 25-37%. Groups A and B are further divided into subtypes which differ by 15-27%. Group D and four of the seven group A subtypes, A3, A4, A5 and A7, are formed by new Swiss isolates. Molecular epidemiology revealed that Swiss B1 strains differed no more from French, Brazilian or US strains than from each other, suggesting virus propagation through international livestock trade. Furthermore, infection of goats by subtypes A3 or A4 was significantly associated with documented contact with sheep, which also harbor these subtypes, thus indicating regularly occurring sheep-to-goat transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Shah
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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