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Hamamoto K, Mizuyama M, Nishijima M, Maeda A, Gibu K, Poliseno A, Iguchi A, Reimer JD. Diversity, composition and potential roles of sedimentary microbial communities in different coastal substrates around subtropical Okinawa Island, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2024; 19:54. [PMID: 39080706 PMCID: PMC11290285 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-024-00594-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine benthic prokaryotic communities play crucial roles in material recycling within coastal environments, including coral reefs. Coastal sedimentary microbiomes are particularly important as potential reservoirs of symbiotic, beneficial, and pathogenic bacteria in coral reef environments, and therefore presumably play a core role in local ecosystem functioning. However, there is a lack of studies comparing different environments with multiple sites on the island scale, particularly studies focusing on prokaryotic communities, as previous investigations have focused mainly on a single site or on specific environmental conditions. In our study, we collected coastal sediments from seven sites around Okinawa Island, Japan, including three different benthic types; sandy bottoms, seagrass meadows, and hard substratum with living scleractinian corals. We then used metabarcoding to identify prokaryotic compositions and estimate enzymes encoded by genes to infer their functions. RESULTS The results showed that the three substrata had significantly different prokaryotic compositions. Seagrass meadow sites exhibited significantly higher prokaryotic alpha-diversity compared to sandy bottom sites. ANCOM analysis revealed that multiple bacterial orders were differentially abundant within each substratum. At coral reef sites, putative disease- and thermal stress-related opportunistic bacteria such as Rhodobacterales, Verrucomicrobiales, and Cytophagales were comparatively abundant, while seagrass meadow sites abundantly harbored Desulfobacterales, Steroidobacterales and Chromatiales, which are common bacterial orders in seagrass meadows. According to our gene-coded enzyme analyses the numbers of differentially abundant enzymes were highest in coral reef sites. Notably, superoxide dismutase, an important enzyme for anti-oxidative stress in coral tissue, was abundant at coral sites. Our results provide a list of prokaryotes to look into in each substrate, and further emphasize the importance of considering the microbiome, especially when focusing on environmental conservation. CONCLUSION Our findings prove that prokaryotic metabarcoding is capable of capturing compositional differences and the diversity of microbial communities in three different environments. Furthermore, several taxa were suggested to be differentially more abundant in specific environments, and gene-coded enzymic compositions also showed possible differences in ecological functions. Further study, in combination with field observations and temporal sampling, is key to achieving a better understanding of the interactions between the local microbiome and the surrounding benthic community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Hamamoto
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan.
- Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology (MISE) Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan.
| | - Masaru Mizuyama
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
- Department of Health Informatics, Faculty of Human Health Sciences, Meio University, Nago, Okinawa, 905-8585, Japan
| | - Miyuki Nishijima
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
| | - Ayumi Maeda
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
| | - Kodai Gibu
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
| | - Angelo Poliseno
- Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology (MISE) Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Akira Iguchi
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan.
- Research Laboratory on Environmentally-Conscious Developments and Technologies [E-code], National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan.
| | - James Davis Reimer
- Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology (MISE) Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
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Methou P, Cueff‐Gauchard V, Michel LN, Gayet N, Pradillon F, Cambon‐Bonavita M. Symbioses of alvinocaridid shrimps from the South West Pacific: No chemosymbiotic diets but conserved gut microbiomes. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 15:614-630. [PMID: 37752716 PMCID: PMC10667644 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Rimicaris exoculata shrimps from hydrothermal vent ecosystems are known to host dense epibiotic communities inside their enlarged heads and digestive systems. Conversely, other shrimps from the family, described as opportunistic feeders have received less attention. We examined the nutrition and bacterial communities colonising 'head' chambers and digestive systems of three other alvinocaridids-Rimicaris variabilis, Nautilocaris saintlaurentae and Manuscaris sp.-using a combination of electron microscopy, stable isotopes and sequencing approaches. Our observations inside 'head' cavities and on mouthparts showed only a really low coverage of bacterial epibionts. In addition, no clear correlation between isotopic ratios and relative abundance of epibionts on mouthparts could be established among shrimp individuals. Altogether, these results suggest that none of these alvinocaridids rely on chemosynthetic epibionts as their main source of nutrition. Our analyses also revealed a substantial presence of several Firmicutes and Deferribacterota lineages within the foreguts and midguts of these shrimps, which closest known lineages were systematically digestive symbionts associated with alvinocaridids, and more broadly for Firmicutes from digestive systems of other crustaceans from marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Overall, our study opens new perspectives not only about chemosynthetic symbioses of vent shrimps but more largely about digestive microbiomes with potential ancient and evolutionarily conserved bacterial partnerships among crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Methou
- X‐STARJapan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)YokosukaJapan
| | - Valérie Cueff‐Gauchard
- Univ BrestIfremer, CNRS, Unité Biologie des Environnements Extrêmes marins ProfondsPlouzanéFrance
| | - Loïc N. Michel
- Univ BrestIfremer, CNRS, Unité Biologie des Environnements Extrêmes marins ProfondsPlouzanéFrance
- Laboratory of Oceanology, Freshwater, and Oceanic Sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS)University of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Nicolas Gayet
- Univ BrestIfremer, CNRS, Unité Biologie des Environnements Extrêmes marins ProfondsPlouzanéFrance
| | - Florence Pradillon
- Univ BrestIfremer, CNRS, Unité Biologie des Environnements Extrêmes marins ProfondsPlouzanéFrance
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Qi L, Shi M, Zhu FC, Lian CA, He LS. Genomic evidence for the first symbiotic Deferribacterota, a novel gut symbiont from the deep-sea hydrothermal vent shrimp Rimicaris kairei. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1179935. [PMID: 37455748 PMCID: PMC10344455 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1179935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Rimicaris is the dominant organism living in hydrothermal vents. However, little research has been done on the functions of their intestinal flora. Here, we investigated the potential functions of Deferribacterota, which is dominant in the intestine of Rimicaris kairei from the Central Indian Ridge. In total, six metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of Deferribacterota were obtained using the metagenomic approach. The six Deferribacterota MAGs (Def-MAGs) were clustered into a new branch in the phylogenetic tree. The six Def-MAGs were further classified into three species, including one new order and two new genera, based on the results of phylogenetic analysis, relative evolutionary divergence (RED), average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) values. The results of the energy metabolism study showed that these bacteria can use a variety of carbon sources, such as glycogen, sucrose, salicin, arbutin, glucose, cellobiose, and maltose. These bacteria have a type II secretion system and effector proteins that can transport some intracellular toxins to the extracellular compartment and a type V CRISPR-Cas system that can defend against various invasions. In addition, cofactors such as biotin, riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) synthesized by R. kairei gut Deferribacterota may also assist their host in surviving under extreme conditions. Taken together, the potential function of Deferribacterota in the hydrothermal R. kairei gut suggests its long-term coevolution with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengke Shi
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Chao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, China
| | - Chun-Ang Lian
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Li-Sheng He
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
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Lin G, Huang J, Luo K, Lin X, Su M, Lu J. Bacterial, archaeal, and fungal community structure and interrelationships of deep-sea shrimp intestine and the surrounding sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112461. [PMID: 34863691 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrate shrimp are one of the dominant benthic macrofaunae in the deep-sea environment. The microbiota of shrimp intestine can contribute to the adaptation of their host. The impact of surrounding sediment on intestinal microbiota has been observed in cultured shrimp species, but needs to be further investigated in deep-sea shrimp. The characterization of bacterial, archaeal, and fungal community structure and their interrelationships is also limited. In this study, wild-type deep-sea shrimp and the surrounding sediment were sampled. Shrimp individuals incubated in a sediment-absent environment were also used in this study. Microbial community structure of the shrimp intestine and sediment was investigated through amplicon sequencing targeting bacterial 16S rRNA genes, archaeal 16S rRNA genes, and fungal ITS genes. The results demonstrate distinct differences in community structure between shrimp intestine and the surrounding sediment and between surface and deep (5 mbsf) sediment. The composition of the intestinal microbiota in shrimp living without sediment was different from that of wild-type shrimp, indicating that the presence or absence of sediment could influence the shrimp intestinal microbiota. Carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism (carbon fixation, methane metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and sulfur metabolism), amino acid metabolism, and xenobiotic biodegradation were the most commonly predicted microbial functionalities and they interacted closely with one another. Overall, this study provided comprehensive insights into bacterial, archaeal, and fungal community structure of deep-sea shrimp intestine as well as potential ecological interactions with the surrounding sediment. This study could update our understanding of the microbiota characteristics in shrimp and sediment in deep-sea ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genmei Lin
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519080, Guangdong, China
| | - Junrou Huang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, Guangdong, China
| | - Kunwen Luo
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianbiao Lin
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Su
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519080, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China; Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianguo Lu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519080, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China; Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
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Qi L, Lian CA, Zhu FC, Shi M, He LS. Comparative Analysis of Intestinal Microflora Between Two Developmental Stages of Rimicaris kairei, a Hydrothermal Shrimp From the Central Indian Ridge. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:802888. [PMID: 35242112 PMCID: PMC8886129 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.802888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extreme physical and chemical characteristics, deep-sea hydrothermal vents provide a place for fauna survival and reproduction. The symbiotic relationship of chemotrophic microorganisms has been investigated in the gill of Rimicaris exoculata, which are endemic to the hydrothermal vents of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. However, only a few studies have examined intestinal symbiosis. Here, we studied the intestinal fauna in juvenile and adult Rimicaris kairei, another species in the Rimicaris genus that was originally discovered at the Kairei and Edmond hydrothermal vent fields in the Central Indian Ridge. The results showed that there were significant differences between juvenile and adult gut microbiota in terms of species richness, diversity, and evenness. The values of Chao1, observed species, and ASV rarefaction curves indicated almost four times the number of species in adults compared to juveniles. In juveniles, the most abundant phylum was Deferribacterota, at 80%, while in adults, Campilobacterota was the most abundant, at 49%. Beta diversity showed that the intestinal communities of juveniles and adults were clearly classified into two clusters based on the evaluations of Bray-Curtis and weighted UniFrac distance matrices. Deferribacteraceae and Sulfurovum were the main featured bacteria contributing to the difference. Moreover, functional prediction for all of the intestinal microbiota showed that the pathways related to ansamycin synthesis, branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and cell motility appeared highly abundant in juveniles. However, for adults, the most abundant pathways were those of sulfur transfer, carbohydrate, and biotin metabolism. Taken together, these results indicated large differences in intestinal microbial composition and potential functions between juvenile and adult vent shrimp (R. kairei), which may be related to their physiological needs at different stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
- College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Ang Lian
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Fang-Chao Zhu
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, China
| | - Mengke Shi
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
- College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Sheng He
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
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Modulation of intestinal morphology and microbiota by dietary Macleaya cordata extract supplementation in Xuefeng Black-boned Chicken. Animal 2021; 15:100399. [PMID: 34768172 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are commonly overused to prevent livestock from diseases and to increase production performance. As potential substitutes of antibiotics, plant extracts have attracted the attention of researchers. It was known to all that addition of Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) to the food could advance immunity, intestinal health and animal performance. Thus, it was conducted to investigate the influence of MCE (0, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg, with six replicate pens/treatment and 24 hens/pen) on intestinal morphology and microbial diversity in different intestinal segments in Xuefeng black-boned chicken in this study. The results showed that MCE supplement (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg) significantly diminished (P < 0.05) the crypt depth of the jejunum as compared to basal diet group. The 100 mg/kg group displayed a marked increase (P < 0.05), compared with 0 and 200 mg/kg group, in ileum microbial diversity as represented by the Shannon's index. In the cecum, treatment of MCE significantly decreased (P < 0.01) the Firmicutes, but Deferribacteres in 200 mg/kg MCE group were significantly raised (P < 0.05). In conclusion, we found that MCE improved intestinal morphology and reduced the crypt depth in jejunum. Together, addition of 200 mg/kg MCE modulated intestinal microbiota, increased beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus. Adding 100 mg/kg MCE to diet increased bacterial community diversity and relative abundance in jejunum and ileum, but had no effect on cecum microbial diversity.
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Cambon-Bonavita MA, Aubé J, Cueff-Gauchard V, Reveillaud J. Niche partitioning in the Rimicaris exoculata holobiont: the case of the first symbiotic Zetaproteobacteria. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:87. [PMID: 33845886 PMCID: PMC8042907 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Free-living and symbiotic chemosynthetic microbial communities support primary production and higher trophic levels in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The shrimp Rimicaris exoculata, which dominates animal communities along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, houses a complex bacterial community in its enlarged cephalothorax. The dominant bacteria present are from the taxonomic groups Campylobacteria, Desulfobulbia (formerly Deltaproteobacteria), Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and some recently discovered iron oxyhydroxide-coated Zetaproteobacteria. This epibiotic consortium uses iron, sulfide, methane, and hydrogen as energy sources. Here, we generated shotgun metagenomes from Rimicaris exoculata cephalothoracic epibiotic communities to reconstruct and investigate symbiotic genomes. We collected specimens from three geochemically contrasted vent fields, TAG, Rainbow, and Snake Pit, to unravel the specificity, variability, and adaptation of Rimicaris-microbe associations. RESULTS Our data enabled us to reconstruct 49 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the TAG and Rainbow vent fields, including 16 with more than 90% completion and less than 5% contamination based on single copy core genes. These MAGs belonged to the dominant Campylobacteria, Desulfobulbia, Thiotrichaceae, and some novel candidate phyla radiation (CPR) lineages. In addition, most importantly, two MAGs in our collection were affiliated to Zetaproteobacteria and had no close relatives (average nucleotide identity ANI < 77% with the closest relative Ghiorsea bivora isolated from TAG, and 88% with each other), suggesting potential novel species. Genes for Calvin-Benson Bassham (CBB) carbon fixation, iron, and sulfur oxidation, as well as nitrate reduction, occurred in both MAGs. However, genes for hydrogen oxidation and multicopper oxidases occurred in one MAG only, suggesting shared and specific potential functions for these two novel Zetaproteobacteria symbiotic lineages. Overall, we observed highly similar symbionts co-existing in a single shrimp at both the basaltic TAG and ultramafic Rainbow vent sites. Nevertheless, further examination of the seeming functional redundancy among these epibionts revealed important differences. CONCLUSION These data highlight microniche partitioning in the Rimicaris holobiont and support recent studies showing that functional diversity enables multiple symbiont strains to coexist in animals colonizing hydrothermal vents. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Anne Cambon-Bonavita
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IFREMER, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Johanne Aubé
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IFREMER, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Valérie Cueff-Gauchard
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IFREMER, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Julie Reveillaud
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IFREMER, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, 29280 Plouzané, France
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, INRAe, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Le Bloa S, Boidin-Wichlacz C, Cueff-Gauchard V, Rosa RD, Cuvillier-Hot V, Durand L, Methou P, Pradillon F, Cambon-Bonavita MA, Tasiemski A. Antimicrobial Peptides and Ectosymbiotic Relationships: Involvement of a Novel Type IIa Crustin in the Life Cycle of a Deep-Sea Vent Shrimp. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1511. [PMID: 32765521 PMCID: PMC7381244 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The symbiotic shrimp Rimicaris exoculata dominates the macrofauna inhabiting the active smokers of the deep-sea mid Atlantic ridge vent fields. We investigated the nature of the host mechanisms controlling the vital and highly specialized ectosymbiotic community confined into its cephalothoracic cavity. R. exoculata belongs to the Pleocyemata, crustacean brooding eggs, usually producing Type I crustins. Unexpectedly, a novel anti-Gram-positive type II crustin was molecularly identified in R. exoculata. Re-crustin is mainly produced by the appendages and the inner surfaces of the cephalothoracic cavity, embedding target epibionts. Symbiosis acquisition and regulating mechanisms are still poorly understood. Yet, symbiotic communities were identified at different steps of the life cycle such as brooding stage, juvenile recruitment and molt cycle, all of which may be crucial for symbiotic acquisition and control. Here, we show a spatio-temporal correlation between the production of Re-crustin and the main ectosymbiosis-related life-cycle events. Overall, our results highlight (i) a novel and unusual AMP sequence from an extremophile organism and (ii) the potential role of AMPs in the establishment of vital ectosymbiosis along the life cycle of deep-sea invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Le Bloa
- Ifremer, Univ. Brest, CNRS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Plouzané, France
| | - Céline Boidin-Wichlacz
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Cueff-Gauchard
- Ifremer, Univ. Brest, CNRS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Plouzané, France
| | - Rafael Diego Rosa
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Lucile Durand
- Ifremer, Univ. Brest, CNRS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Plouzané, France
| | - Pierre Methou
- Ifremer, Univ. Brest, CNRS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Plouzané, France
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Profond (REM/EEP/LEP), Plouzané, France
| | - Florence Pradillon
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Profond (REM/EEP/LEP), Plouzané, France
| | - Marie-Anne Cambon-Bonavita
- Ifremer, Univ. Brest, CNRS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Plouzané, France
| | - Aurélie Tasiemski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, Lille, France
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Wang G, Lei Y, Kang T, Li Z, Fei H, Zeng B, Zhou P, Wang C, Lv Z, Huang M, Xu X. Two C-type lectins (ReCTL-1, ReCTL-2) from Rimicaris exoculata display broad nonself recognition spectrum with novel carbohydrate binding specificity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 96:152-160. [PMID: 31794843 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins are Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate-binding proteins containing one or more carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs). C-type lectins play crucial roles in innate immunity, including nonself-recognition and pathogen elimination. In the present study, two C-type lectins (designated ReCTL-1 and ReCTL-2) were identified from the shrimp Rimicaris exoculata which dwells in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The open reading frames of ReCTL-1 and ReCTL-2 encoded polypeptides of 171 and 166 amino acids respectively, which were both composed of a signal peptide and a single CRD. The key motifs determining the carbohydrate binding specificity of ReCTL-1 and ReCTL-2 were respectively Glu-Pro-Ala (EPA) and Gln-Pro-Asn (QPN), which were firstly discovered in R. exoculata. ReCTL-1 and ReCTL-2 displayed similar pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) binding features and they bound three PAMPs-β-glucan, lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan-with relatively high affinity. In addition, both could efficiently recognize and bind Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. However, ReCTL-1 and ReCTL-2 exhibited different microbial agglutination activities: ReCTL-1 agglutinated Staphylococcus aureus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while ReCTL-2 agglutinated Micrococcus luteus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. fluvialis. Both ReCTL-1 and ReCTL-2 inhibited the growth of V. fluvialis. All these results illustrated that ReCTL-1 and ReCTL-2 could function as important pattern-recognition receptors with broad nonself-recognition spectra and be involved in immune defense against invaders, but their specificities are not the same. In addition, the two ReCTLs possessed different carbohydrate binding specificities from each other and from the classical pattern: ReCTL-1 with an EPA motif bound d-galactose and l-mannose, while ReCTL-2 with a QPN motif bound d-fucose and N-acetylglucosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyang Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yutong Lei
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Ting Kang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hui Fei
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Boxin Zeng
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Zhengbing Lv
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Mengmeng Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Xuewei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
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10
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Methou P, Hernández-Ávila I, Aube J, Cueff-Gauchard V, Gayet N, Amand L, Shillito B, Pradillon F, Cambon-Bonavita MA. Is It First the Egg or the Shrimp? - Diversity and Variation in Microbial Communities Colonizing Broods of the Vent Shrimp Rimicaris exoculata During Embryonic Development. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:808. [PMID: 31057515 PMCID: PMC6478704 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rimicaris exoculata is one of the most well-known and emblematic species of endemic vent fauna. Like many other species from these ecosystems, Rimicaris shrimps host important communities of chemosynthetic bacteria living in symbiosis with their host inside the cephalothorax and gut. For many of these symbiotic partners, the mode of transmission remains to be elucidated and the starting point of the symbiotic relationship is not yet defined, but could begin with the egg. In this study, we explored the proliferation of microbial communities on R. exoculata broods through embryonic development using a combination of NGS sequencing and microscopy approaches. Variations in abundance and diversity of egg microbial communities were analyzed in broods at different developmental stages and collected from mothers at two distinct vent fields on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (TAG and Snake Pit). We also assessed the specificity of the egg microbiome by comparing communities developing on egg surfaces with those developing on the cuticle of pleopods, which are thought to be exposed to similar environmental conditions because the brood is held under the female's abdomen. In terms of abundance, bacterial colonization clearly increases with both egg developmental stage and the position of the egg within the brood: those closest to the exterior having a higher bacterial coverage. Bacterial biomass increase also accompanies an increase of mineral precipitations and thus clearly relates to the degree of exposure to vent fluids. In terms of diversity, most bacterial lineages were found in all samples and were also those found in the cephalothorax of adults. However, significant variation occurs in the relative abundance of these lineages, most of this variation being explained by body surface (egg vs. pleopod), vent field, and developmental stage. The occurrence of symbiont-related lineages of Epsilonbacteraeota, Gammaproteobacteria, Zetaproteobacteria, and Mollicutes provide a basis for discussion on both the acquisition of symbionts and the potential roles of these bacterial communities during egg development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Methou
- Univ Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, Plouzané, France
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Profond (REM/EEP/LEP), Plouzané, France
| | - Ivan Hernández-Ávila
- Univ Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, Plouzané, France
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Profond (REM/EEP/LEP), Plouzané, France
| | - Johanne Aube
- Univ Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, Plouzané, France
| | - Valérie Cueff-Gauchard
- Univ Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, Plouzané, France
| | - Nicolas Gayet
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Profond (REM/EEP/LEP), Plouzané, France
| | - Louis Amand
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Eq. Adaptations aux Milieux Extrêmes (BOREA), CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Bruce Shillito
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Eq. Adaptations aux Milieux Extrêmes (BOREA), CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Florence Pradillon
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Profond (REM/EEP/LEP), Plouzané, France
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11
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Apremont V, Cambon-Bonavita MA, Cueff-Gauchard V, François D, Pradillon F, Corbari L, Zbinden M. Gill chamber and gut microbial communities of the hydrothermal shrimp Rimicaris chacei Williams and Rona 1986: A possible symbiosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206084. [PMID: 30388125 PMCID: PMC6214521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rimicaris chacei Williams and Rona 1986, formerly named as Chorocaris chacei, is a caridean shrimp living in deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystems. This shrimp is endemic to the Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR) and lives at the periphery of aggregates of its well-known congeneric R. exoculata Williams and Rona 1986. Contrasting with the very dense and mobile clusters formed by R. exoculata, R. chacei lives in small groups of several individuals that are not very mobile. Although devoid of the characteristic hypertrophied cephalothorax of R. exoculata, which harbors the ectosymbionts, a microbial community has also been reported in the cephalothorax of R. chacei. Previous data on morphology, behavior and isotopic values indicate a diet based on a combination of feeding on its epibiotic bacteria and scavenging or occasional predation. In this study, our objective was to describe, for the first time, the distribution, morphology and phylogeny of the microbial communities associated with R. chacei. This species is significantly less studied than R. exoculata, but nevertheless represents the only other known example of symbiosis in crustaceans of MAR hydrothermal vent sites. Microbial communities have been observed at the same locations as in R. exoculata (mouthparts, branchiostegites and digestive tract). However, in R. chacei, the surfaces occupied by the bacteria are smaller. The main lineages are affiliated to Epsilon and Gammaproteobacteria in the cephalothorax and to Deferribacteres, Mollicutes, Epsilon and Gammaproteobacteria in the digestive tract. Comparison with the well-described bacterial communities of R. exoculata and hypotheses about the role of these communities in R. chacei are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Apremont
- IFREMER, Univ Brest, CNRS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, Plouzané, France
- Unité Biologie des ORganismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, IRD; Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux Extrêmes (AMEX), 7 Quai St Bernard, Paris, France
| | | | - Valérie Cueff-Gauchard
- IFREMER, Univ Brest, CNRS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, Plouzané, France
| | - David François
- IFREMER, Univ Brest, CNRS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, Plouzané, France
| | - Florence Pradillon
- Ifremer centre Bretagne, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, Laboratoire Environnement Profond, REM/EEP/LEP, Plouzané, France
| | - Laure Corbari
- Muséum National d’Histoire naturelle, Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité ISYEB—UMR 7205 –CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Magali Zbinden
- Unité Biologie des ORganismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, IRD; Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux Extrêmes (AMEX), 7 Quai St Bernard, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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12
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Shang Y, Kumar S, Thippareddi H, Kim WK. Effect of Dietary Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) Supplementation on Ileal Microbiota in Broiler Chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3622-3634. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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13
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Bellec L, Cambon-Bonavita MA, Cueff-Gauchard V, Durand L, Gayet N, Zeppilli D. A Nematode of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Hydrothermal Vents Harbors a Possible Symbiotic Relationship. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2246. [PMID: 30294317 PMCID: PMC6159746 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep-sea hydrothermal vent meiofauna have been the focus of recent research and the discovery of an abundant well-adapted free-living marine nematode on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge offers new perspectives on adaptations to the vent environment. Indeed, knowledge concerning biological interactions of microbes and meiofauna in marine extreme environments is scarce, especially for nematodes. In this study, we used microscopic observations [fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)] and metabarcoding of 16S rRNA to characterize the bacterial community of the nematode species Oncholaimus dyvae, an overlooked but ecologically important vent organism. Detection of bacteria in the buccal cavity and on the cuticle (SEM) and epibionts in its intestine (FISH) suggests that O. dyvae harbors its own bacterial community. Molecular results and phylogenetic analysis show that bacteria associated with this species are related to symbiotic lineages typical of hydrothermal vent fauna, such as sulfur-oxidizing bacteria related to Epsilonproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. This multi-approach study suggests a potential symbiotic role of bacteria with its nematode host and opens new research perspectives on vent meiofauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Bellec
- IFREMER, Centre Brest, REM/EEP/LEP, ZI de la pointe du diable, CS10070, Plouzané, France.,IFREMER, Centre Brest, UMR 6197 - Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (REM/EEP/LM2E), ZI de la pointe du diable, CS10070, Plouzané, France.,CNRS, UMR 6197 - Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Technopole Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France.,Université Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), UMR 6197 - Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Technopole Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Marie-Anne Cambon-Bonavita
- IFREMER, Centre Brest, UMR 6197 - Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (REM/EEP/LM2E), ZI de la pointe du diable, CS10070, Plouzané, France.,CNRS, UMR 6197 - Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Technopole Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France.,Université Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), UMR 6197 - Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Technopole Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Valérie Cueff-Gauchard
- IFREMER, Centre Brest, UMR 6197 - Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (REM/EEP/LM2E), ZI de la pointe du diable, CS10070, Plouzané, France.,CNRS, UMR 6197 - Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Technopole Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France.,Université Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), UMR 6197 - Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Technopole Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Lucile Durand
- IFREMER, Centre Brest, UMR 6197 - Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (REM/EEP/LM2E), ZI de la pointe du diable, CS10070, Plouzané, France.,CNRS, UMR 6197 - Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Technopole Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France.,Université Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), UMR 6197 - Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Technopole Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Nicolas Gayet
- IFREMER, Centre Brest, REM/EEP/LEP, ZI de la pointe du diable, CS10070, Plouzané, France
| | - Daniela Zeppilli
- IFREMER, Centre Brest, REM/EEP/LEP, ZI de la pointe du diable, CS10070, Plouzané, France
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14
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Elmnasri K, Hamdi C, Ettoumi B, Crotti E, Guesmi A, Najjari A, Doudoumis V, Boudabous A, Daffonchio D, Tsiamis G, Cherif A. Highly divergent Mollicutes symbionts coexist in the scorpion Androctonus australis. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 58:827-835. [PMID: 30019339 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201800144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Androctonus australis is one of the most ubiquitous and common scorpion species in desert and arid lands from North Africa to India and it has an important ecological role and social impact. The bacterial community associated to this arachnid is unknown and we aimed to dissect its species composition in the gut, gonads, and venom gland. A 16S rRNA gene culture-independent diversity analysis revealed, among six other taxonomic groups (Firmicutes, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Cyanobacteria), a dominance of Mollicutes phylotypes recorded both in the digestive tract and the gonads. These related Mollicutes include two Spiroplasma phylotypes (12.5% of DGGE bands and 15% of clones), and a new Mycoplasma cluster (80% of clones) showing 16S rRNA sequence identities of 95 and 93% with Mollicutes detected in the Mexican scorpions Centruroides limpidus and Vaejovis smithi, respectively. Such scorpion-associated Mollicutes form a new lineage that share a distant ancestor with Mycoplasma hominis. The observed host specificity with the apparent phylogenetic divergence suggests a relatively long co-evolution of these symbionts with the scorpion hosts. From the ecological point of view, such association may play a beneficial role for the host fitness, especially during dormancy or molt periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Elmnasri
- Univ. Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Chadlia Hamdi
- Univ. Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Besma Ettoumi
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Crotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Amel Guesmi
- Univ. Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Afef Najjari
- Univ. Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Vangelis Doudoumis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Abdellatif Boudabous
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Daniele Daffonchio
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Ameur Cherif
- Univ. Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
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15
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Crown-of-Thorns Sea Star Acanthaster cf. solaris Has Tissue-Characteristic Microbiomes with Potential Roles in Health and Reproduction. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00181-18. [PMID: 29728381 PMCID: PMC6007096 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00181-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of coral-eating crown-of-thorns sea stars (CoTS; Acanthaster species complex) cause substantial coral loss; hence, there is considerable interest in developing prevention and control strategies. We characterized the microbiome of captive CoTS and assessed whether dysbiosis was evident in sea stars during a disease event. Most tissue types had a distinct microbiome. The exception was female gonads, in which the microbiomes were highly variable among individuals. Male gonads were dominated (>97% of reads) by a single Mollicutes-related operational taxonomic unit (OTU). Detailed phylogenetic and microscopy analysis demonstrated the presence of a novel Spiroplasma-related bacterium in the spermatogenic layer. Body wall samples had high relative abundance (43 to 64% of reads) of spirochetes, likely corresponding to subcuticular symbionts reported from many echinoderms. Tube feet were characterized by Hyphomonadaceae (24 to 55% of reads). Pyloric cecal microbiomes had high alpha diversity, comprising many taxa commonly found in gastrointestinal systems. The order Oceanospirillales (genera Endozoicomonas and Kistimonas) was detected in all tissues. A microbiome shift occurred in diseased individuals although differences between tissue types were retained. The relative abundance of spirochetes was significantly reduced in diseased individuals. Kistimonas was present in all diseased individuals and significantly associated with diseased tube feet, but its role in disease causation is unknown. While Arcobacter was significantly associated with diseased tissues and Vibrionaceae increased in diversity, no single OTU was detected in all diseased individuals, suggesting opportunistic proliferation of these taxa in this case. This study shows that CoTS have tissue-characteristic bacterial communities and identifies taxa that could play a role in reproduction and host health. IMPORTANCE Coral-eating crown-of-thorns sea stars (CoTS; Acanthaster species complex) are native to the Indo-Pacific, but during periodic population outbreaks they can reach extreme densities (>1,000 starfish per hectare) and function as a pest species. On the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, CoTS have long been considered one of the major contributors to coral loss. There has been significant investment in a targeted control program using lethal injection, and there is interest in developing additional and complementary technologies that can increase culling efficiencies. The biology of CoTS has been studied extensively, but little is known about their associated microbiome. This cultivation-independent analysis of the CoTS microbiome provides a baseline for future analyses targeting the functional role of symbionts, the identification of pathogens, or the development of reproduction manipulators.
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16
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Diversity and characterization of bacteria associated with the deep-sea hydrothermal vent crab Austinograea sp. comparing with those of two shallow-water crabs by 16S ribosomal DNA analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187842. [PMID: 29121118 PMCID: PMC5679544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For deep-sea hydrothermal vent crabs, recent investigations have revealed some epibiotic bacteria, but no study has described the bacterial community associated with the gill and intestine. In this study, the microbiota attached to the gill and intestine of the hydrothermal vent crab Austinograea sp. and two shallow-water crab species (Eriocheir sinensis and Portunus trituberculatus) were compared by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA genes. The highest and lowest diversity in bacterial communities were observed in the gill and intestine of Austinograea sp., respectively. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis indicated that Austinograea sp. harbored a distinct microbial community. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for phylum Fusobacteria, class Epsilonproteobacteria, and genera Leucothrix, Polaribacter, Fusibacter, etc. were dominant in Austinograea sp. Of these, Leucothrix, Sulfurospirillum, and Arcobacter may be involved in oxidizing reduced sulfur compounds and sulfur metabolism; Marinomonas, Polaribacter adapted to the low temperature, and Fusibacter and Psychrilyobacter may survive well under hypoxic conditions. Bacteria commonly present in seawater were dominant in the gill, whereas anaerobic bacteria showed strikingly high abundance in the intestine. Interestingly, Firmicutes and Epsilonproteobacteria may complement each other in Austinograea sp., forming an internal environment. The diversified microbial community of Austinograea sp. reveals adaptation to the hydrothermal vent environment.
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17
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Le Bloa S, Durand L, Cueff- Gauchard V, Le Bars J, Taupin L, Marteau C, Bazire A, Cambon-Bonavita MA. Highlighting of quorum sensing lux genes and their expression in the hydrothermal vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata ectosymbiontic community. Possible use as biogeographic markers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174338. [PMID: 28328982 PMCID: PMC5362221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rimicaris exoculata is a caridean shrimp that dominates the fauna at several hydrothermal vent sites of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It has two distinct and stable microbial communities. One of these epibiontic bacterial communities is located in the shrimp gut and has a distribution and role that are poorly understood. The second colonizes its enlarged gill chamber and is involved in host nutrition. It is eliminated after each molt, and has colonization processes reminiscent of those of a biofilm. The presence and expression of genes usually involved in quorum sensing (QS) were then studied. At four sites, Rainbow, TAG, Snake Pit and Logatchev, two lux genes were identified in the R. exoculata epibiontic community at different shrimp molt stages and life stages. RT-PCR experiments highlighted lux gene expression activity at TAG, Snake Pit and Rainbow vent sites. Their potential QS activity and their possible roles in epibiont colonization processes are discussed. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis has shown the presence of three clades for luxS (Epsilonproteobacteria) and four clades for luxR (Gammaproteobacteria) genes, each clade being restricted to a single site. These genes are more divergent than the 16S rRNA one. They could therefore be used as biogeographical genetic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Le Bloa
- Ifremer, Centre Bretagne, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, REM/EEP/LM2E, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, ZI Pointe du Diable, CS, Plouzané, France
- Université de Brest, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, Technopôle Iroise, 4 place Nicolas Copernic, Plouzané, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, Technopôle Iroise, 4 place Nicolas Copernic, Plouzané, France
| | - Lucile Durand
- Ifremer, Centre Bretagne, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, REM/EEP/LM2E, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, ZI Pointe du Diable, CS, Plouzané, France
| | - Valérie Cueff- Gauchard
- Ifremer, Centre Bretagne, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, REM/EEP/LM2E, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, ZI Pointe du Diable, CS, Plouzané, France
- Université de Brest, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, Technopôle Iroise, 4 place Nicolas Copernic, Plouzané, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, Technopôle Iroise, 4 place Nicolas Copernic, Plouzané, France
| | - Josiane Le Bars
- Ifremer, Centre Bretagne, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, REM/EEP/LM2E, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, ZI Pointe du Diable, CS, Plouzané, France
- Université de Brest, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, Technopôle Iroise, 4 place Nicolas Copernic, Plouzané, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, Technopôle Iroise, 4 place Nicolas Copernic, Plouzané, France
| | - Laure Taupin
- Université de Bretagne-Sud, EA 3884, LBCM, Rue de Saint Maudé, Lorient, France
| | - Charlotte Marteau
- Université de Bretagne-Sud, EA 3884, LBCM, Rue de Saint Maudé, Lorient, France
| | - Alexis Bazire
- Université de Bretagne-Sud, EA 3884, LBCM, Rue de Saint Maudé, Lorient, France
| | - Marie-Anne Cambon-Bonavita
- Ifremer, Centre Bretagne, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, REM/EEP/LM2E, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, ZI Pointe du Diable, CS, Plouzané, France
- Université de Brest, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, Technopôle Iroise, 4 place Nicolas Copernic, Plouzané, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, Technopôle Iroise, 4 place Nicolas Copernic, Plouzané, France
- * E-mail:
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Cowart DA, Durand L, Cambon-Bonavita MA, Arnaud-Haond S. Investigation of bacterial communities within the digestive organs of the hydrothermal vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata provide insights into holobiont geographic clustering. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172543. [PMID: 28296889 PMCID: PMC5351989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotic communities forming symbiotic relationships with the vent shrimp, Rimicaris exoculata, are well studied components of hydrothermal ecosystems at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). Despite the tight link between host and symbiont, the observed lack of spatial genetic structure seen in R. exoculata contrasts with the geographic differentiation detected in specific bacterial ectosymbionts. The geographic clustering of bacterial lineages within a seemingly panmictic host suggests either the presence of finer scale restriction to gene flow not yet detected in the host, horizontal transmission (environmental selection) of its endosymbionts as a consequence of unique vent geochemistry, or vertically transmitted endosymbionts that exhibit genetic differentiation. To identify which hypothesis best fits, we tested whether bacterial assemblages exhibit differentiation across sites or host populations by performing a 16S rRNA metabarcoding survey on R. exoculata digestive prokaryote samples (n = 31) taken from three geochemically distinct vents across MAR: Rainbow, Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) and Logatchev. Analysis of communities across two organs (digestive tract, stomach), three molt colors (white, red, black) and three life stages (eggs, juveniles, adults) also provided insights into symbiont transmission mode. Examining both whole communities and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) confirmed the presence of three main epibionts: Epsilonproteobacteria, Mollicutes and Deferribacteres. With these findings, we identified a clear pattern of geographic segregation by vent in OTUs assigned to Epsilonproteobacteria. Additionally, we detected evidence for differentiation among all communities associated to vents and life stages. Overall, results suggest a combination of environmental selection and vertical inheritance of some of the symbiotic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique A. Cowart
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la MER) UMR MARBEC (Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation) BP 17, Sète - France
| | - Lucile Durand
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la MER) Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR6197, Département des Ressources physiques et Ecosystèmes de Fond de mer (REM) ZI pointe du diable, CS 10070, Plouzané - France
| | - Marie-Anne Cambon-Bonavita
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la MER) Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR6197, Département des Ressources physiques et Ecosystèmes de Fond de mer (REM) ZI pointe du diable, CS 10070, Plouzané - France
- UBO, UMR 6197, UBO, Ifremer, CNRS, IUEM Rue Dumont d'Urville, Plouzané - France
- CNRS, UMR 6197, CNRS, Ifremer, UBO, IUEM Rue Dumont d'Urville, Plouzané - France
| | - Sophie Arnaud-Haond
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la MER) UMR MARBEC (Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation) BP 17, Sète - France
- * E-mail:
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Sweet MJ, Bateman KS. Reprint of 'Diseases in marine invertebrates associated with mariculture and commercial fisheries'. JOURNAL OF SEA RESEARCH 2016; 113:28-44. [PMID: 32336937 PMCID: PMC7172773 DOI: 10.1016/j.seares.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Diseases in marine invertebrates are increasing in both frequency and intensity around the globe. Diseases in individuals which offer some commercial value are often well documented and subsequently well studied in comparison to those wild groups offering little commercial gain. This is particularly the case with those associated with mariculture or the commercial fisheries. Specifically, these include many Holothuroidea, and numerous crustacea and mollusca species. Pathogens/parasites consisting of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes from all groups have been associated with diseases from such organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. Viral pathogens in particular, appear to be an increasingly important group and research into this group will likely highlight a larger number of diseases and pathogens being described in the near future. Interestingly, although there are countless examples of the spread of disease usually associated with transportation of specific infected hosts for development of aquaculture practices, this process appears to be continuing with no real sign of effective management and mitigation strategies being implicated. Notably, even in well developed countries such as the UK and the US, even though live animal trade may be well managed, the transport of frozen food appears to be less well so and as evidence suggests, even these to have the potential to transmit pathogens when used as a food source for example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Sweet
- Molecular Health and Disease Laboratory, University of Derby, DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Kelly S. Bateman
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, CEFAS, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
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20
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Auguste M, Mestre NC, Rocha TL, Cardoso C, Cueff-Gauchard V, Le Bloa S, Cambon-Bonavita MA, Shillito B, Zbinden M, Ravaux J, Bebianno MJ. Development of an ecotoxicological protocol for the deep-sea fauna using the hydrothermal vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 175:277-285. [PMID: 27101410 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In light of deep-sea mining industry development, particularly interested in massive-sulphide deposits enriched in metals with high commercial value, efforts are increasing to better understand potential environmental impacts to local fauna. The aim of this study was to assess the natural background levels of biomarkers in the hydrothermal vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata and their responses to copper exposure at in situ pressure (30MPa) as well as the effects of depressurization and pressurization of the high-pressure aquarium IPOCAMP. R. exoculata were collected from the chimney walls of the hydrothermal vent site TAG (Mid Atlantic Ridge) at 3630m depth during the BICOSE cruise in 2014. Tissue metal accumulation was quantified in different tissues (gills, hepatopancreas and muscle) and a battery of biomarkers was measured: metal exposure (metallothioneins), oxidative stress (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase) and oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation). Data show a higher concentration of Cu in the hepatopancreas and a slight increase in the gills after incubations (for both exposed groups). Significant induction of metallothioneins was observed in the gills of shrimps exposed to 4μM of Cu compared to the control group. Moreover, activities of enzymes were detected for the in situ group, showing a background protection against metal toxicity. Results suggest that the proposed method, including a physiologically critical step of pressurizing and depressurizing the test chamber to enable the seawater exchange during exposure to contaminants, is not affecting metal accumulation and biomarkers response and may prove a useful method to assess toxicity of contaminants in deep-sea species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Auguste
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 139 Faro, Portugal
| | - N C Mestre
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - T L Rocha
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 139 Faro, Portugal
| | - C Cardoso
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 139 Faro, Portugal
| | - V Cueff-Gauchard
- Ifremer Centre Bretagne, REM/EEP/Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 6197, Ifremer, UBO, CNRS, ZI Pointe du Diable, CS10070, 29280 Plouzané, France; UBO, UMR 6197, UBO, Ifremer, CNRS, IUEM Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France; CNRS, UMR 6197, CNRS, Ifremer, UBO, IUEM Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - S Le Bloa
- Ifremer Centre Bretagne, REM/EEP/Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 6197, Ifremer, UBO, CNRS, ZI Pointe du Diable, CS10070, 29280 Plouzané, France; UBO, UMR 6197, UBO, Ifremer, CNRS, IUEM Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France; CNRS, UMR 6197, CNRS, Ifremer, UBO, IUEM Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - M A Cambon-Bonavita
- Ifremer Centre Bretagne, REM/EEP/Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 6197, Ifremer, UBO, CNRS, ZI Pointe du Diable, CS10070, 29280 Plouzané, France; UBO, UMR 6197, UBO, Ifremer, CNRS, IUEM Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France; CNRS, UMR 6197, CNRS, Ifremer, UBO, IUEM Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - B Shillito
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR CNRS 7208, MNHN/IRD-207/UCN/UA, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, 7 Quai St. Bernard, 75252 Cedex 5 Paris, France
| | - M Zbinden
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR CNRS 7208, MNHN/IRD-207/UCN/UA, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, 7 Quai St. Bernard, 75252 Cedex 5 Paris, France
| | - J Ravaux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR CNRS 7208, MNHN/IRD-207/UCN/UA, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, 7 Quai St. Bernard, 75252 Cedex 5 Paris, France
| | - M J Bebianno
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 139 Faro, Portugal
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21
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Cleary DFR, Becking LE, Polónia ARM, Freitas RM, Gomes NCM. Jellyfish-associated bacterial communities and bacterioplankton in Indonesian Marine lakes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw064. [PMID: 27004797 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we compared communities of bacteria in two jellyfish species (the 'golden' jellyfish Mastigias cf.papua and the box jellyfish Tripedalia cf.cystophora) and water in three marine lakes located in the Berau region of northeastern Borneo, Indonesia. Jellyfish-associated bacterial communities were compositionally distinct and less diverse than bacterioplankton communities. Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Synechococcophycidae and Flavobacteriia were the most abundant classes in water. Jellyfish-associated bacterial communities were dominated by OTUs assigned to the Gammaproteobacteria (family Endozoicimonaceae), Mollicutes, Spirochaetes and Alphaproteobacteria (orders Kiloniellales and Rhodobacterales). Mollicutes were mainly restricted to Mastigias whereas Spirochaetes and the order Kiloniellales were most abundant in Tripedalia hosts. The most abundant OTU overall in jellyfish hosts was assigned to the family Endozoicimonaceae and was highly similar to organisms in Genbank obtained from various hosts including an octocoral, bivalve and fish species. Other abundant OTUs included an OTU assigned to the order Entomoplasmatales and mainly found in Mastigias hosts and OTUs assigned to the Spirochaetes and order Kiloniellales and mainly found in Tripedalia hosts. The low sequence similarity of the Entomoplasmatales OTU to sequences in Genbank suggests that it may be a novel lineage inhabiting Mastigias and possibly restricted to marine lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F R Cleary
- Department of Biology, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Leontine E Becking
- Department of Marine Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, the Netherlands Wageningen University and Research Centre, Marine Animal Ecology Group, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley CA 94720-3114, USA
| | - Ana R M Polónia
- Department of Biology, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rossana M Freitas
- Department of Biology, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Newton C M Gomes
- Department of Biology, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Sweet MJ, Bateman KS. Diseases in marine invertebrates associated with mariculture and commercial fisheries. JOURNAL OF SEA RESEARCH 2015; 104:16-32. [PMID: 32336936 PMCID: PMC7172736 DOI: 10.1016/j.seares.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Diseases in marine invertebrates are increasing in both frequency and intensity around the globe. Diseases in individuals which offer some commercial value are often well documented and subsequently well studied in comparison to those wild groups offering little commercial gain. This is particularly the case with those associated with mariculture or the commercial fisheries. Specifically, these include many Holothuroidea, and numerous crustacea and mollusca species. Pathogens/parasites consisting of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes from all groups have been associated with diseases from such organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. Viral pathogens in particular, appear to be an increasingly important group and research into this group will likely highlight a larger number of diseases and pathogens being described in the near future. Interestingly, although there are countless examples of the spread of disease usually associated with transportation of specific infected hosts for development of aquaculture practices, this process appears to be continuing with no real sign of effective management and mitigation strategies being implicated. Notably, even in well developed countries such as the UK and the US, even though live animal trade may be well managed, the transport of frozen food appears to be less well so and as evidence suggests, even these to have the potential to transmit pathogens when used as a food source for example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Sweet
- Molecular Health and Disease Laboratory, University of Derby, DE22 1GB, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | - Kelly S. Bateman
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, CEFAS, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
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23
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Durand L, Roumagnac M, Cueff-Gauchard V, Jan C, Guri M, Tessier C, Haond M, Crassous P, Zbinden M, Arnaud-Haond S, Cambon-Bonavita MA. Biogeographical distribution of Rimicaris exoculata resident gut epibiont communities along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent sites. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv101. [PMID: 26324855 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rimicaris exoculata is a deep-sea hydrothermal vent shrimp whose enlarged gill chamber houses a complex trophic epibiotic community. Its gut harbours an autochthonous and distinct microbial community. This species dominates hydrothermal ecosystem megafauna along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, regardless of contrasting geochemical conditions prevailing in them. Here, the resident gut epibiont community at four contrasted hydrothermal vent sites (Rainbow, TAG, Logatchev and Ashadze) was analysed and compiled with previous data to evaluate the possible influence of site location, using 16S rRNA surveys and microscopic observations (transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses). Filamentous epibionts inserted between the epithelial cell microvilli were observed on all examined samples. Results confirmed resident gut community affiliation to Deferribacteres, Mollicutes, Epsilonproteobacteria and to a lesser extent Gammaproteobacteria lineages. Still a single Deferribacteres phylotype was retrieved at all sites. Four Mollicutes-related operational taxonomic units were distinguished, one being only identified on Rainbow specimens. The topology of ribotype median-joining networks illustrated a community diversification possibly following demographic expansions, suggesting a more ancient evolutionary history and/or a larger effective population size at Rainbow. Finally, the gill chamber community distribution was also analysed through ribotype networks based on sequences from R. exoculata collected at the Rainbow, Snake Pit, TAG, Logatchev and Ashadze sites. Results allow the refining of hypotheses on the epibiont role and transmission pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Durand
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, REM/EEP/LM2E, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Marie Roumagnac
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, REM/EEP/LM2E, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Valérie Cueff-Gauchard
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, REM/EEP/LM2E, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Cyrielle Jan
- Université de Brest, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, Technopôle Iroise, 4 place Nicolas Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Mathieu Guri
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, Technopôle Iroise, 4 place Nicolas Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Claire Tessier
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, REM/EEP/LM2E, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Marine Haond
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, REM/EEP/LM2E, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Crassous
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, Laboratoire Environnements Profonds, REM/EEP/LEP, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Magali Zbinden
- UMR CNRS 7208 BOREA, Equipe aux Milieux Extrêmes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Sophie Arnaud-Haond
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, Laboratoire Environnements Profonds, REM/EEP/LEP, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Marie-Anne Cambon-Bonavita
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, REM/EEP/LM2E, UMR 6197 Ifremer-CNRS-UBO, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Mortzfeld BM, Urbanski S, Reitzel AM, Künzel S, Technau U, Fraune S. Response of bacterial colonization inNematostella vectensisto development, environment and biogeography. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:1764-81. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt M. Mortzfeld
- Zoological Institute; Christian-Albrechts University Kiel; Olshausenstrasse 40 Kiel 24098 Germany
| | - Szymon Urbanski
- Zoological Institute; Christian-Albrechts University Kiel; Olshausenstrasse 40 Kiel 24098 Germany
| | - Adam M. Reitzel
- Department of Biological Sciences; The University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Woodward Hall 245 Charlotte NC 28223 USA
| | - Sven Künzel
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology; Plön 24306 Germany
| | - Ulrich Technau
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Development, Centre for Organismal Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 Wien 1090 Austria
| | - Sebastian Fraune
- Zoological Institute; Christian-Albrechts University Kiel; Olshausenstrasse 40 Kiel 24098 Germany
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Molecular evidence of digestion and absorption of epibiotic bacterial community by deep-sea crab Shinkaia crosnieri. ISME JOURNAL 2015; 9:821-31. [PMID: 25314318 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hydrothermal vent crab Shinkaia crosnieri is considered to obtain nutrition from the epibiotic bacteria found on the setae, but previous studies have not shown how nutrients can be transferred from the epibionts to the host. In this study, microscopic observations of S. crosnieri intestinal components detected autofluorescent setae fragments and pigmentation derived from the digestion of epibionts in a dye-stained epibiont tracer experiment. An in vitro digestion experiment with epibiotic populations using an intestinal extract demonstrated the degradation of epibiotic cells by digestive enzymes. A phylogenetic analysis showed that many of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences obtained from the intestine were closely related to the sequences of the epibionts, thus they were probably derived from the epibionts. A stable isotope tracer experiment also indicated that (13)C assimilated by the epibionts provided a carbon (nutrition) source for the host. Both activity measurements and isotope studies showed that chemosynthetic metabolism by the gut microbial components were inactive. Together with the feeding behaviour of living S. crosnieri, these results indicate that S. crosnieri ingests the epibionts using maxillipeds and assimilates them via its digestive organs as a nutrient source. The results of this study elucidate the mechanism of nutritional transfer in ectosymbiosis between chemosynthetic bacteria and deep-sea invertebrates.
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26
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Jan C, Petersen JM, Werner J, Teeling H, Huang S, Glöckner FO, Golyshina OV, Dubilier N, Golyshin PN, Jebbar M, Cambon-Bonavita MA. The gill chamber epibiosis of deep-sea shrimp Rimicaris exoculata: an in-depth metagenomic investigation and discovery of Zetaproteobacteria. Environ Microbiol 2014; 16:2723-38. [PMID: 24447589 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gill chamber of deep-sea hydrothermal vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata hosts a dense community of epibiotic bacteria dominated by filamentous Epsilonproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. Using metagenomics on shrimp from the Rainbow hydrothermal vent field, we showed that both epibiont groups have the potential to grow autotrophically and oxidize reduced sulfur compounds or hydrogen with oxygen or nitrate. For carbon fixation, the Epsilonproteobacteria use the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, whereas the Gammaproteobacteria use the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. Only the epsilonproteobacterial epibionts had the genes necessary for producing ammonium. This ability likely minimizes direct competition between epibionts and also broadens the spectrum of environmental conditions that the shrimp may successfully inhabit. We identified genes likely to be involved in shrimp-epibiont interactions, as well as genes for nutritional and detoxification processes that might benefit the host. Shrimp epibionts at Rainbow are often coated with iron oxyhydroxides, whose origin is intensely debated. We identified 16S rRNA sequences and functional genes affiliated with iron-oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria, which indicates that biological iron oxidation might play a role in forming these deposits. Fluorescence in situ hybridizations confirmed the presence of active Zetaproteobacteria in the R. exoculata gill chamber, thus providing the first evidence for a Zetaproteobacteria-invertebrate association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Jan
- UMR 6197-Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Plouzané, France
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27
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Meziti A, Mente E, Kormas KA. Gut bacteria associated with different diets in reared Nephrops norvegicus. Syst Appl Microbiol 2012; 35:473-82. [PMID: 23040460 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The impact of different diets on the gut microbiota of reared Nephrops norvegicus was investigated based on bacterial 16S rRNA gene diversity. Specimens were collected from Pagasitikos Gulf (Greece) and kept in experimental rearing tanks, under in situ conditions, for 6months. Treatments included three diets: frozen natural (mussel) food (M), dry formulated pellet (P) and starvation (S). Gut samples were collected at the initiation of the experiment, and after 3 and 6months. Tank water and diet samples were also analyzed for bacterial 16S rRNA gene diversity. Statistical analysis separated the two groups fed or starved (M and P vs. S samples). Most gut bacteria were not related to the water or diet bacteria, while bacterial diversity was higher in the starvation samples. M and P samples were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Epsilonproteobacteria and Tenericutes. Phylotypes clustering in Photobacterium leiognathi, Shewanella sp. and Entomoplasmatales had high frequencies in the M and P samples but low sequence frequencies in S samples. The study showed that feeding resulted in the selection of specific species, which also occurs in the natural population, and might be associated with the animal's nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Meziti
- Department of Ichthyology & Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 384 46 Volos, Greece
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28
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Inorganic carbon fixation by chemosynthetic ectosymbionts and nutritional transfers to the hydrothermal vent host-shrimp Rimicaris exoculata. ISME JOURNAL 2012; 7:96-109. [PMID: 22914596 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2012.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The shrimp Rimicaris exoculata dominates several hydrothermal vent ecosystems of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and is thought to be a primary consumer harbouring a chemoautotrophic bacterial community in its gill chamber. The aim of the present study was to test current hypotheses concerning the epibiont's chemoautotrophy, and the mutualistic character of this association. In-vivo experiments were carried out in a pressurised aquarium with isotope-labelled inorganic carbon (NaH(13)CO(3) and NaH(14)CO(3)) in the presence of two different electron donors (Na(2)S(2)O(3) and Fe(2+)) and with radiolabelled organic compounds ((14)C-acetate and (3)H-lysine) chosen as potential bacterial substrates and/or metabolic by-products in experiments mimicking transfer of small biomolecules from epibionts to host. The bacterial epibionts were found to assimilate inorganic carbon by chemoautotrophy, but many of them (thick filaments of epsilonproteobacteria) appeared versatile and able to switch between electron donors, including organic compounds (heterotrophic acetate and lysine uptake). At least some of them (thin filamentous gammaproteobacteria) also seem capable of internal energy storage that could supply chemosynthetic metabolism for hours under conditions of electron donor deprivation. As direct nutritional transfer from bacteria to host was detected, the association appears as true mutualism. Import of soluble bacterial products occurs by permeation across the gill chamber integument, rather than via the digestive tract. This first demonstration of such capabilities in a decapod crustacean supports the previously discarded hypothesis of transtegumental absorption of dissolved organic matter or carbon as a common nutritional pathway.
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New digestive symbiosis in the hydrothermal vent amphipoda Ventiella sulfuris. C R Biol 2012; 335:142-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Thurber AR, Jones WJ, Schnabel K. Dancing for food in the deep sea: bacterial farming by a new species of Yeti crab. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26243. [PMID: 22140426 PMCID: PMC3227565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vent and seep animals harness chemosynthetic energy to thrive far from the sun's energy. While symbiont-derived energy fuels many taxa, vent crustaceans have remained an enigma; these shrimps, crabs, and barnacles possess a phylogenetically distinct group of chemosynthetic bacterial epibionts, yet the role of these bacteria has remained unclear. We test whether a new species of Yeti crab, which we describe as Kiwa puravida n. sp, farms the epibiotic bacteria that it grows on its chelipeds (claws), chelipeds that the crab waves in fluid escaping from a deep-sea methane seep. Lipid and isotope analyses provide evidence that epibiotic bacteria are the crab's main food source and K. puravida n. sp. has highly-modified setae (hairs) on its 3(rd) maxilliped (a mouth appendage) which it uses to harvest these bacteria. The ε- and γ- proteobacteria that this methane-seep species farms are closely related to hydrothermal-vent decapod epibionts. We hypothesize that this species waves its arm in reducing fluid to increase the productivity of its epibionts by removing boundary layers which may otherwise limit carbon fixation. The discovery of this new species, only the second within a family described in 2005, stresses how much remains undiscovered on our continental margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Thurber
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
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Guri M, Durand L, Cueff-Gauchard V, Zbinden M, Crassous P, Shillito B, Cambon-Bonavita MA. Acquisition of epibiotic bacteria along the life cycle of the hydrothermal shrimp Rimicaris exoculata. ISME JOURNAL 2011; 6:597-609. [PMID: 21993397 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2011.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The caridean shrimp Rimicaris exoculata dominates the fauna at several Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent sites. This shrimp has an enlarged gill chamber, harboring a dense ectosymbiotic community of chemoautotrophic bacteria associated with mineral oxide deposits. Until now, their acquisition is not fully understood. At three hydrothermal vent sites, we analyzed the epibionts diversity at different moult stages and also in the first stages of the shrimp life (eggs, hatched eggs (with larvae) and juveniles). Hatched eggs associated with young larvae were collected for the first time directly from gravid females at the Logachev vent site during the Serpentine cruise. An approach using 16S rRNA clone libraries, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescent in situ hybridization was used. Molecular results and microscope observations indicated a switch in the composition of the bacterial community between early R. exoculata life cycle stage (egg libraries dominated by the Gammaproteobacteria) and later stages (juvenile/adult libraries dominated by the Epsilonproteobacteria). We hypothesized that the epibiotic phylotype composition could vary according to the life stage of the shrimp. Our results confirmed the occurrence of a symbiosis with Gammaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria, but more complex than previously assumed. We revealed the presence of active type-I methanotrophic bacteria colonizing the cephalothorax of shrimps from the Rainbow site. They were also present on the eggs from the Logachev site. This could be the first 'epibiotic' association between methanotrophic bacteria and hydrothermal vent crustacean. We discuss possible transmission pathways for epibionts linked to the shrimp life cycle.
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Xiao Y, Zeng GM, Yang ZH, Ma YH, Huang C, Shi WJ, Xu ZY, Huang J, Fan CZ. Effects of continuous thermophilic composting (CTC) on bacterial community in the active composting process. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2011; 62:599-608. [PMID: 21611687 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The method of continuous thermophilic composting (CTC) remarkably shortened the active composting cycle and enhanced the compost stability. Effects of CTC on the quantities of bacteria, with a comparison to the traditional composting (TC) method, were explored by plate count with incubation at 30, 40 and 50°C, respectively, and by quantitative PCR targeting the universal bacterial 16S rRNA genes and the Bacillus 16S rRNA genes. The comparison of cultivatable or uncultivatable bacterial numbers indicated that CTC might have increased the biomass of bacteria, especially Bacillus spp., during the composting. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was employed to investigate the effects of CTC on bacterial diversity, and a community dominated by fewer species was detected in a typical CTC run. The analysis of sequence and phylogeny based on DGGE indicated that the continuously high temperature had changed the structure of bacterial community and strengthened the mainstay role of the thermophilic and spore-forming Bacillus spp. in CTC run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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Dimorphism in methane seep-dwelling ecotypes of the largest known bacteria. ISME JOURNAL 2011; 5:1926-35. [PMID: 21697959 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2011.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present evidence for a dimorphic life cycle in the vacuolate sulfide-oxidizing bacteria that appears to involve the attachment of a spherical Thiomargarita-like cell to the exteriors of invertebrate integuments and other benthic substrates at methane seeps. The attached cell elongates to produce a stalk-like form before budding off spherical daughter cells resembling free-living Thiomargarita that are abundant in surrounding sulfidic seep sediments. The relationship between the attached parent cell and free-living daughter cell is reminiscent of the dimorphic life modes of the prosthecate Alphaproteobacteria, but on a grand scale, with individual elongate cells reaching nearly a millimeter in length. Abundant growth of attached Thiomargarita-like bacteria on the integuments of gastropods and other seep fauna provides not only a novel ecological niche for these giant bacteria, but also for animals that may benefit from epibiont colonization.
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Wang W, Gu W, Gasparich GE, Bi K, Ou J, Meng Q, Liang T, Feng Q, Zhang J, Zhang Y. Spiroplasma eriocheiris sp. nov., associated with mortality in the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2011; 61:703-708. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.020529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A motile bacterium, designated strain TDA-040725-5T, was isolated from the haemolymph of a Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, with tremor disease. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain was phylogenetically distinct from other spiroplasmas but was closely related to Spiroplasma mirum ATCC 29335T. Cells of strain TDA-040725-5T were variable in length and shape, helical and motile, as determined by phase-contrast light microscopy. Examination by electron microscopy revealed wall-less cells delimited by a single membrane. The strain grew in M1D or R-2 liquid media at 20–40 °C, with optimum growth at 30 °C. Doubling time at the optimal temperature was 24 h. The strain catabolized glucose and hydrolysed arginine but did not hydrolyse urea. The DNA G+C content was 29.7±1 mol%. The genome size was ~1.4–1.6 Mbp. Serological analysis, performed using the deformation test, did not reveal any reciprocal titres ≥320, indicating that strain TDA-040725-5T had minimal cross-reactivity to strains of recognized species of the genus Spiroplasma. Based on this evidence, strain TDA-040725-5T ( = CCTCC M 207170T = DSM 21848T) represents a novel species of the genus Spiroplasma, for which the name Spiroplasma eriocheiris sp. nov. is proposed, belonging to the novel Spiroplasma serological group XLIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Wei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Gail E. Gasparich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - Keran Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Marine Biotechnology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lian, Yungang 222005, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Jiangtao Ou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Tingming Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Qi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Jianqiong Zhang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Hügler M, Petersen JM, Dubilier N, Imhoff JF, Sievert SM. Pathways of carbon and energy metabolism of the epibiotic community associated with the deep-sea hydrothermal vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16018. [PMID: 21249205 PMCID: PMC3017555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The shrimp Rimicaris exoculata dominates the faunal biomass at many deep-sea hydrothermal vent sites at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. In its enlarged gill chamber it harbors a specialized epibiotic bacterial community for which a nutritional role has been proposed. Methodology/Principal Findings We analyzed specimens from the Snake Pit hydrothermal vent field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge by complementing a 16S rRNA gene survey with the analysis of genes involved in carbon, sulfur and hydrogen metabolism. In addition to Epsilon- and Gammaproteobacteria, the epibiotic community unexpectedly also consists of Deltaproteobacteria of a single phylotype, closely related to the genus Desulfocapsa. The association of these phylogenetic groups with the shrimp was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Based on functional gene analyses, we hypothesize that the Gamma- and Epsilonproteobacteria are capable of autotrophic growth by oxidizing reduced sulfur compounds, and that the Deltaproteobacteria are also involved in sulfur metabolism. In addition, the detection of proteobacterial hydrogenases indicates the potential for hydrogen oxidation in these communities. Interestingly, the frequency of these phylotypes in 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from the mouthparts differ from that of the inner lining of the gill chamber, indicating potential functional compartmentalization. Conclusions Our data show the specific association of autotrophic bacteria with Rimicaris exoculata from the Snake Pit hydrothermal vent field, and suggest that autotrophic carbon fixation is contributing to the productivity of the epibiotic community with the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle as one important carbon fixation pathway. This has not been considered in previous studies of carbon fixation and stable carbon isotope composition of the shrimp and its epibionts. Furthermore, the co-occurrence of sulfur-oxidizing and sulfur-reducing epibionts raises the possibility that both may be involved in the syntrophic exchange of sulfur compounds, which could increase the overall efficiency of this epibiotic community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hügler
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences, IFM- GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Dubilier
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Stefan M. Sievert
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Goffredi SK. Indigenous ectosymbiotic bacteria associated with diverse hydrothermal vent invertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2010; 2:479-488. [PMID: 23766219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Symbioses involving bacteria and invertebrates contribute to the biological diversity and high productivity of both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Well-known examples from chemosynthetic deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments involve ectosymbiotic microbes associated with the external surfaces of marine invertebrates. Some of these ectosymbioses confer protection or defence from predators or the environment itself, some are nutritional in nature, and many still are of unknown function. Several recently discovered hydrothermal vent invertebrates, including two populations of yeti crab (Kiwa spp.), a limpet (Symmetromphalus aff. hageni), and the scaly-foot snail (as yet undescribed), support a consortium of diverse bacteria. Comparisons of these ectosymbioses to those previously described revealed similarities among the associated microorganisms, suggesting that certain microbes are indigenous to the surfaces of marine invertebrates. In particular, members of the Thiovulgaceae (epsilonproteobacteria) and Thiotrichaceae (gammaproteobacteria) appear to preferentially form ectosymbioses with vent crustaceans and gastropods. Interactions between specific Proteobacteria and the surfaces of many marine invertebrates likely have ecological and evolutionary significance at these chemically challenging habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana K Goffredi
- Biology Department, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Rd, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
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Ruehland C, Dubilier N. Gamma- and epsilonproteobacterial ectosymbionts of a shallow-water marine worm are related to deep-sea hydrothermal vent ectosymbionts. Environ Microbiol 2010; 12:2312-26. [PMID: 21966922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The marine oligochaete worm Tubificoides benedii is often found in high numbers in eutrophic coastal sediments with low oxygen and high sulfide concentrations. A dense biofilm of filamentous bacteria on the worm's tail end were morphologically described over 20 years ago, but no further studies of these epibiotic associations were done. In this study, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization and comparative sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and protein-coding genes to characterize the microbial community of the worm's tail ends. The presence of genes involved in chemoautotrophy (cbbL and cbbM) and sulfur metabolism (aprA) indicated the potential of the T. benedii microbial community for chemosynthesis. Two filamentous ectosymbionts were specific to the worm's tail ends: one belonged to the Leucothrix mucor clade within the Gammaproteobacteria and the other to the Thiovulgaceae within the Epsilonproteobacteria. Both T. benedii ectosymbionts belonged to clades that consisted almost exclusively of bacteria associated with invertebrates from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Such close relationships between symbionts from shallow-water and deep-sea hosts that are not closely related to each other are unusual, and indicate that biogeography and host affiliation did not play a role in these associations. Instead, similarities between the dynamic environments of vents and organic-rich mudflats with their strong fluctuations in reductants and oxidants may have been the driving force behind the establishment and evolution of these symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ruehland
- Symbiosis Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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Petersen JM, Ramette A, Lott C, Cambon-Bonavita MA, Zbinden M, Dubilier N. Dual symbiosis of the vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata with filamentous gamma- and epsilonproteobacteria at four Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent fields. Environ Microbiol 2009; 12:2204-18. [PMID: 21966914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The shrimp Rimicaris exoculata from hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) harbours bacterial epibionts on specialized appendages and the inner surfaces of its gill chamber. Using comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we examined the R. exoculata epibiosis from four vents sites along the known distribution range of the shrimp on the MAR. Our results show that R. exoculata lives in symbiosis with two types of filamentous epibionts. One belongs to the Epsilonproteobacteria, and was previously identified as the dominant symbiont of R. exoculata. The second is a novel gammaproteobacterial symbiont that belongs to a clade consisting exclusively of sequences from epibiotic bacteria of hydrothermal vent animals, with the filamentous sulfur oxidizer Leucothrix mucor as the closest free-living relative. Both the epsilon- and the gammaproteobacterial symbionts dominated the R. exoculata epibiosis at all four MAR vent sites despite striking differences between vent fluid chemistry and distances between sites of up to 8500 km, indicating that the symbiosis is highly stable and specific. Phylogenetic analyses of two mitochondrial host genes showed little to no differences between hosts from the four vent sites. In contrast, there was significant spatial structuring of both the gamma- and the epsilonproteobacterial symbiont populations based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences that was correlated with geographic distance along the MAR. We hypothesize that biogeography and host-symbiont selectivity play a role in structuring the epibiosis of R. exoculata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Petersen
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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Abstract
AbstractWe investigated the diversity of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes occurring on the abdominal setal tufts and in the emptied midgut of the marine mudshrimp Pestarella tyrrhena (Decapoda: Thalassinidea). There were no dominant phylotypes on the setal tufts. The majority of the phylotypes belonged to the phylum Bacteroidetes, frequently occurring in the water column. The rest of the phylotypes were related to anoxygenic photosynthetic α-Proteobacteria and to Actinobacteria. This bacterial profile seems more of a marine assemblage rather than a specific one suggesting that no specific microbial process can be inferred on the setal tufts. In the emptied midgut, 64 clones were attributed to 16 unique phylotypes with the majority (40.6%) belonging to the γ-Proteobacteria, specifically to the genus Vibrio, a marine group with known symbionts of decapods. The next most abundant group was the ɛ-Proteobacteria (28.1%), with members as likely symbionts related to the processes involving redox reactions occurring in the midgut. In addition, phylotypes related to the Spirochaetes (10.9%) were also present, with relatives capable of symbiosis conducting a nitrite associated metabolism. Entomoplasmatales, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria related phylotypes were also found. These results indicate a specific bacterial community dominated by putative symbiotic Bacteria within the P. tyrrhena’s midgut.
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Kato S, Yanagawa K, Sunamura M, Takano Y, Ishibashi JI, Kakegawa T, Utsumi M, Yamanaka T, Toki T, Noguchi T, Kobayashi K, Moroi A, Kimura H, Kawarabayasi Y, Marumo K, Urabe T, Yamagishi A. Abundance of Zetaproteobacteria within crustal fluids in back-arc hydrothermal fields of the Southern Mariana Trough. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11:3210-22. [PMID: 19691504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To extend knowledge of subseafloor microbial communities within the oceanic crust, the abundance, diversity and composition of microbial communities in crustal fluids at back-arc hydrothermal fields of the Southern Mariana Trough (SMT) were investigated using culture-independent molecular techniques based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Seafloor drilling was carried out at two hydrothermal fields, on- and off-ridge of the back-arc spreading centre of the SMT. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries for bacterial and archaeal communities were constructed from the fluid samples collected from the boreholes. Phylotypes related to Thiomicrospira in the Gammaproteobacteria (putative sulfide-oxidizers) and Mariprofundus in the Zetaproteobacteria (putative iron-oxidizers) were recovered from the fluid samples. A number of unique archaeal phylotypes were also recovered. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis indicated the presence of active bacterial and archaeal populations in the fluids. The Zetaproteobacteria accounted for up to 32% of the total prokaryotic cell number as shown by FISH analysis using a specific probe designed in this study. Our results lead to the hypothesis that the Zetaproteobacteria play a role in iron oxidation within the oceanic crust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Kato S, Kobayashi C, Kakegawa T, Yamagishi A. Microbial communities in iron-silica-rich microbial mats at deep-sea hydrothermal fields of the Southern Mariana Trough. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11:2094-111. [PMID: 19397679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The abundance, diversity and composition of bacterial and archaeal communities in the microbial mats at deep-sea hydrothermal fields were investigated, using culture-independent 16S rRNA and functional gene analyses combined with mineralogical analysis. Microbial mats were collected at two hydrothermal areas on the ridge of the back-arc spreading centre in the Southern Mariana Trough. Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic (SEM-EDS) analyses revealed that the mats were mainly composed of amorphous silica and contained numerous filamentous structures of iron hydroxides. Direct cell counting with SYBR Green I staining showed that the prokaryotic cell densities were more than 10(8) cells g(-1). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) analysis revealed that Bacteria are more abundant than Archaea in the microbial communities. Furthermore, zetaproteobacterial cells accounted for 6% and 22% of the prokaryotic cells in each mat estimated by Q-PCR with newly designed primers and TaqMan probe. Phylotypes related to iron-oxidizers, methanotrophs/methylotrophs, ammonia-oxidizers and sulfate-reducers were found in the 16S rRNA gene clone libraries constructed from each mat sample. A variety of unique archaeal 16S rRNA gene phylotypes, several pmoA, dsrAB and archaeal amoA gene phylotypes were also recovered from the microbial mats. Our results provide insights into the diversity and abundance of microbial communities within microbial mats in deep-sea hydrothermal fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Culture-independent characterization of bacterial communities associated with the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:2294-303. [PMID: 19233949 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02357-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are recognized as an important part of the total biology of shallow-water corals. Studies of shallow-water corals suggest that associated bacteria may benefit the corals by cycling carbon, fixing nitrogen, chelating iron, and producing antibiotics that protect the coral from other microbes. Cold-water or deep-sea corals have a fundamentally different ecology due to their adaptation to cold, dark, high-pressure environments and as such have novel microbiota. The goal of this study was to characterize the microbial associates of Lophelia pertusa in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. This is the first study to collect the coral samples in individual insulated containers and to preserve coral samples at depth in an effort to minimize thermal shock and evaluate the effects of environmental gradients on the microbial diversity of samples. Molecular analysis of bacterial diversity showed a marked difference between the two study sites, Viosca Knoll 906/862 (VK906/862) and Viosca Knoll 826 (VK826). The bacterial communities from VK826 were dominated by a variety of unknown mycoplasmal members of the Tenericutes and Bacteroidetes, whereas the libraries from VK906/862 were dominated by members of the Proteobacteria. In addition to novel sequences, the 16S rRNA gene clone libraries revealed many bacterial sequences in common between Gulf of Mexico Lophelia corals and Norwegian fjord Lophelia corals, as well as shallow-water corals. Two Lophelia-specific bacterial groups were identified: a cluster of gammaproteobacteria related to sulfide-oxidizing gill symbionts of seep clams and a group of Mycoplasma spp. The presence of these groups in both Gulf and Norwegian Lophelia corals indicates that in spite of the geographic heterogeneity observed in Lophelia-associated bacterial communities, there are Lophelia-specific microbes.
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Ultrastructural and molecular evidence for potentially symbiotic bacteria within the byssal plaques of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus. Biometals 2007; 21:395-404. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-007-9128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kádár E, Costa V, Segonzac M. Trophic influences of metal accumulation in natural pollution laboratories at deep-sea hydrothermal vents of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2007; 373:464-72. [PMID: 17229454 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the concentration of both, toxic (Hg) and essential (Fe, Cu, Zn) metals in representative species, at four hydrothermal vents along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) corresponding to the different exposure conditions that are the result of contrasted geological setting and different depths along the ridge axis. Macro fauna collected from these vent sites showed markedly different whole tissue concentration of metals reflecting exposure levels. Bio-transfer of metals within a typical hydrothermal food chain was investigated. There were trophic level-specific variations in essential metal accumulation showing a general trend within which the secondary consumers (predators/scavengers) and primary consumers (filter-feeder/symbiont reliant species like the mixotrophic mollusks and sponges all having metal concentrations above those in passive suspension-feeders such as echinoderms, gorgonians) accumulated highest concentrations of all elements followed by primary producers such as endosymbiont bacteria. Mercury accumulation followed a somewhat different sequence among the same taxonomic groups: top concentrations in the symbiont-bearing filter-feeder bivalves >crustaceans> sponges > bacteria > echinoderms, gorgonians and tunicates. There were no indications of biomagnification of Hg, Cu and Zn unlike Fe that showed positive transference factors (TF) along two trophic levels of a typical chain at Menez Gwen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikõ Kádár
- Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of Azores, Rua Cais de Santa Cruz, 9900 Horta, Portugal.
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Kádár E, Costa V, Santos RS. Distribution of micro-essential (Fe, Cu, Zn) and toxic (Hg) metals in tissues of two nutritionally distinct hydrothermal shrimps. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006; 358:143-50. [PMID: 16209883 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal ecosystems of the Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR) are dominated by shrimps and mussels that are naturally exposed to elevated levels of heavy metals providing unique in situ laboratories for ecotoxicological investigations. This study reports on the tissue compartmentalization of both micro-essential (Fe, Zn, Cu) and toxic metals (Hg) in two nutritionally distinct cariddean vent shrimps: Rimicaris exoculata and Mirocaris fortunata, in order to shed light on organism-biota interactions at hydrothermal vents. High metal concentrations in shrimps confirmed extreme exposure levels at both geochemically different hydrothermal vents (Rainbow and Lucky Strike). However, Hg concentrations were below those reported in species for human consumption that may either suggest low bioavailability of the metal, or its effective detoxification/depuration by the hydrothermal shrimp that needs to be confirmed by post-capture toxicological investigations. Distribution of metals in different tissues had very similar patterns in both shrimp species, the target organs being gill and pylorus. Tissue levels correlated well with end-member fluid composition with regard to element ratios, i.e. Fe/Zn and Fe/Cu ratios in end-member fluids reported for Rainbow and L. Strike were conserved in the gills of M. fortunata. Moreover, R. exoculata that lives closer to venting exits as compared to M. fortunata, had similar or often less metals accumulated in selected organs, possibly owing to its higher degree of adaptation to hydrothermal conditions. Despite of high concentrations in tissues micro essential metals only represented a small fraction (14-36%) of the whole body burden indicating preponderance of minerals on the surface and/or in the gut, and thus points to improper use of whole body concentration in metal bioavailability interpretations at hydrothermal vents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikõ Kádár
- IMAR Centre of the University of Azores, Rua Cais de Santa Cruz, 9900 Horta, Portugal.
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Nunan LM, Lightner DV, Oduori MA, Gasparich GE. Spiroplasma penaei sp. nov., associated with mortalities in Penaeus vannamei, Pacific white shrimp. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005; 55:2317-2322. [PMID: 16280489 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.63555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new bacterial strain, designated SHRIMPT, isolated from the haemolymph of the Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, was serologically distinct from other spiroplasmas. Cells of this strain were helical in form and variable in length. Examination by electron microscopy revealed wall-less cells delineated by a single cytoplasmic membrane. The organisms grew well in M1D media supplemented with 2 % NaCl. Strain SHRIMPT grew at temperatures of 20–37 °C, with optimum growth occurring at 28 °C. The strain catabolized glucose and hydrolysed arginine, but did not hydrolyse urea. The G+C content of the DNA was 29±1 mol%. Strain SHRIMPT (=ATCC BAA-1082T=CAIM 1252T) is designated the type strain of a novel species, Spiroplasma penaei sp. nov., which represents a new subgroup (I-9) of the group I spiroplasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Nunan
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Donald V Lightner
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Marietta A Oduori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - Gail E Gasparich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
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Wang W, Gu W, Ding Z, Ren Y, Chen J, Hou Y. A novel Spiroplasma pathogen causing systemic infection in the crayfishProcambarus clarkii(Crustacea: Decapod), in China. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 249:131-7. [PMID: 16000238 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2005] [Revised: 05/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel disease of crayfish Procambarus clarkii appeared in the summer of 2004 in freshwater aquaculture in Jiangsu province of China. Light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), molecular biological methods and in vitro culture were used to identify the pathogen. The agent was unique in having a helical morphology and rotary motility as observed by phase-contrast light microscopy and was found in haemolymph, muscles, nerves and connective tissues by smear method and TEM. Ultra-thin sections under TEM revealed the wall-free membrane of the microbe. The agent could pass through membrane filters with pores 220 nm in diameter and was cultivated in vitro in M1D medium. 16S rDNA of the crayfish pathogen was amplified by PCR using primers specific for Spiroplasma-specific 16S rDNA. The resultant 271bp PCR product showed 99% identity with Spiroplasma mirum 16S rDNA, having a close relationship with the spiroplasma from the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. This is the second time a spiroplasma has been found in a freshwater crustacean. The 271bp PCR product was also amplified from the bottom mud in the ponds associated with the disease. The PCR molecular method is an effective way to detect spiroplasma in freshwater environment. The results from this study are significant in expanding the host range of spiroplasma and freshwater ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources Technology, College of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, PR China.
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