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Nayagam JS, Miquel R, Thompson RJ, Joshi D. Genetic cholestasis in children and adults. J Hepatol 2024; 80:670-672. [PMID: 38296707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Nayagam
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK; Institute of Liver Studies, Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Rosa Miquel
- Institute of Liver Studies, Liver Histopathology Laboratory, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Richard J Thompson
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK; Institute of Liver Studies, Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Deepak Joshi
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK; Institute of Liver Studies, Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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2
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Sutton H, Karpen SJ, Kamath BM. Pediatric Cholestatic Diseases: Common and Unique Pathogenic Mechanisms. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:319-344. [PMID: 38265882 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-025623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Cholestasis is the predominate feature of many pediatric hepatobiliary diseases. The physiologic flow of bile requires multiple complex processes working in concert. Bile acid (BA) synthesis and excretion, the formation and flow of bile, and the enterohepatic reuptake of BAs all function to maintain the circulation of BAs, a key molecule in lipid digestion, metabolic and cellular signaling, and, as discussed in the review, a crucial mediator in the pathogenesis of cholestasis. Disruption of one or several of these steps can result in the accumulation of toxic BAs in bile ducts and hepatocytes leading to inflammation, fibrosis, and, over time, biliary and hepatic cirrhosis. Biliary atresia, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and Alagille syndrome are four of the most common pediatric cholestatic conditions. Through understanding the commonalities and differences in these diseases, the important cellular mechanistic underpinnings of cholestasis can be greater appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Sutton
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Saul J Karpen
- Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Binita M Kamath
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
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3
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Helgadottir H, Folvik G, Vesterhus M. Improvement of cholestatic episodes in patients with benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) treated with rifampicin. A long-term follow-up. Scand J Gastroenterol 2022; 58:512-520. [PMID: 36369734 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2022.2143725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) suffer from recurrent episodes of cholestatic jaundice. Treatment options remain limited and are mainly symptomatic. In case reports rifampicin, plasmapheresis, and nasobiliary drainage have been reported to be effective. In this case series, we present long-term experience indicating disease-modifying effects of non-invasive treatment with rifampicin for recurrent cholestasis in BRIC type 1 (BRIC1). MATERIALS AND METHODS We included all adult BRIC1 patients diagnosed and followed up at a single centre in Bergen, Norway. Data regarding clinical and biochemical features during BRIC attacks with and without rifampicin treatment were retrieved from medical journals and a data registry. RESULTS Five males with BRIC1 were included. Median age at diagnosis was 22 years (range 15-41). Together they had suffered from 65 cholestatic attacks (including four documented abortive attacks). Twenty-eight attacks were treated with rifampicin alone over the last 12 years; all cases showed symptomatic relief and reduction in the levels of bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase in blood. The attacks treated with rifampicin seemed to have shorter duration and were less likely to result in complications or hospitalization compared to attacks prior to the introduction of rifampicin. No side effects attributable to rifampicin were noted. CONCLUSIONS Episodic treatment of recurrent BRIC1 attacks with rifampicin seems to ameliorate severity and shorten the duration of attacks. Timely diagnosis and effective treatment are of major importance in BRIC, not only to decrease complications but also improving patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holmfridur Helgadottir
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Norwegian PSC Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Geir Folvik
- National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mette Vesterhus
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Norwegian PSC Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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4
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Bing H, Li YL, Li D, Zhang C, Chang B. Case Report: A Rare Heterozygous ATP8B1 Mutation in a BRIC1 Patient: Haploinsufficiency? Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:897108. [PMID: 35783636 PMCID: PMC9243653 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.897108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by recurrent cholestasis. ATPase class I, type 8B, member 1 (ATP8B1) encodes familial intrahepatic cholestasis 1 (FIC1), which acts as a phosphatidylserine reversing enzyme in the tubule membrane of hepatocytes to mediate the inward translocation of phosphatidylserine (PS). At present, dozens of ATP8B1 pathogenic mutations have been identified that mainly cause BRIC1 and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis 1 (PFIC1). The diagnosis of BRIC1 is based on symptoms, laboratory tests, imaging, liver histology, and genetic testing. BRIC1 treatment seeks to prevent recurrence and reduce disease severity. At present, the main treatment methods include ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), rifampin, cholestyramine and haemofiltration, and endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD). Here, we report a 17-year-old patient with cholestasis who has a rare heterozygous ATP8B1 gene mutation (p.T888K). The patient was treated with UDCA, glucocorticoids and haemofiltration, after which bilirubin levels gradually returned to normal. This case was thought to be caused by an ATP8B1 heterozygous mutation, which may be related to haploinsufficiency (HI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Bing
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated by China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi-Ling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Bing Chang,
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5
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Suzuki H, Arinaga-Hino T, Sano T, Mihara Y, Kusano H, Mizuochi T, Togawa T, Ito S, Ide T, Kuwahara R, Amano K, Kawaguchi T, Yano H, Kage M, Koga H, Torimura T. Case Report: A Rare Case of Benign Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis-Type 1 With a Novel Heterozygous Pathogenic Variant of ATP8B1. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:891659. [PMID: 35572954 PMCID: PMC9099094 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.891659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 (BRIC1) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by intermittent episodes of jaundice and intense pruritus and caused by pathogenic variants of adenosine triphosphatase phospholipid transporting 8B1 (ATP8B1). The presence of genetic heterogeneity in the variants of ATP8B1 is suggested. Herein, we describe a unique clinical course in a patient with BRIC1 and a novel heterozygous pathogenic variant of ATP8B1. A 20-year-old Japanese man experienced his first cholestasis attack secondary to elevated transaminase at 17 years of age. Laboratory examinations showed no evidence of liver injury caused by viral, autoimmune, or inborn or acquired metabolic etiologies. Since the patient also had elevated transaminase and hypoalbuminemia, he was treated with ursodeoxycholic acid and prednisolone. However, these treatments did not relieve his symptoms. Histopathological assessment revealed marked cholestasis in the hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and bile canaliculi, as well as a well-preserved intralobular bile duct arrangement and strongly expressed bile salt export pump at the canalicular membrane. Targeted next-generation sequencing detected a novel heterozygous pathogenic variant of ATP8B1 (c.1429 + 2T > G). Taken together, the patient was highly suspected of having BRIC1. Ultimately, treatment with 450 mg/day of rifampicin rapidly relieved his symptoms and shortened the symptomatic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroyuki Suzuki,
| | - Teruko Arinaga-Hino
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yutaro Mihara
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hironori Kusano
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Hospital Organization Kokura Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Mizuochi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takao Togawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shogo Ito
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ide
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Reiichiro Kuwahara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Keisuke Amano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kawaguchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Yano
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kage
- Department of Medical Engineering, Junshin Gakuen University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hironori Koga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takuji Torimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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Çalhan T, Yivli E. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) as a potential trigger for benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e05557. [PMID: 35310310 PMCID: PMC8908081 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) is a rare disease characterized by recurrent severe itching and jaundice. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a multisystemic acute viral disease and the liver is frequently affected. Here, we wanted to present a BRIC case triggered by COVID‐19 infection, discussing it together with current information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turan Çalhan
- Department of Gastroenterology Haseki Training and Research Hospital Istanbul Turkey
| | - Elif Yivli
- Department of Gastroenterology Haseki Training and Research Hospital Istanbul Turkey
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Moussaoui S, Abdelwahed M, Ben Chaaben N, Bellalah A, Ben Fadhel N, Guediche A, Zakhama M, Tababi R, Aouam K, Abdelfattah Z, Loghmari H, Safer L. Norethisterone‐induced cholestasis: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e05522. [PMID: 35280099 PMCID: PMC8894581 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Case presentation
This case report concerns a 49‐year‐old woman who developed cholestasis (build‐up of bile in the liver) two months and a half after initiating norethisterone, progestin‐only pills, which resolved after the withdrawal of these pills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Moussaoui
- Department of Gastroenterology Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital of Monastir Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Abdelwahed
- Department of Gastroenterology Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital of Monastir Tunisia
| | - Nabil Ben Chaaben
- Department of Gastroenterology Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital of Monastir Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Bellalah
- Department of Pathology Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital of Monastir Tunisia
| | | | - Arwa Guediche
- Department of Gastroenterology Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital of Monastir Tunisia
| | - Mejda Zakhama
- Department of Gastroenterology Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital of Monastir Tunisia
| | - Ramzi Tababi
- Department of Gastroenterology Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital of Monastir Tunisia
| | - Karim Aouam
- Department of PharmacologyMonastir‐Faculty of medicine Tunisia
| | - Zakhama Abdelfattah
- Department of Pathology Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital of Monastir Tunisia
| | - Hichem Loghmari
- Department of Gastroenterology Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital of Monastir Tunisia
| | - Leila Safer
- Department of Gastroenterology Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital of Monastir Tunisia
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8
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Levitt MD, Hapak SM, Levitt DG. Alkaline Phosphatase Pathophysiology with Emphasis on the Seldom-Discussed Role of Defective Elimination in Unexplained Elevations of Serum ALP – A Case Report and Literature Review. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2022; 15:41-49. [PMID: 35313457 PMCID: PMC8934114 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s345531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While serum alkaline phosphatase activity has become a routine clinical measurement, we have found that physicians’ knowledge of the pathophysiology of this enzyme is almost solely limited to the concept that an elevated serum alkaline phosphatase suggests disease of liver or bone. For example, physicians at all levels of training had no understanding of such basic physiological information as the function of alkaline phosphatase in the liver or how this enzyme is eliminated from the serum. Based on a patient with an enormously elevated alkaline phosphatase, this report provides a review of existing clinically relevant information concerning the pathophysiology of alkaline phosphatase with emphasis on the mechanisms involved in the homeostasis of this enzyme. A novel aspect of this paper is the discussion of the previously neglected concept that defective enzyme elimination could play a major role in the pathogenesis of serum alkaline phosphatase elevations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Levitt
- Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
| | - Sophie M Hapak
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - David G Levitt
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Correspondence: David G Levitt, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA, Email
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9
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Rodríguez BM, Busoms CM, Sampol LM, Romero RG, Rivero GC, Martín de Carpi J. Heterozygous mutations of ATP8B1, ABCB11 and ABCB4 cause mild forms of Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis in a pediatric cohort. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2021; 45:585-592. [PMID: 34942279 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heterozygous defects in genes implicated in Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis have been described in milder forms of cholestatic diseases. Our aim is to describe clinical, laboratory and imaging characteristics as well as treatment and outcome of a cohort of pediatric patients with heterozygous mutations in ATP8B1, ABCB11 or ABCB4. PATIENTS AND METHODS We present a retrospective descriptive study including pediatric patients with at least one heterozygosis defect in ATP8B1, ABCB11 or ABCB4 diagnosed after a cholestatic episode. Clinical, diagnostic and outcome data were collected including gene analysis (panel of PFIC NextGeneDx®). RESULTS 7 patients showed a heterozygous mutation: 3 patients in ABCB4, 1 in ABCB11, 2 in ABCB4 and ABCB11 and 1 in ATP8B1. The median onset age was 5.5 years with a median time of follow-up of 6 years. The initial presentation was pruritus followed by asymptomatic hypertransaminasemia and persistent cholestasis. Two patients had family history of gallbladder stones and mild hepatitis. All showed elevated transaminases and bile acids, high gamma glutamyl-transferase (GGT) in 3 and conjugated bilirubin in 2 patients. Liver biopsy showed inflammatory infiltrate or mild fibrosis with normal immunohistochemistry. All patients were treated with ursodeoxycholic acid, two patients requiring the addition of resincholestyramine. During follow-up, 3 patients suffered limited relapses of pruritus. No disease progression was observed. CONCLUSION Heterozygous mutations in genes coding proteins of the hepatocellular transport system can cause cholestatic diseases with great phenotypic variability. The presence of repeated episodes of hypertransaminasemia or cholestasis after a trigger should force us to rule out the presence of these heterozygous mutations in genes involved in CIFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Mínguez Rodríguez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Molera Busoms
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Ruth García Romero
- Unit of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Miguel Servet Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Gemma Colomé Rivero
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology. Nens Hospital of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Javier Martín de Carpi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
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Chen H, Wu D, Jiang W, Lei T, Lu C, Zhou T. Case Report: A Novel Homozygous Variant Identified in a Chinese Patient With Benign Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis-Type 1. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:705489. [PMID: 34485338 PMCID: PMC8416249 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.705489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) is a rare hereditary cholestatic liver disorder. Accurate diagnosis and timely interventions are important in determining outcomes. Besides clinical and pathologic diagnosis, genetic study of BRIC remains limited. Here, we report a young man enduring recurrent jaundice and severe pruritus for 15 years. The increased level of direct bilirubin was the main biochemical abnormality, and the work-up for common causes of jaundice were unremarkable. Liver biopsy showed extensive cholestasis of hepatocytes in zone 3. The novel homozygous variant including c.1817T > C and p.I606T was detected on his ATP8B1gene. The patient was finally diagnosed with BRIC-1. His symptoms were relieved, and liver function tests returned to normal after taking ursodeoxycholic acid. This case provides a different perspective to the methodology employed when dealing with cases of jaundice and helping diagnose rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongbo Wu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changli Lu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taoyou Zhou
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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van Wessel DB, Thompson RJ, Gonzales E, Jankowska I, Shneider BL, Sokal E, Grammatikopoulos T, Kadaristiana A, Jacquemin E, Spraul A, Lipiński P, Czubkowski P, Rock N, Shagrani M, Broering D, Algoufi T, Mazhar N, Nicastro E, Kelly D, Nebbia G, Arnell H, Fischler B, Hulscher JB, Serranti D, Arikan C, Debray D, Lacaille F, Goncalves C, Hierro L, Muñoz Bartolo G, Mozer‐Glassberg Y, Azaz A, Brecelj J, Dezsőfi A, Luigi Calvo P, Krebs‐Schmitt D, Hartleif S, van der Woerd WL, Wang J, Li L, Durmaz Ö, Kerkar N, Hørby Jørgensen M, Fischer R, Jimenez‐Rivera C, Alam S, Cananzi M, Laverdure N, Targa Ferreira C, Ordonez F, Wang H, Sency V, Mo Kim K, Chen H, Carvalho E, Fabre A, Quintero Bernabeu J, Alonso EM, Sokol RJ, Suchy FJ, Loomes KM, McKiernan PJ, Rosenthal P, Turmelle Y, Rao GS, Horslen S, Kamath BM, Rogalidou M, Karnsakul WW, Hansen B, Verkade HJ. Impact of Genotype, Serum Bile Acids, and Surgical Biliary Diversion on Native Liver Survival in FIC1 Deficiency. Hepatology 2021; 74:892-906. [PMID: 33666275 PMCID: PMC8456904 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mutations in ATPase phospholipid transporting 8B1 (ATP8B1) can lead to familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 (FIC1) deficiency, or progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1. The rarity of FIC1 deficiency has largely prevented a detailed analysis of its natural history, effects of predicted protein truncating mutations (PPTMs), and possible associations of serum bile acid (sBA) concentrations and surgical biliary diversion (SBD) with long-term outcome. We aimed to provide insights by using the largest genetically defined cohort of patients with FIC1 deficiency to date. APPROACH AND RESULTS This multicenter, combined retrospective and prospective study included 130 patients with compound heterozygous or homozygous predicted pathogenic ATP8B1 variants. Patients were categorized according to the number of PPTMs (i.e., splice site, frameshift due to deletion or insertion, nonsense, duplication), FIC1-A (n = 67; no PPTMs), FIC1-B (n = 29; one PPTM), or FIC1-C (n = 34; two PPTMs). Survival analysis showed an overall native liver survival (NLS) of 44% at age 18 years. NLS was comparable among FIC1-A, FIC1-B, and FIC1-C (% NLS at age 10 years: 67%, 41%, and 59%, respectively; P = 0.12), despite FIC1-C undergoing SBD less often (% SBD at age 10 years: 65%, 57%, and 45%, respectively; P = 0.03). sBAs at presentation were negatively associated with NLS (NLS at age 10 years, sBAs < 194 µmol/L: 49% vs. sBAs ≥ 194 µmol/L: 15%; P = 0.03). SBD decreased sBAs (230 [125-282] to 74 [11-177] μmol/L; P = 0.005). SBD (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.28-1.03, P = 0.06) and post-SBD sBA concentrations < 65 μmol/L (P = 0.05) tended to be associated with improved NLS. CONCLUSIONS Less than half of patients with FIC1 deficiency reach adulthood with native liver. The number of PPTMs did not associate with the natural history or prognosis of FIC1 deficiency. sBA concentrations at initial presentation and after SBD provide limited prognostic information on long-term NLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan B.E. van Wessel
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Emmanuel Gonzales
- Pediatric Hepatology & Pediatric Liver Transplant DepartmentCentre de Référence de l’Atrésie des Voies Biliaires et des Cholestases GénétiquesFilière de Santé des Maladies Rares du Foie de l’enfant et de l’adulteEuropean Reference Network RARE‐LIVERAssistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisFaculté de Médecine Paris‐SaclayCHU BicêtreParisFrance
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases
| | - Irena Jankowska
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutritional Disorders and Pediatricsthe Children’s Memorial Health InstituteWarsawPoland
| | - Benjamin L. Shneider
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionDepartment of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
- Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN)
| | - Etienne Sokal
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases
- Cliniques St. LucUniversité Catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Jacquemin
- Pediatric Hepatology & Pediatric Liver Transplant DepartmentCentre de Référence de l’Atrésie des Voies Biliaires et des Cholestases GénétiquesFilière de Santé des Maladies Rares du Foie de l’enfant et de l’adulteEuropean Reference Network RARE‐LIVERAssistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisFaculté de Médecine Paris‐SaclayCHU BicêtreParisFrance
- INSERMUMR‐S 1193Université Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Anne Spraul
- INSERMUMR‐S 1193Université Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
- Biochemistry UnitCentre de Référence de l’Atrésie des Voies Biliaires et des Cholestases GénétiquesFilière de Santé des Maladies Rares du Foie de l’enfant et de l’adulteEuropean Reference Network RARE‐LIVERAssistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisFaculté de Médecine Paris‐SaclayCHU BicêtreParisFrance
| | - Patryk Lipiński
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutritional Disorders and Pediatricsthe Children’s Memorial Health InstituteWarsawPoland
| | - Piotr Czubkowski
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutritional Disorders and Pediatricsthe Children’s Memorial Health InstituteWarsawPoland
| | - Nathalie Rock
- Cliniques St. LucUniversité Catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Mohammad Shagrani
- Department of Liver & SB Transplant & Hepatobiliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryKing Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research CenterRiyadhSaudi Arabia
- College of MedicineAlfaisal UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Dieter Broering
- Department of Liver & SB Transplant & Hepatobiliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryKing Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research CenterRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Talal Algoufi
- Department of Liver & SB Transplant & Hepatobiliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryKing Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research CenterRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Nejat Mazhar
- Department of Liver & SB Transplant & Hepatobiliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryKing Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research CenterRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Emanuele Nicastro
- Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology and TransplantationOspedale Papa Giovanni XXIIIBergamoItaly
| | - Deirdre Kelly
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases
- Liver UnitBirmingham Women’s and Children’s HospitalUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Gabriella Nebbia
- Servizio Di Epatologia e Nutrizione PediatricaFondazione Irccs Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanoItaly
| | - Henrik Arnell
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases
- Pediatric Digestive DiseasesAstrid Lindgren Children’s HospitalCLINTECKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Björn Fischler
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases
- Pediatric Digestive DiseasesAstrid Lindgren Children’s HospitalCLINTECKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Jan B.F. Hulscher
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases
- Pediatric SurgeryUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Daniele Serranti
- Pediatric and Liver UnitMeyer Children’s University Hospital of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Cigdem Arikan
- Pediatric GI and Hepatology Liver Transplantation CenterKuttam System in Liver MedicineKoc University School of MedicineIstanbulTurkey
| | - Dominique Debray
- Pediatric Hepatology unit, Reference Center for Biliary Atresia and Genetic Cholestatic DiseasesFilière de Santé des Maladies Rares du Foie de l’enfant et de l’adulteEuropean Reference Network RARE‐LIVERAPHP‐Neckler Enfants Malades University HospitalFaculté de Médecine Paris‐CentreParisFrance
| | - Florence Lacaille
- Pediatric Hepatology unit, Reference Center for Biliary Atresia and Genetic Cholestatic DiseasesFilière de Santé des Maladies Rares du Foie de l’enfant et de l’adulteEuropean Reference Network RARE‐LIVERAPHP‐Neckler Enfants Malades University HospitalFaculté de Médecine Paris‐CentreParisFrance
| | - Cristina Goncalves
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases
- Coimbra University Hospital CenterCoimbraPortugal
| | - Loreto Hierro
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases
- Pediatric Liver ServiceLa Paz University HospitalMadridSpain
| | - Gema Muñoz Bartolo
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases
- Pediatric Liver ServiceLa Paz University HospitalMadridSpain
| | - Yael Mozer‐Glassberg
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver DiseasesSchneider Children’s Medical Center of IsraelPetach TikvahIsrael
| | - Amer Azaz
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical CityAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Jernej Brecelj
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionUniversity Children’s Hospital LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
- Department of PediatricsFaculty of MedicineUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Antal Dezsőfi
- First Department of PediatricsSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Pier Luigi Calvo
- Pediatic Gastroenterology UnitRegina Margherita Children’s HospitalAzienda Ospedaliera Città Della Salute e Della Scienza University HospitalTorinoItaly
| | | | - Steffen Hartleif
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases
- University Children’s Hospital TϋbingenTϋbingenGermany
| | - Wendy L. van der Woerd
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionWilhelmina Children’s HospitalUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Jian‐She Wang
- Children’s Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Li‐ting Li
- Children’s Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Özlem Durmaz
- Istanbul Faculty of MedicineIstanbul UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Nanda Kerkar
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNYUSA
| | - Marianne Hørby Jørgensen
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases
- Pediatric and Adolescent DepartmentDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineRigshospitalet Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ryan Fischer
- Section of Hepatology and Transplant MedicineChildren’s Mercy HospitalKansas CityMOUSA
| | - Carolina Jimenez‐Rivera
- Department of PediatricsChildren’s Hospital of Eastern OntarioUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Seema Alam
- Pediatric HepatologyInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Mara Cananzi
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Hospital of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Noémie Laverdure
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases
- Service de Gastroentérologie, Hépatologie et Nutrition PédiatriquesHospices Civils de LyonHôpital Femme Mère EnfantLyonFrance
| | | | - Felipe Ordonez
- Fundación Cardioinfantil Instituto de CardiologiaPediatric Gastroenterology and HepatologyBogotáColombia
| | - Heng Wang
- DDC Clinic Center for Special Needs ChildrenMiddlefieldOHUSA
| | - Valerie Sency
- DDC Clinic Center for Special Needs ChildrenMiddlefieldOHUSA
| | - Kyung Mo Kim
- Department of PediatricsAsan Medical Center Children’s HospitalSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Huey‐Ling Chen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionNational Taiwan University Children’s HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Elisa Carvalho
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and HepatologyBrasília Children’s HospitalBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Alexandre Fabre
- INSERMMMGAix Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
- Serveice de Pédiatrie MultidisciplinaireTimone EnfantMarseilleFrance
| | - Jesus Quintero Bernabeu
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases
- Pediatric Hepatology and Liver Transplant UnitBarcelonaSpain
| | - Estella M. Alonso
- Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN)
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children’s HospitalChicagoILUSA
| | - Ronald J. Sokol
- Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN)
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionDepartment of PediatricsChildren’s Hospital ColoradoUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Frederick J. Suchy
- Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiMount Sinai Kravis Children’s HospitalNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Kathleen M. Loomes
- Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN)
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionChildren’s Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Patrick J. McKiernan
- Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN)
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Philip Rosenthal
- Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN)
- Department of Pediatrics and SurgeryUCSF Benioff Children’s HospitalUniversity of California San Francisco School of MedicineSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Yumirle Turmelle
- Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN)
- Section of HepatologyDepartment of PediatricsSt. Louis Children’s HospitalWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Girish S. Rao
- Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN)
- Riley Hospital for ChildrenIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Simon Horslen
- Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN)
- Department of PediatricsSeattle Children’s HospitalUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Binita M. Kamath
- Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN)
- The Hospital for Sick ChildrenUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Maria Rogalidou
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology & HepatologyFirst Pediatrics DepartmentUniversity of AthensAgia Sofia Children’s HospitalAthensGreece
| | - Wikrom W. Karnsakul
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and HepatologyDepartment of PediatricsJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Bettina Hansen
- Toronto Center for Liver DiseaseUniversity Health NetworkTorontoCanada
- IHPMEUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Henkjan J. Verkade
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases
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12
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Triggers of benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis and its pathophysiology: a review of literature. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2021; 84:477-486. [PMID: 34599573 DOI: 10.51821/84.3.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) is a rare genetic disorder that is characterized by episodes of cholestasis followed by complete resolution. The episodic nature of BRIC raises concerns about its possible trigger factors. Indeed, case reports of this orphan disease have associated BRIC to some triggers. In the absence of any reviews, we reviewed BRIC trigger factors and its pathophysiology. The study consisted of a systematic search for case reports using PubMed. Articles describing a clear case of BRIC associated with a trigger were included resulting in 22 articles that describe 35 patients. Infection was responsible for 54.3% of triggered episodes, followed by hormonal, drugs, and miscellaneous causes reporting as 30%, 10%, and 5.7% respectively. Females predominated with 62.9%. The longest episode ranged between 3 months to 2 years with a mean of 32.37 weeks. The mean age of the first episode was 14.28 ranging between 3 months to 48 years. Winter and autumn were the major seasons during which episodes happened. Hence, BRIC is potentially triggered by infection, which is most commonly a viral infection, hormonal disturbances as seen in oral contraceptive pills and pregnancy state, and less commonly by certain drugs and other causes. The appearance of cholestasis during the first two trimesters of pregnancy compared to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy could help to differentiate between the two conditions. The possible mechanism of BRIC induction implicates a role of BSEP and ATP8B1. While estrogen, drugs, and cytokines are known to affect BSEP, less is known about their action on ATP8B1.
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13
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Alhebbi H, Peer-Zada AA, Al-Hussaini AA, Algubaisi S, Albassami A, AlMasri N, Alrusayni Y, Alruzug IM, Alharby E, Samman MA, Ayoub SZ, Maddirevula S, Peake RWA, Alkuraya FS, Wali S, Almontashiri NAM. New paradigms of USP53 disease: normal GGT cholestasis, BRIC, cholangiopathy, and responsiveness to rifampicin. J Hum Genet 2020; 66:151-159. [PMID: 32759993 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-020-0811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biallelic variants in the USP53 gene have recently been reported to segregate with normal gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) cholestasis. Using whole-exome sequencing (WES), we detected two USP53 homozygous variants (c.951delT; p. Phe317fs and c.1744C>T; p. Arg582*) in five additional cases, including an unpublished cousin of a previously described family with intractable itching and normal GGT cholestasis. Three patients, a child and two adults, presented with recurrent episodes of normal GGT cholestasis, consistent with a diagnosis of benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC). Cholangiopathic changes, possibly autoimmune in origin, were recognized in some patients. Additional phenotypic details in one patient included an enlarged left kidney, and speech/developmental delay. Notably, two patients exhibited a complete response to rifampicin, and one responded to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Two adult patients were suspected to have autoimmune liver disease and treated with steroids. This report describes new cases of USP53 disease presenting with normal GGT cholestasis or BRIC in three children and two adults. We also describe the novel finding of a dramatic response to rifampicin. The association of cholangiopathy with normal GGT cholestasis provides a diagnostic challenge and remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamoud Alhebbi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Ali Peer-Zada
- Molecular Pathology, Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A Al-Hussaini
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Division, Children's Specialized Hospital at King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Algubaisi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awad Albassami
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser AlMasri
- Department of Adult Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir Alrusayni
- Department of Pathology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M Alruzug
- Department of Adult Gastroenterology and Hepatology, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essa Alharby
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manar A Samman
- Molecular Pathology, Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Zubair Ayoub
- Molecular Pathology, Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sateesh Maddirevula
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roy W A Peake
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami Wali
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naif A M Almontashiri
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunwarah, Saudi Arabia. .,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunwarah, Saudi Arabia.
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14
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van Wessel DBE, Thompson RJ, Gonzales E, Jankowska I, Sokal E, Grammatikopoulos T, Kadaristiana A, Jacquemin E, Spraul A, Lipiński P, Czubkowski P, Rock N, Shagrani M, Broering D, Algoufi T, Mazhar N, Nicastro E, Kelly DA, Nebbia G, Arnell H, Björn Fischler, Hulscher JBF, Serranti D, Arikan C, Polat E, Debray D, Lacaille F, Goncalves C, Hierro L, Muñoz Bartolo G, Mozer-Glassberg Y, Azaz A, Brecelj J, Dezsőfi A, Calvo PL, Grabhorn E, Sturm E, van der Woerd WJ, Kamath BM, Wang JS, Li L, Durmaz Ö, Onal Z, Bunt TMG, Hansen BE, Verkade HJ. Genotype correlates with the natural history of severe bile salt export pump deficiency. J Hepatol 2020; 73:84-93. [PMID: 32087350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mutations in ABCB11 can cause deficiency of the bile salt export pump (BSEP), leading to cholestasis and end-stage liver disease. Owing to the rarity of the disease, the associations between genotype and natural history, or outcomes following surgical biliary diversion (SBD), remain elusive. We aimed to determine these associations by assembling the largest genetically defined cohort of patients with severe BSEP deficiency to date. METHODS This multicentre, retrospective cohort study included 264 patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous pathological ABCB11 mutations. Patients were categorized according to genotypic severity (BSEP1, BSEP2, BSEP3). The predicted residual BSEP transport function decreased with each category. RESULTS Genotype severity was strongly associated with native liver survival (NLS, BSEP1 median 20.4 years; BSEP2, 7.0 years; BSEP3, 3.5 years; p <0.001). At 15 years of age, the proportion of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma was 4% in BSEP1, 7% in BSEP2 and 34% in BSEP3 (p = 0.001). SBD was associated with significantly increased NLS (hazard ratio 0.50; 95% CI 0.27-0.94: p = 0.03) in BSEP1 and BSEP2. A serum bile acid concentration below 102 μmol/L or a decrease of at least 75%, each shortly after SBD, reliably predicted NLS of ≥15 years following SBD (each p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS The genotype of severe BSEP deficiency strongly predicts long-term NLS, the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma, and the chance that SBD will increase NLS. Serum bile acid parameters shortly after SBD can predict long-term NLS. LAY SUMMARY This study presents data from the largest genetically defined cohort of patients with severe bile salt export pump deficiency to date. The genotype of patients with severe bile salt export pump deficiency is associated with clinical outcomes and the success of therapeutic interventions. Therefore, genotypic data should be used to guide personalized clinical care throughout childhood and adulthood in patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan B E van Wessel
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Emmanuel Gonzales
- Service d'Hépatologie et de Transplantation Hépatique Pédiatriques, Bicêtre Hôspital, AP-HP, Université Paris-Sud, Paris Saclay, Inserm UMR-S 1174, France; European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER)
| | - Irena Jankowska
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER); Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutritional Disorders and Paediatrics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Etienne Sokal
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER); Université; Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques St Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Jacquemin
- Service d'Hépatologie et de Transplantation Hépatique Pédiatriques, Bicêtre Hôspital, AP-HP, Université Paris-Sud, Paris Saclay, Inserm UMR-S 1174, France
| | - Anne Spraul
- Service de Biochemie, Bicêtre Hôspital, AP-HP, Université Paris-Sud, Paris Saclay, Inserm UMR-S 1174, France
| | - Patryk Lipiński
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER); Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutritional Disorders and Paediatrics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Czubkowski
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER); Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutritional Disorders and Paediatrics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nathalie Rock
- Université; Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques St Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohammad Shagrani
- Liver & SB Transplant & Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Alfaisal University, College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dieter Broering
- Liver & SB Transplant & Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal Algoufi
- Liver & SB Transplant & Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nejat Mazhar
- Liver & SB Transplant & Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emanuele Nicastro
- Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Deirdre A Kelly
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER); Liver Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriella Nebbia
- Servizio Di Epatologia e Nutrizione Pediatrica, Fondazione Irccs Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Henrik Arnell
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER); Pediatric Digestive Diseases, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Fischler
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER); Pediatric Digestive Diseases, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan B F Hulscher
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER); Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Serranti
- Paediatric and Liver Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital of Florence
| | - Cigdem Arikan
- Koc University School of Medicine, Paediatric GI and Hepatology Liver Transplantation Centre, Kuttam System in Liver Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Polat
- Hospital Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dominique Debray
- Unité; d'hépatologie Pédiatrique et Transplantation, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Florence Lacaille
- Unité; d'hépatologie Pédiatrique et Transplantation, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Cristina Goncalves
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER); Coimbra University Hospital Center, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Loreto Hierro
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER); Pediatric Liver Service, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Muñoz Bartolo
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER); Pediatric Liver Service, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yael Mozer-Glassberg
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel
| | - Amer Azaz
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jernej Brecelj
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Children's Hospital Ljubljana, and Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Antal Dezsőfi
- 1st Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pier Luigi Calvo
- Pediatic Gastroenterology Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Città Della Salute e Della Scienza University Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Enke Grabhorn
- Klinik Für Kinder- Und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Sturm
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER); University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wendy J van der Woerd
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Binita M Kamath
- The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jian-She Wang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liting Li
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Özlem Durmaz
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Onal
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ton M G Bunt
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bettina E Hansen
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Canada; IHPME, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER).
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15
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Abstract
Liver dysfunction is a common problem in the sick premature infant. The dysfunction is usually multifactorial and often underlies a combination of liver immaturity, comorbidities, and/or the presence of primary liver disease. The liver of the preterm infant has a paucity of bile ducts, low levels of many hepatic enzymes and transporters, and a small bile acid pool. Many other organ systems are immature as well and do not respond to stress the way they would later in infancy. This articles discusses how prematurity affects the liver, how it responds to secondary insults, and approaches to evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Jean Potter
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, 700 Childrens Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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16
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Piazzolla M, Castellaneta N, Novelli A, Agolini E, Cocciadiferro D, Resta L, Duda L, Barone M, Ierardi E, Di Leo A. Nonsense variant of ATP8B1 gene in heterozygosis and benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis: A case report and review of literature. WORLD JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY 2020; 12:64-71. [PMID: 32184942 PMCID: PMC7061267 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v12.i2.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis is a genetic disorder with recurrent cholestatic jaundice due to ATP8B1 and ABCB11 gene mutations encoding for hepato-canalicular transporters. Herein, we firstly provide the evidence that a nonsense variant of ATP8B1 gene (c.1558A>T) in heterozygous form is involved in BRIC pathogenesis.
CASE SUMMARY A 29-year-old male showed severe jaundice and laboratory tests consistent with intrahepatic cholestasis despite normal gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. Acute and chronic liver diseases with viral, metabolic and autoimmune etiology were excluded. Normal intra/extra-hepatic bile ducts were demonstrated by magnetic resonance. Liver biopsy showed: Cholestasis in the centrilobular and intermediate zones with bile plugs and intra-hepatocyte pigment, Kupffer’s cell activation/hyperplasia and preserved biliary ducts. Being satisfied benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis diagnostic criteria, ATP8B1 and ABCB11 gene analysis was performed. Surprisingly, we found a novel nonsense variant of ATP8B1 gene (c.1558A>T) in heterozygosis. The variant was confirmed by Sanger sequencing following a standard protocol and tested for familial segregation, showing a maternal inheritance. Immunohistochemistry confirmed a significant reduction of mutated gene related protein (familial intrahepatic cholestasis 1). The patient was treated with ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg/kg per day and colestyramine 8 g daily with total bilirubin decrease and normalization at the 6th and 12th mo.
CONCLUSION A genetic abnormality, different from those already known, could be involved in familial intrahepatic cholestatic disorders and/or pro-cholestatic genetic predisposition, thus encouraging further mutation detection in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Piazzolla
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Nicola Castellaneta
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Emanuele Agolini
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Dario Cocciadiferro
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Leonardo Resta
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Loren Duda
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Michele Barone
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Enzo Ierardi
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Alfredo Di Leo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
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17
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Adult onset of genetic disorders in bile acid transport in the liver. Hum Pathol 2020; 96:2-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Zhang J, Liu LL, Gong JY, Hao CZ, Qiu YL, Lu Y, Feng JY, Li JQ, Li ZD, Wang MX, Xing QH, Knisely AS, Wang JS. TJP2 hepatobiliary disorders: Novel variants and clinical diversity. Hum Mutat 2019; 41:502-511. [PMID: 31696999 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To assess the spectrum of pediatric clinical phenotypes in TJP2 disease, we reviewed records of our seven patients in whom intrahepatic cholestasis was associated with biallelic TJP2 variants (13; 12 novel) and correlated clinical manifestations with mutation type. The effect of a splicing variant was analyzed with a minigene assay. The effects of three missense variants were analyzed with protein expression in vitro. Our patients had both remitting and persistent cholestasis. Three exhibited growth retardation. Six responded to treatment with cholestyramine, ursodeoxycholic acid, or both. Two had cholecystolithiasis. None required liver transplantation or developed hepatocellular or cholangiocellular malignancy. None manifested extrahepatic disease not attributable to effects of cholestasis. The variant c.2180-5T>G resulted in exon 15 skipping with in-frame deletion of 32 amino acid residues in TJP2. The three missense variants decreased but did not abolish TJP2 expression. Patients with truncating or canonical splice-site variants had clinically more severe disease. TJP2 disease in children includes a full clinical spectrum of severity, with mild or intermittent forms as well as the severe and minimal forms hitherto described. Biallelic TJP2 variants must be considered in children with clinically intermittent or resolved intrahepatic cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- The Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Center for Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lang-Li Liu
- The Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Center for Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Yu Gong
- The Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Zhi Hao
- The Center for Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ling Qiu
- The Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Center for Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- The Center for Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Yan Feng
- The Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Qi Li
- The Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Die Li
- The Center for Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Xuan Wang
- The Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Center for Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-He Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - A S Knisely
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jian-She Wang
- The Center for Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Familial intrahepatic cholestasis: New and wide perspectives. Dig Liver Dis 2019; 51:922-933. [PMID: 31105019 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) includes autosomal recessive cholestatic rare diseases of childhood. AIMS To update the panel of single genes mutations involved in familial cholestasis. METHODS PubMed search for "familial intrahepatic cholestasis" alone as well as in combination with other key words was performed considering primarily original studies and meta-analyses. RESULTS PFIC1 involves ATP8B1 gene encoding for aminophospholipid flippase FIC1. PFIC2 includes ABCB11 gene, encoding for protein functioning as bile salt export pump. PFIC3 is due to mutations of ABCB4 gene responsible for the synthesis of class III multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein flippase. PFIC4 and PFIC5 involve tight junction protein-2 gene and NR1H4 gene encoding for farnesoid X receptor. Benign Intrahepatic Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy and Low-phospholipid-associated cholelithiasis involve the same genes and are characterized by intermittent attacks of cholestasis, no progression to cirrhosis, reversible pregnancy-specific cholestasis and cholelithiasis in young people. Blood and liver tissue levels of bile-excreted drugs can be influenced by the presence of mutations in PFIC genes, causing drug-induced cholestasis. Mutations in PFIC genes might increase the risk of liver cancer. CONCLUSION There is a high proportion of unexplained cholestasis potentially caused by specific genetic pathophysiologic pathways. The use of next generation sequencing and whole-exome sequencing could improve the diagnostic process in this setting.
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Fotoulaki M, Giza S, Jirsa M, Grammatikopoulos T, Miquel R, Hytiroglou P, Tsitouridis I, Knisely AS. Beyond an Obvious Cause of Cholestasis in a Toddler: Compound Heterozygosity for ABCB11 Mutations. Pediatrics 2019; 143:peds.2018-2146. [PMID: 31015375 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A 27-month-old girl presented with a short history of jaundice initially attributed to drug-induced liver injury. During the preceding 20 days, she had received a 10-day course of cefprozil and 2 doses of a homeopathic preparation of cantharidin for cystitis. Severe conjugated hyperbilirubinemia was present with normal γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity. Liver biopsy revealed marked canalicular and hepatocellular cholestasis, with moderate hepatocellular disarray, as well as evidence of chronicity, including moderate portal-tract and perisinusoidal fibrosis. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that bile salt export pump expression was preserved, whereas canalicular γ-glutamyl transpeptidase expression was largely absent. An inherited cholestatic disorder was suspected. The entire coding region of ABCB11, encoding bile salt export pump, was analyzed. The patient was found to be a compound heterozygote for the missense mutation c.3148C>T (p.Arg1050Cys) associated with benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 in the homozygous state and for the nonsense mutation c.3904G>T (p.Glu1302Ter) associated with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2. Despite initial improvement with ursodeoxycholic acid, over the course of 5 years the patient developed cirrhosis that required liver transplant. Our report emphasizes the need for molecular studies even in patients with putatively "explained" cholestasis to reveal the entire spectrum of inherited cholestatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Milan Jirsa
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Rosa Miquel
- Liver Histopathology Service, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Prodromos Hytiroglou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and
| | - Ioannis Tsitouridis
- Department of Radiology, Papageorgiou General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A S Knisely
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
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21
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Abstract
Genetic cholestasis has been dissected through genetic investigation. The major PFIC genes are now described. ATP8B1 encodes FIC1, ABCB11 encodes BSEP, ABCB4 encodes MDR3, TJP2 encodes TJP2, NR1H4 encodes FXR, and MYO5B encodes MYO5B. The full spectra of phenotypes associated with mutations in each gene are discussed, along with our understanding of the disease mechanisms. Differences in treatment response and targets for future treatment are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Bull
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, UCSF Liver Center Laboratory, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 40, Room 4102, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Richard J Thompson
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
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22
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Vitale G, Gitto S, Raimondi F, Mattiaccio A, Mantovani V, Vukotic R, D'Errico A, Seri M, Russell RB, Andreone P. Cryptogenic cholestasis in young and adults: ATP8B1, ABCB11, ABCB4, and TJP2 gene variants analysis by high-throughput sequencing. J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:945-958. [PMID: 29238877 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-017-1423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in ATP-transporters ATPB81, ABCB11, and ABCB4 are responsible for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) 1, 2 and 3, and recently the gene for tight junction protein-2 (TJP2) has been linked to PFIC4. AIM As these four genes have been poorly studied in young people and adults, we investigated them in this context here. METHODS In patients with cryptogenic cholestasis, we analyzed the presence of mutations by high-throughput sequencing. Bioinformatics analyses were performed for mechanistic and functional predictions of their consequences on biomolecular interaction interfaces. RESULTS Of 108 patients, 48 whose cause of cholestasis was not established were submitted to molecular analysis. Pathogenic/likely pathogenic mutations were found in ten (21%) probands for 13 mutations: two in ATP8B 1, six in ABCB11, two in ABCB4, three in TJP2. We also identified seven variants of uncertain significance: two in ATP8B1, one in ABCB11, two in ABCB4 and two in TJP2. Finally, we identified 11 benign/likely benign variants. Patients with pathogenic/likely pathogenic mutations had higher levels of liver stiffness (measured by FibroScan®) and bile acids, as well as higher rates of cholestatic histological features, compared to the patients without at least likely pathogenic mutations. The multivariate analysis showed that itching was the only independent factor associated with disease-causing mutations (OR 5.801, 95% CI 1.244-27.060, p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS Mutations in the genes responsible for PFIC may be involved in both young and adults with cryptogenic cholestasis in a considerable number of cases, including in heterozygous status. Diagnosis should always be suspected, particularly in the presence of itching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Gitto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- CellNetworks, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Bioochemie Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Vilma Mantovani
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ranka Vukotic
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonietta D'Errico
- Addari Institute of Oncology and Transplant Pathology, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Seri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Robert B Russell
- CellNetworks, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Bioochemie Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pietro Andreone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Research Center for the Study of Hepatitis, University of Bologna, Italy, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
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23
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New Insights in Genetic Cholestasis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Implications. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2018:2313675. [PMID: 30148122 PMCID: PMC6083523 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2313675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is characterised by impaired bile secretion and accumulation of bile salts in the organism. Hereditary cholestasis is a heterogeneous group of rare autosomal recessive liver disorders, which are characterised by intrahepatic cholestasis, pruritus, and jaundice and caused by defects in genes related to the secretion and transport of bile salts and lipids. Phenotypic manifestation is highly variable, ranging from progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC)-with onset in early infancy and progression to end-stage liver disease-to a milder intermittent mostly nonprogressive form known as benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC). Cases have been reported of initially benign episodic cholestasis that subsequently transitions to a persistent progressive form of the disease. Therefore, BRIC and PFIC seem to represent two extremes of a continuous spectrum of phenotypes that comprise one disease. Thus far, five representatives of PFIC (named PFIC1-5) caused by pathogenic mutations present in both alleles of ATP8B1, ABCB11, ABCB4, TJP2, and NR1H4 have been described. In addition to familial intrahepatic cholestasis, partial defects in ATP8B1, ABCB11, and ABCB4 predispose patients to drug-induced cholestasis and intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy. This review summarises the current knowledge of the clinical manifestations, genetics, and molecular mechanisms of these diseases and briefly outlines the therapeutic options, both conservative and invasive, with an outlook for future personalised therapeutic strategies.
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24
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The Identification of Two New ABCB11 Gene Mutations and the Treatment Outcome in a Young Adult with Benign Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis: A Case Report. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.55087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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25
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Cariello M, Piccinin E, Garcia-Irigoyen O, Sabbà C, Moschetta A. Nuclear receptor FXR, bile acids and liver damage: Introducing the progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis with FXR mutations. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1308-1318. [PMID: 28965883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is the master regulator of bile acids (BAs) homeostasis since it transcriptionally drives modulation of BA synthesis, influx, efflux, and detoxification along the enterohepatic axis. Due to its crucial role, FXR alterations are involved in the progression of a plethora of BAs associated inflammatory disorders in the liver and in the gut. The involvement of the FXR pathway in cholestasis development and management has been elucidated so far with a direct role of FXR activating therapy in this condition. However, the recent identification of a new type of genetic progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) linked to FXR mutations has strengthen also the bona fide beneficial effects of target therapies that by-pass FXR activation, directly promoting the action of its target, namely the enterokine FGF19, in the repression of hepatic BAs synthesis with reduction of total BA levels in the liver and serum, accomplishing one of the major goals in cholestasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Diseaseedited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Cariello
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Piccinin
- INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Oihane Garcia-Irigoyen
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; National Cancer Center, IRCCS Istituto Oncologico "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124 Bari, Italy.
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26
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Narchi H, Alhefeiti S, Althabahi F, Hertecant J, Knisely AS, Souid AK. Intrahepatic cholestasis in two omani siblings associated with a novel homozygous ATP8B1 mutation, c.379C>G (p.L127V). Saudi J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:303-305. [PMID: 28937026 PMCID: PMC5625368 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_178_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We report two Omani brothers with intrahepatic cholestasis that resolved with supportive care. In one, cholestasis began in infancy; in the other, only at the age of 18 months. Whole exome sequencing identified a novel homozygous variant, c.379C>G (p.L127V) in ATP8B1. Those attending patients with cholestasis from the Arabian peninsula should be aware of this mutation and of the variation in its phenotypic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassib Narchi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates,Address for correspondence: Dr. Hassib Narchi, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain PO Box 17666, United Arab Emirates. E-mail:
| | - Suhailah Alhefeiti
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatmah Althabahi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jozef Hertecant
- Department of Pediatrics, Tawam Hospital, United Arab Emirates
| | - A. S. Knisely
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, England, United Kingdom,Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Abdul-Kader Souid
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
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27
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The Features of GGT in Patients with ATP8B1 or ABCB11 Deficiency Improve the Diagnostic Efficiency. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153114. [PMID: 27050426 PMCID: PMC4822785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Genetic defects in ATP8B1 or ABCB11 account for the majority of cholestasis with low GGT. But the ranges for GGT in patients with ATP8B1 or ABCB11 deficiency are unclear. This study tried to unravel the features of GGT in these patients that improve diagnostic efficiency. Methods This study enrolled 207 patients with chronic cholestasis who were ordered to test for ATP8B1 and/or ABCB11 from January 2012 to December 2015. Additional 17 patients with ATPB81 or ABCB11 deficiency diagnosed between January 2004 and December 2011 were also enrolled in this study. 600 population-matched children served as controls. Clinical data were obtained by retrospectively reviewing medical records. Results A total of 26 patients were diagnosed with ATP8B1 deficiency and 30 patients were diagnosed with ABCB11 deficiency. GGT levels were similar between the two disorders at any observed month of age, but varied with age. The peak GGT value was <70U/L in the 2nd~6th month of life, <60U/L in the 7th~12th month and <50U/L beyond one year. GGT levels in patients with a genetic diagnosis were different from that in patients without a genetic diagnosis and controls. Larger ranges for GGT were found in patients without a genetic diagnosis. Some controls had GGT≥70U/L in the 2nd~6th month. Of the 207 patients, 39 (18.8%) obtained a genetic diagnosis. 111 patients met the ranges described above, including all the 39 patients with ATP8B1 or ABCB11 deficiency. The sensitivity was 100.0%. The rate of a positive molecular diagnosis increased to 35.1% (39/111 vs. 39/207, X2 = 10.363, P = 0.001). The remaining 96 patients exceeded the ranges described above and failed to receive a genetic diagnosis. These patients accounted for 43.8% of sequencing cost. Conclusions GGT levels in patients with ATP8B1 or ABCB11 deficiency varied with age. The peak GGT value was <70U/L in the 2nd~6th month of life, <60U/L in the 7th~12th month and <50U/L beyond one year.
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28
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van der Woerd WL, Kokke FT, van der Zee DC, Houwen RH. Total biliary diversion as a treatment option for patients with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis and Alagille syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:1846-9. [PMID: 26319776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) with low gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and Alagille syndrome are associated with persistent cholestasis and severe pruritus. Various types of biliary diversion have been used to reduce this pruritus and prevent liver dysfunction. We report our experience concerning the efficacy and safety of total biliary diversion (TBD) as an additional treatment option. METHODS TBD was performed in four PFIC patients and one patient with Alagille syndrome, and was accomplished by anastomosing a jejunal segment to the choledochal duct terminating as an end stoma, or by disconnecting the choledochal duct after previous cholecystojejunocutaneostomy. RESULTS TBD resulted in a marked improvement of symptoms and biochemical parameters in all PFIC patients. Despite relief of pruritus, cholestasis persisted in the Alagille patient. During 5-15years of follow-up, no clinical signs of fat malabsorption such as diarrhea or weight loss were encountered. However, to maintain adequate levels of fat-soluble vitamins, especially of vitamin K, substantial supplementation was necessary. CONCLUSIONS Total biliary diversion can be a useful surgical treatment option for patients with low-GGT PFIC and possibly also Alagille syndrome, when partial biliary diversion is insufficient. It can be performed without inducing clinical signs of fat malabsorption although individualized supplementation of fat-soluble vitamins with careful monitoring is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L van der Woerd
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Freddy T Kokke
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David C van der Zee
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick H Houwen
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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29
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Nakanishi Y, Saxena R. Pathophysiology and Diseases of the Proximal Pathways of the Biliary System. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 139:858-66. [PMID: 26125426 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0229-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diseases of the proximal pathways of the biliary system can be divided into those that affect the interlobular bile ducts and those that affect the bile canaliculi. The former include primary biliary cirrhosis, small-duct variant of primary sclerosing cholangitis, graft-versus-host disease, and drug-induced liver injury, whereas the latter include progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, and drug-induced liver injury. OBJECTIVE To summarize the current state of knowledge of diseases of the proximal pathways of the biliary system, with special emphasis on clinical presentation, pathological features, and differential diagnosis. DATA SOURCES Clinicopathological information was extracted from pertinent published literature. CONCLUSIONS Care of the patient with cholestasis hinges on identifying the etiology. Diagnostic steps in cholestatic conditions comprise a thorough patient history, abdominal imaging, distinct serological studies, and liver biopsy. Primary biliary cirrhosis is characterized by distinctive serological and histological findings. The small-duct variant of primary sclerosing cholangitis is very rare and difficult to diagnose; imaging of the bile ducts is not helpful. Graft-versus-host disease is characterized by damage and loss of intrahepatic bile ducts. Drugs can cause injury variably at the level of bile canaliculus or the interlobular bile duct. Loss of bile ducts may be seen with primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, graft-versus-host disease, and drug-induced liver injury. Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis represent 2 extreme ends of the spectrum of abnormalities in transporters responsible for bile formation. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy has a variable incidence in different parts of the world and may be due to abnormalities in transporter molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romil Saxena
- From the Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
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30
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van der Woerd WL, Mulder J, Pagani F, Beuers U, Houwen RHJ, van de Graaf SFJ. Analysis of aberrant pre-messenger RNA splicing resulting from mutations in ATP8B1 and efficient in vitro rescue by adapted U1 small nuclear RNA. Hepatology 2015; 61:1382-91. [PMID: 25421123 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ATP8B1 deficiency is a severe autosomal recessive liver disease resulting from mutations in the ATP8B1 gene characterized by a continuous phenotypical spectrum from intermittent (benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis; BRIC) to progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC). Current therapeutic options are insufficient, and elucidating the molecular consequences of mutations could lead to personalized mutation-specific therapies. We investigated the effect on pre-messenger RNA splicing of 14 ATP8B1 mutations at exon-intron boundaries using an in vitro minigene system. Eleven mutations, mostly associated with a PFIC phenotype, resulted in aberrant splicing and a complete absence of correctly spliced product. In contrast, three mutations led to partially correct splicing and were associated with a BRIC phenotype. These findings indicate an inverse correlation between the level of correctly spliced product and disease severity. Expression of modified U1 small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) complementary to the splice donor sites strongly improved or completely rescued splicing for several ATP8B1 mutations located at donor, as well as acceptor, splice sites. In one case, we also evaluated exon-specific U1 snRNAs that, by targeting nonconserved intronic sequences, might reduce possible off-target events. Although very effective in correcting exon skipping, they also induced retention of the short downstream intron. CONCLUSION We systematically characterized the molecular consequences of 14 ATP8B1 mutations at exon-intron boundaries associated with ATP8B1 deficiency and found that the majority resulted in total exon skipping. The amount of correctly spliced product inversely correlated with disease severity. Compensatory modified U1 snRNAs, complementary to mutated donor splice sites, were able to improve exon definition very efficiently and could be a novel therapeutic strategy in ATP8B1 deficiency as well as other genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L van der Woerd
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ołdakowska-Jedynak U, Jankowska I, Hartleb M, Jirsa M, Pawłowska J, Czubkowski P, Krawczyk M. Treatment of pruritus with Prometheus dialysis and absorption system in a patient with benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:E304-E308. [PMID: 24164717 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) is an autosomal recessive liver disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of jaundice and itching. Episodes of cholestasis last variously from 1 week to several months, may start at any age and usually resolve spontaneously. No effective treatment has been found as yet. We report a case of genetically proven BRIC in a male patient who developed three episodes of pruritus and jaundice at the age of 14, 16 and 19 years. During the third episode, he did not respond to pharmacological medical therapy, and fractionated plasma separation and absorption (FPSA, Prometheus) was performed to manage intractable pruritus. The treatment immediately alleviated pruritus, lowered serum bilirubin concentration and induced sustained remission in the 5-year follow up. FPSA seems to be a safe and effective way of treatment for BRIC in patients with severe pruritus and prolonged jaundice.
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Karlsen TH, Vesterhus M, Boberg KM. Review article: controversies in the management of primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39:282-301. [PMID: 24372568 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite considerable advances over the last two decades in the molecular understanding of cholestasis and cholestatic liver disease, little improvement has been made in diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. AIMS To critically review controversial aspects of the scientific basis for common clinical practice in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and to discuss key ongoing challenges to improve patient management. METHODS We performed a literature search using PubMed and by examining the reference lists of relevant review articles related to the clinical management of PBC and PSC. Articles were considered on the background of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) practice guidelines and clinical experience of the authors. RESULTS Ongoing challenges in PBC mainly pertain to the improvement of medical therapy, particularly for patients with a suboptimal response to ursodeoxycholic acid. In PSC, development of medical therapies and sensitive screening protocols for cholangiocarcinoma represent areas of intense research. To rationally improve patient management, a better understanding of pathogenesis, including complications like pruritis and fatigue, is needed and there is a need to identify biomarker end-points for treatment effect and prognosis. Timing of liver transplantation and determining optimal regimens of immunosuppression post-liver transplantation will also benefit from better appreciation of pre-transplant disease mechanisms. CONCLUSION Controversies in the management of PBC and PSC relate to topics where evidence for current practice is weak and further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Chen F, Ghosh A, Shneider BL. Phospholipase D2 mediates signaling by ATPase class I type 8B membrane 1. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:379-85. [PMID: 23213138 PMCID: PMC3588867 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional defects in ATPase class I type 8B membrane 1 (ATP8B1 or familial intrahepatic cholestasis 1, FIC1) lead to cholestasis by mechanism(s) that are not fully understood. One proposed pathophysiology involves aberrant signaling to the bile acid sensor, the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), via protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ). The following cell line-based studies investigated whether phospholipase D2 may transduce a signal from FIC1 to FXR. PLD2 gain of function led to activation of the bile salt export pump (BSEP) promoter, a well-characterized FXR response. BSEP activation by PLD2 could be blocked by abrogating either PKCζ or FXR signaling. PLD2 loss of function led to a reduction in BSEP promoter activity. In addition, a variety of proteins that are activated by FXR, including BSEP, were reduced in HepG2 cells treated with PLD2 siRNA. Similar effects were observed in freshly isolated human hepatocytes. Activation of BSEP by FIC1 gain of function was blocked when PLD2 but not PLD1 was silenced. Overexpression of wild-type but not Byler mutant FIC1 led to an increase in membrane associated PLD activity. An intermediate level of activation of PLD activity was induced when a benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis FIC1 mutant construct was expressed. These studies show that FIC1 signals to FXR via a signaling pathway including PLD2 and PKCζ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Chen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ayantika Ghosh
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Benjamin L. Shneider
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Deng BC, Lv S, Cui W, Zhao R, Lu X, Wu J, Liu P. Novel ATP8B1 mutation in an adult male with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6504-6509. [PMID: 23197899 PMCID: PMC3508648 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i44.6504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 is a rare disease that is characterized by low serum γ-glutamyltransferase levels due to mutation in ATP8B1. We present a 23-year-old male who experienced persistent marked pruritus for eighteen years and recurrent jaundice for thirteen years, in addition to cholestasis that eventually became fatal. Genetic sequencing studies of the entire coding (exon) sequences of ATP8B1 and ABCB11 uncovered a novel heterozygous missense 3035G>T mutation (S1012I) and a synonymous 696T>C mutation in ATP8B1. The patient’s progression was associated with not only impaired familial intrahepatic cholestasis 1 (FIC1) function but also impaired bile salt export pump expression due to the impaired FIC1 function. Our findings show that patients with intermittent cholestasis can develop progressive liver disease even after several decades and require regular follow up.
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Nasobiliary drainage in an episode of intrahepatic cholestasis in a child with mild ABCB11 disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012; 55:88-90. [PMID: 21822150 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e31822f2bda] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Chandra Dhar S, Kumar Ghosh C, Kumar Saha S, Chandra Nath N, Uddin H, Wareshuzzaman M, Omar Faruk M. A Female with Benign Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol 2012. [DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Description of two new ABCB11 mutations responsible for type 2 benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis in a French-Canadian family. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2011; 25:311-4. [PMID: 21766090 DOI: 10.1155/2011/534918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis is a rare clinical entity that is caused by mutations in the canalicular transport genes. The present report describes two individuals from the same family whose symptoms were typical of the clinical characteristics of type 2 benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis. Sequencing of the ABCB11 gene revealed two previously unreported mutations that predict the absence of expression of the protein. The clinical presentation of the current cases are discussed, as are the differential diagnosis and genetic characteristics of the hereditary cholestatic disorders, overemphasizing the possibility of making a definite genetic diagnosis.
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Clinical features and genotype-phenotype correlations in children with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 related to ABCB4 mutations. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 52:73-83. [PMID: 21119540 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3181f50363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to estimate the frequency of ABCB4 mutations among children with chronic intrahepatic cholestasis with elevated gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (γ-GT) activity and to characterize the genotypes with respect to severity of symptoms, response to ursodeoxycholic acid therapy, and outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS Molecular analysis of ABCB4 in 133 Italian children was performed, and ABCB4 mutations were classified as disease-causing mutations or benign substitutions according to the prediction algorithm PolyPhen. RESULTS : Twenty-eight patients were identified carrying 31 mutations (20 disease causing). Twenty patients carried 2 mutated alleles and 8 only 1. At presentation (1-204 months), 20 children were symptomatic with jaundice and/or pruritus, whereas in 8 biochemical cholestasis was a fortuitous finding. Cirrhosis developed in 15 and 6 progressed to terminal liver failure. Disease-causing mutations on both alleles were found to be associated with reduced liver expression of ABCB4 protein, lack of response to ursodeoxycholic acid therapy, and progression to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease, whereas mild genotypes, including single heterozygous mutations, were generally associated with less severe disease and, often, absence of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS ABCB4 mutations are responsible for a chronic liver disease in more than one-third of patients with chronic intrahepatic cholestasis and elevated γ-GT activity. In patients with severe ABCB4 genotype, the disease is often progressive with risk of developing cirrhosis and liver failure during the first 2 decades of life. Patients with mild genotypes, including single heterozygous mutations, have variable expressions of liver disease that may be influenced by comorbidity factors and modulated by still unknown genetic modifiers.
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van der Woerd WL, van Mil SWC, Stapelbroek JM, Klomp LWJ, van de Graaf SFJ, Houwen RHJ. Familial cholestasis: progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 24:541-53. [PMID: 20955958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) type 1, 2 and 3 are due to mutations in ATP8B1, ABCB11 and ABCB4, respectively. Each of these genes encodes a hepatocanalicular transporter, which is essential for the proper formation of bile. Mutations in ABCB4 can result in progressive cholestatic disease, while mutations in ATP8B1 and ABCB11 can result both in episodic cholestasis, referred to as benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) type 1 and 2, as well as in progressive cholestatic disease. This suggests a clinical continuum and these diseases are therefore preferably referred to as ATP8B1 deficiency and ABCB11 deficiency. Similarly PFIC type 3 is designated as ABCB4 deficiency. Heterozygous mutations in each of these transporters can also be associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. This review summarizes the pathophysiology, clinical features and current as well as future therapeutic options for progressive familial- and benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis as well as intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L van der Woerd
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology (KE.01.144.3), Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Post-Box 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Stapelbroek JM, van Erpecum KJ, Klomp LWJ, Houwen RHJ. Liver disease associated with canalicular transport defects: current and future therapies. J Hepatol 2010; 52:258-71. [PMID: 20034695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bile formation at the canalicular membrane is a delicate process. This is illustrated by inherited liver diseases due to mutations in ATP8B1, ABCB11, ABCB4, ABCC2 and ABCG5/8, all encoding hepatocanalicular transporters. Effective treatment of these canalicular transport defects is a clinical and scientific challenge that is still ongoing. Current evidence indicates that ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) can be effective in selected patients with PFIC3 (ABCB4 deficiency), while rifampicin reduces pruritus in patients with PFIC1 (ATP8B1 deficiency) and PFIC2 (ABCB11 deficiency), and might abort cholestatic episodes in BRIC (mild ATP8B1 or ABCB11 deficiency). Cholestyramine is essential in the treatment of sitosterolemia (ABCG5/8 deficiency). Most patients with PFIC1 and PFIC2 will benefit from partial biliary drainage. Nevertheless liver transplantation is needed in a substantial proportion of these patients, as it is in PFIC3 patients. New developments in the treatment of canalicular transport defects by using nuclear receptors as a target, enhancing the expression of the mutated transporter protein by employing chaperones, or by mutation specific therapy show substantial promise. This review will focus on the therapy that is currently available as well as on those developments that are likely to influence clinical practice in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke M Stapelbroek
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Díaz-Sánchez A, Marín-Jiménez I, Aldeguer M. [Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis simulating cetirizine-induced toxic hepatitis]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2009; 33:68-9. [PMID: 19729225 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Recent progress in basic research has enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of normal bile secretion and their alterations in cholestasis. Genetic transporter variants contribute to an entire spectrum of cholestatic liver diseases and can cause hereditary cholestatic syndromes or determine susceptibility and disease progression in acquired cholestatic disorders. Cholestasis is associated with complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional alterations of hepatobiliary transporters and enzymes participating in bile formation. Ligand-activated nuclear receptors for bile acids and other biliary compounds play a key role in the regulation of genes required for bile formation. Pharmacological interventions in cholestasis may aim at modulating such novel regulatory pathways. This review will summarize the principles of molecular alterations in cholestasis and will give an overview of potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wagner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Child
- Cholangitis/diagnosis
- Cholangitis/immunology
- Cholangitis/therapy
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/diagnosis
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/therapy
- Cholestasis, Intrahepatic/diagnosis
- Cholestasis, Intrahepatic/etiology
- Cholestasis, Intrahepatic/prevention & control
- Cholestasis, Intrahepatic/therapy
- Cystic Fibrosis/complications
- Female
- Hepatitis, Autoimmune/diagnosis
- Hepatitis, Autoimmune/therapy
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Infant
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/diagnosis
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/therapy
- Male
- Osteoporosis/etiology
- Osteoporosis/therapy
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis
- Pregnancy Complications/therapy
- Syndrome
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Hsu YC, Chen HL, Wu MZ, Liu YJ, Lee PH, Sheu JC, Chen CH. Adult progressive intrahepatic cholestasis associated with genetic variations in ATP8B1 and ABCB11. Hepatol Res 2009; 39:625-31. [PMID: 19260995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2009.00499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe intrahepatic cholestasis with low serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) activity is exceptionally rare in adult patients, and its association with multi-genetic alterations of bile salt transporters has not been reported. We investigated a 25-year-old man presenting with a four-year history of jaundice. Laboratory and radiographic examinations revealed clinical pictures of progressive intrahepatic cholestasis with low gamma-GT. Serial liver histopathology demonstrated cirrhosis resulting from progressive persistent cholestatic injury. Genetic sequencing studies for the entire coding exons of ATP8B1 and ABCB11 uncovered a heterozygous missense mutation 1798 C->T (R600W) in ATP8B1, and a homozygous nucleotide substitution 1331 T->C (V444A) in ABCB11. In conclusion, this is a rare case of adult onset progressive intrahepatic cholestasis with low gamma-GT associated with heterozygous ATP8B1 mutation and homozygous ABCB11 polymorphism. Further studies are necessary to investigate the impact of heterozygous R600W mutation and whether other cholestatic disorders are multi-genetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chun Hsu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Lo-Tung Pohai Hospital, I-Lan
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Jung ES, Kim BK, Kim SY, Lee YS, Bae SH, Yoon SK, Choi JY, Park YM, Kim DG. Alteration of Bile Acid Transporter Expression in Patients with Early Cholestasis Following Living Donor Liver Transplantation. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2009.43.1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sun Jung
- Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Kee Kim
- Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Youn Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Soo Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si Hyun Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Kew Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Young Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Min Park
- Hepatology Center, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Dong Goo Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Frankenberg T, Miloh T, Chen FY, Ananthanarayanan M, Sun AQ, Balasubramaniyan N, Arias I, Setchell KDR, Suchy FJ, Shneider BL. The membrane protein ATPase class I type 8B member 1 signals through protein kinase C zeta to activate the farnesoid X receptor. Hepatology 2008; 48:1896-905. [PMID: 18668687 PMCID: PMC2774894 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prior loss-of-function analyses revealed that ATPase class I type 8B member 1 [familial intrahepatic cholestasis 1 (FIC1)] posttranslationally activated the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Mechanisms underlying this regulation were examined by gain-of-function studies in UPS cells, which lack endogenous FIC1 expression. FXR function was assayed in response to wild-type and mutated FIC1 expression constructs with a human bile salt export pump (BSEP) promoter and a variety of cellular localization techniques. FIC1 overexpression led to enhanced phosphorylation and nuclear localization of FXR that was associated with FXR-dependent activation of the BSEP promoter. The FIC1 effect was lost after mutation of the FXR response element in the BSEP promoter. Despite similar levels of FIC1 protein expression, Byler disease FIC1 mutants did not activate BSEP, whereas benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis mutants partially activated BSEP. The FIC1 effect was dependent on the presence of the FXR ligand, chenodeoxycholic acid. The effect of FIC1 on FXR phosphorylation and nuclear localization and its effects on BSEP promoter activity could be blocked with protein kinase C zeta (PKC zeta) inhibitors (pseudosubstrate or small interfering RNA silencing). Recombinant PKC zeta directly phosphorylated immunoprecipitated FXR. The mutation of threonine 442 of FXR to alanine yielded a dominant negative protein, whereas the phosphomimetic conversion to glutamate resulted in FXR with enhanced activity and nuclear localization. Inhibition of PKC zeta in Caco-2 cells resulted in activation of the human apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter promoter. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that FIC1 signals to FXR via PKC zeta. FIC1-related liver disease is likely related to downstream effects of FXR on bile acid homeostasis. Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis emanates from a partially functional FIC1 protein. Phosphorylation of FXR is an important mechanism for regulating its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Frankenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029
| | - Tamir Miloh
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029
| | - Frank Y. Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Meena Ananthanarayanan
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029
| | - An-Qiang Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029
| | | | - Irwin Arias
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Kenneth D. R. Setchell
- Department of Pathology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Frederick J. Suchy
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029
| | - Benjamin L. Shneider
- Division of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Kumagi T, Heathcote EJ. Successfully treated intractable pruritus with rifampin in a case of benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis. Clin J Gastroenterol 2008; 1:160-163. [DOI: 10.1007/s12328-008-0027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Preoperative observations and short-term outcome after partial external biliary diversion in 13 patients with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. J Pediatr Surg 2008; 43:1312-20. [PMID: 18639688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) often require liver transplantation to survive. An alternative approach is surgical diversion of bile, that is, partial external biliary diversion (PEBD). The aim of the study was to describe 13 patients with PFIC who have undergone PEBD. METHODS Clinical and laboratory workups including growth data and histology specimens were analyzed to evaluate the short-term effects of PEBD. Follow-up, including liver biopsies, was performed 11 to 21 (median, 14) months post-PEBD. RESULTS All patients showed typical features of PFIC. Eight out of 13 presented with variable signs of coagulopathy, and one patient presented with hypocalcemic seizures. The surgery was uneventful in all, but 4 patients were readmitted because of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance caused by excessive stomal losses. One month post-PEBD, 7 patients were apruritic. One patient had stomal dysfunction, showed no improvement on cholestasis after surgery, and had to undergo liver transplantation 2 months post-PEBD. At follow-up, significant biochemical improvement and gains in growth were seen in most of the patients. CONCLUSIONS Most of the patients with PFIC presented with signs of coagulopathy. Partial external biliary diversion had a dramatic effect on cholestasis and growth, although not all patients benefited from the surgery. Episodes of dehydration post-PEBD must be considered.
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Abstract
This article gives an overview of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cholestasis. Topics reviewed include the pathomechanisms of hereditary cholestasis syndromes, such as progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, and hepatocellular transporter defects encountered in various acquired cholestatic disorders, such as intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, drug-induced cholestasis, inflammatory cholestasis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis. In addition, current concepts regarding adaptive hepatocellular mechanisms counteracting cholestatic liver damage are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Zollner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, A-8036 Graz, Austria
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