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Beker MP, Boari P, Burachik M, Cuadrado V, Junco M, Lede S, Lema MA, Lewi D, Maggi A, Meoniz I, Noé G, Roca C, Robredo C, Rubinstein C, Vicien C, Whelan A. Development of a construct-based risk assessment framework for genetic engineered crops. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:597-607. [PMID: 27339146 PMCID: PMC5023744 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Experience gained in the risk assessment (RA) of genetically engineered (GE) crops since their first experimental introductions in the early nineties, has increased the level of familiarity with these breeding methodologies and has motivated several agencies and expert groups worldwide to revisit the scientific criteria underlying the RA process. Along these lines, the need to engage in a scientific discussion for the case of GE crops transformed with similar constructs was recently identified in Argentina. In response to this need, the Argentine branch of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI Argentina) convened a tripartite working group to discuss a science-based evaluation approach for transformation events developed with genetic constructs which are identical or similar to those used in previously evaluated or approved GE crops. This discussion considered new transformation events within the same or different species and covered both environmental and food safety aspects. A construct similarity concept was defined, considering the biological function of the introduced genes. Factors like environmental and dietary exposure, familiarity with both the crop and the trait as well as the crop biology, were identified as key to inform a construct-based RA process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Beker
- Bayer SA, Ricardo Gutierrez 3652, CP 1605, Munro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Boari
- Biotechnology Directorate, Secretariat of Value Adding, Av. Paseo Colón 922, 2nd, Of. 247, CP 1063, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Burachik
- Indear, Ocampo 210 bis Predio CCT Rosario (2000), Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - V Cuadrado
- Monsanto Argentina, Maipu 1210, CP 1006, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Junco
- National Agri Food Health and Quality Service, SENASA, Azopardo 1020, 1st, CP 1107, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Lede
- BASF Argentina, Tucuman 1, 18th, CP 1049, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, Av. Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M A Lema
- Biotechnology Directorate, Secretariat of Value Adding, Av. Paseo Colón 922, 2nd, Of. 247, CP 1063, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National University of Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, CP 1876, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Lewi
- National Agricultural Research Institute, INTA, Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros s/n, CP 1686, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Maggi
- National Agri Food Health and Quality Service, SENASA, Azopardo 1020, 1st, CP 1107, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - I Meoniz
- National Agri Food Health and Quality Service, SENASA, Azopardo 1020, 1st, CP 1107, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Noé
- Syngenta Agro, Av. Libertador 1855, CP 1638, Vicente Lopez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Roca
- Dow Agroscience SA, Cecilia Grierson 355, CP 1107, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Robredo
- Chacra Experimental Agricola Santa Rosa, Camino Vecinal Nº 8, Km 6, CP 4531, Colonia Santa Rosa, Salta, Argentina
| | - C Rubinstein
- Monsanto Argentina, Maipu 1210, CP 1006, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,ILSI Argentina, Ave Santa Fe 1145, 4th, C1059ABF, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - C Vicien
- University of Buenos Aires and CERA, Sr Consultant, Av. San Martín 4453, CP 1417, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Whelan
- Biotechnology Directorate, Secretariat of Value Adding, Av. Paseo Colón 922, 2nd, Of. 247, CP 1063, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National University of Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, CP 1876, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Cosson P, Decroocq V, Revers F. Development and characterization of 96 microsatellite markers suitable for QTL mapping and accession control in an Arabidopsis core collection. PLANT METHODS 2014; 10:2. [PMID: 24447639 PMCID: PMC3899612 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify plant genes involved in various key traits, QTL mapping is a powerful approach. This approach is based on the use of mapped molecular markers to identify genomic regions controlling quantitative traits followed by a fine mapping and eventually positional cloning of candidate genes. Mapping technologies using SNP markers are still rather expensive and not feasible in every laboratory. In contrast, microsatellite (also called SSR for Simple Sequence Repeat) markers are technologically less demanding and less costly for any laboratory interested in genetic mapping. RESULTS In this study, we present the development and the characterization of a panel of 96 highly polymorphic SSR markers along the Arabidopsis thaliana genome allowing QTL mapping among accessions of the Versailles 24 core collection that covers a high percentage of the A. thaliana genetic diversity. These markers can be used for any QTL mapping analysis involving any of these accessions. We optimized the use of these markers in order to reveal polymorphism using standard PCR conditions and agarose gel electrophoresis. In addition, we showed that the use of only three of these markers allows differentiating all 24 accessions which makes this set of markers a powerful tool to control accession identity or any cross between any of these accessions. CONCLUSION The set of SSR markers developed in this study provides a simple and efficient tool for any laboratory focusing on QTL mapping in A. thaliana and a simple means to control seed stock or crosses between accessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cosson
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140, France
- Univ Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Véronique Decroocq
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140, France
- Univ Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Frédéric Revers
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140, France
- Univ Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140, France
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Gao C, Ren X, Mason AS, Li J, Wang W, Xiao M, Fu D. Revisiting an important component of plant genomes: microsatellites. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:645-661. [PMID: 32481138 DOI: 10.1071/fp12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellites are some of the most highly variable repetitive DNA tracts in genomes. Few studies focus on whether the characteristic instability of microsatellites is linked to phenotypic effects in plants. We summarise recent data to investigate how microsatellite variations affect gene expression and hence phenotype. We discuss how the basic characteristics of microsatellites may contribute to phenotypic effects. In summary, microsatellites in plants are universal and highly mutable, they coexist and coevolve with transposable elements, and are under selective pressure. The number of motif nucleotides, the type of motif and transposon activity all contribute to the nonrandom generation and decay of microsatellites, and to conservation and distribution biases. Although microsatellites are generated by accident, they mature through responses to environmental change before final decay. This process is mediated by organism adjustment mechanisms, which maintain a balance between birth versus death and growth versus decay in microsatellites. Close relationships also exist between the physical structure, variation and functionality of microsatellites: in most plant species, sequences containing microsatellites are associated with catalytic activity and binding functions, are expressed in the membrane and organelles, and participate in the developmental and metabolic processes. Microsatellites contribute to genome structure and functional plasticity, and may be considered to promote species evolution in plants in response to environmental changes. In conclusion, the generation, loss, functionality and evolution of microsatellites can be related to plant gene expression and functional alterations. The effect of microsatellites on phenotypic variation may be as significant in plants as it is in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihua Gao
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaodong Ren
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Annaliese S Mason
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Qld, Australia
| | - Jiana Li
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Meili Xiao
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Donghui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
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Joy N, Soniya EV. Identification of an miRNA candidate reflects the possible significance of transcribed microsatellites in the hairpin precursors of black pepper. Funct Integr Genomics 2012; 12:387-95. [PMID: 22367484 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-012-0267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant miRNAs (18-24nt) are generated by the RNase III-type Dicer endonuclease from the endogenous hairpin precursors ('pre-miRNAs') with significant regulatory functions. The transcribed regions display a higher frequency of microsatellites, when compared to other regions of the genomic DNA. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) resulting from replication slippage occurring in transcripts affect the expression of genes. The available experimental evidence for the incidence of SSRs in the miRNA precursors is limited. Considering the potential significance of SSRs in the miRNA genes, we carried out a preliminary analysis to verify the presence of SSRs in the pri-miRNAs of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). We isolated a (CT) dinucleotide SSR bearing transcript using SMART strategy. The transcript was predicted to be a 'pri-miRNA candidate' with Dicer sites based on miRNA prediction tools and MFOLD structural predictions. The presence of this 'miRNA candidate' was confirmed by real-time TaqMan assays. The upstream sequence of the 'miRNA candidate' by genome walking when subjected to PlantCARE showed the presence of certain promoter elements, and the deduced amino acid showed significant similarity with NAP1 gene, which affects the transcription of many genes. Moreover the hairpin-like precursor overlapped the neighbouring NAP1 gene. In silico analysis revealed distinct putative functions for the 'miRNA candidate', of which majority were related to growth. Hence, we assume that this 'miRNA candidate' may get activated during transcription of NAP gene, thereby regulating the expression of many genes involved in developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Joy
- Plant Molecular Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud P O, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014 Kerala, India
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O’Neill CM, Morgan C, Kirby J, Tschoep H, Deng PX, Brennan M, Rosas U, Fraser F, Hall C, Gill S, Bancroft I. Six new recombinant inbred populations for the study of quantitative traits in Arabidopsis thaliana. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2008; 116:623-34. [PMID: 18193187 PMCID: PMC2755751 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-007-0696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative approaches are now widely used to study the genetic architecture of complex traits. However, most studies have been conducted in single mapping populations, which sample only a fraction of the natural allelic variation available within a gene pool and can identify only a subset of the loci controlling the traits. To enable the progress towards an understanding of the global genetic architecture of a broad range of complex traits, we have developed and characterised six new Arabidopsis thaliana recombinant inbred populations. To evaluate the utility of these populations for integrating analyses from multiple populations, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling flowering time in vernalized plants growing in 16 h days. We used the physical positions of markers to align the linkage maps of our populations with those of six existing populations. We identified seven QTL in genomic locations coinciding with those identified in previous studies and in addition a further eight QTL were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel M. O’Neill
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH England
| | - Colin Morgan
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH England
| | - Jane Kirby
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH England
| | - Hendrik Tschoep
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Polo Xiaoyi Deng
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH England
| | - Mahon Brennan
- Monsanto International, Rue des Vignerons 1A, 1110 Morges, Switzerland
| | - Ulises Rosas
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH England
| | - Fiona Fraser
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH England
| | - Caroline Hall
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH England
| | - Samantha Gill
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH England
| | - Ian Bancroft
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH England
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6
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Angelici CM, Hoshino AA, Nóbile PM, Palmieri DA, Valls JFM, Gimenes MA, Lopes CR. Genetic diversity in section Rhizomatosae of the genus Arachis (Fabaceae) based on microsatellite markers. Genet Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572008000100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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7
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Mallabaeva DS, Ignatov AN, Sheiko IA, Isikov VP, Gelyuta VP, Boiko NG, Seryapin AA, Dorokhov DB. Use of RAPD and ITE molecular markers in studying the genetic structure of the Crimean population of T. boeoticum Boiss. CYTOL GENET+ 2007. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452707030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Lawson MJ, Zhang L. Distinct patterns of SSR distribution in the Arabidopsis thaliana and rice genomes. Genome Biol 2006; 7:R14. [PMID: 16507170 PMCID: PMC1431726 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2006-7-2-r14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in DNA have been traditionally thought of as functionally unimportant and have been studied mainly as genetic markers. A recent handful of studies have shown, however, that SSRs in different positions of a gene can play important roles in determining protein function, genetic development, and regulation of gene expression. We have performed a detailed comparative study of the distribution of SSRs in the sequenced genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. RESULTS SSRs in different genic regions - 5'untranslated region (UTR), 3'UTR, exon, and intron - show distinct patterns of distribution both within and between the two genomes. Especially notable is the much higher density of SSRs in 5'UTRs compared to the other regions and a strong affinity towards trinucleotide repeats in these regions for both rice and Arabidopsis. On a genomic level, mononucleotide repeats are the most prevalent type of SSRs in Arabidopsis and trinucleotide repeats are the most prevalent type in rice. Both plants have the same most common mononucleotide (A/T) and dinucleotide (AT and AG) repeats, but have little in common for the other types of repeats. CONCLUSION Our work provides insight into the evolution and distribution of SSRs in the two sequenced model plant genomes of monocots and dicots. Our analyses reveal that the distributions of SSRs appear highly non-random and vary a great deal in different regions of the genes in the genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Lawson
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, 655 McBryde, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Liqing Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, 655 McBryde, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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van Leeuwen H, Garcia-Mas J, Coca M, Puigdoménech P, Monfort A. Analysis of the melon genome in regions encompassing TIR-NBS-LRR resistance genes. Mol Genet Genomics 2005; 273:240-51. [PMID: 15902490 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-004-1104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant genomes contain numerous genes (R-genes) that play a role in initiating defence measures against their particular pathogens. Defence mechanisms controlled by R-genes have been the focus of extensive research over the past several years. The majority of the R-genes described so far belong to a super-family of genes (150-600 members) that encode proteins with a nucleotide binding site (NBS), some leucine-rich repeats (LRR) and an N-terminal domain that shows similarity to the Toll and Interleukin-1 receptors (TIR) or a N-terminal coiled-coil (CC) domain. Analysis of four regions of the melon (Cucumis melo) genome, including two sequenced BACs, identified 14 TIR-NBS-LRR genes. Known disease resistance genes have been mapped in three of these regions. Transcriptional expression was detected for predicted genes that are possibly involved in defence responses to pathogen attack. TIR-NBS-LRR genes appear to be clustered in the melon genome. They contain all the conserved motifs that have previously been described for their counterparts in other species, although differences were also detected. The results presented here may contribute to a better understanding of the genomic distribution and evolution of this group of resistance gene homologues and their variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans van Leeuwen
- Laboratori de Genética Molecular Vegetal, Consorci CSIC-IRTA, Barcelona, Spain
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Symonds VV, Lloyd AM. An Analysis of Microsatellite Loci in Arabidopsis thaliana: Mutational Dynamics and Application. Genetics 2003; 165:1475-88. [PMID: 14668396 PMCID: PMC1462854 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/165.3.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Microsatellite loci are among the most commonly used molecular markers. These loci typically exhibit variation for allele frequency distribution within a species. However, the factors contributing to this variation are not well understood. To expand on the current knowledge of microsatellite evolution, 20 microsatellite loci were examined for 126 accessions of the flowering plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. Substantial variability in mutation pattern among loci was found, most of which cannot be explained by the assumptions of the traditional stepwise mutation model or infinite alleles model. Here it is shown that the degree of locus diversity is strongly correlated with the number of contiguous repeats, more so than with the total number of repeats. These findings support a strong role for repeat disruptions in stabilizing microsatellite loci by reducing the substrate for polymerase slippage and recombination. Results of cluster analyses are also presented, demonstrating the potential of microsatellite loci for resolving relationships among accessions of A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vaughan Symonds
- Section of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Santiago N, Herráiz C, Goñi JR, Messeguer X, Casacuberta JM. Genome-wide analysis of the Emigrant family of MITEs of Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Biol Evol 2002; 19:2285-93. [PMID: 12446819 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) are structurally similar to defective class II elements, but their high copy number and the size and sequence conservation of most MITE families suggest that they can be amplified by a replicative mechanism. Here we present a genome-wide analysis of the Emigrant family of MITEs from Arabidopsis thaliana. In order to be able to detect divergent ancient copies, and low copy number subfamilies with a different internal sequence we have developed a computer program to look for Emigrant elements based solely on the terminal inverted-repeat sequence. We have detected 151 Emigrant elements of different subfamilies. Our results show that different bursts of amplification, probably of few active, or master, elements, have occurred at different times during Arabidopsis evolution. The analysis of the insertion sites of the Emigrant elements shows that recently inserted Emigrant elements tend to be located far from open reading frames, whereas more ancient Emigrant subfamilies are preferentially found associated to genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Santiago
- Department of Genètica Molecular, IBMB-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Sangwan I, O'Brian MR. Identification of a soybean protein that interacts with GAGA element dinucleotide repeat DNA. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 129:1788-94. [PMID: 12177492 PMCID: PMC166767 DOI: 10.1104/pp.002618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2001] [Revised: 03/17/2002] [Accepted: 05/08/2002] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Dinucleotide repeat DNA with the pattern (GA)(n)/(TC)(n), so-called GAGA elements, control gene expression in animals, and are recognized by a specific regulatory protein. Here, a yeast one-hybrid screen was used to isolate soybean (Glycine max) cDNA encoding a GAGA-binding protein (GBP) that binds to (GA)(n)/(CT)(n) DNA. Soybean GBP was dissimilar from the GAGA factor of Drosophila melanogaster. Recombinant GBP protein did not bind to dinucleotide repeat sequences other than (GA)(n)/(CT)(n). GBP bound to the promoter of the heme and chlorophyll synthesis gene Gsa1, which contains a GAGA element. Removal of that GAGA element abrogated binding of GBP to the promoter. Furthermore, insertion of the GAGA element to a nonspecific DNA conferred GBP-binding activity on that DNA. Thus, the GAGA element of the Gsa1 promoter is both necessary and sufficient for GBP binding. Gbp mRNA was expressed in leaves and was induced in symbiotic root nodules elicited by the bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum. In addition, Gbp transcripts were much higher in leaves of dark-treated etiolated plantlets than in those exposed to light for 24 h. Homologs of GBP were found in other dicots and in the monocot rice (Oryza sativa), as well. We suggest that interaction between GAGA elements and GBP-like proteins is a regulatory feature in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Sangwan
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA.
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