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Yang HC, Wu YH, Liu HY, Stern A, Chiu DTY. What has passed is prolog: new cellular and physiological roles of G6PD. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:1047-1064. [PMID: 27684214 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1223296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
G6PD deficiency has been the most pervasive inherited disorder in the world since having been discovered. G6PD has an antioxidant role by functioning as a major nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) provider to reduce excessive oxidative stress. NADPH can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) mediated by NADPH oxidase (NOX) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), respectively. Hence, G6PD also has a pro-oxidant role. Research in the past has focused on the enhanced susceptibility of G6PD-deficient cells or individuals to oxidative challenge. The cytoregulatory role of G6PD has largely been overlooked. By using a metabolomic approach, it is noted that upon oxidant challenge, G6PD-deficient cells will reprogram the GSH metabolism from regeneration to synthesis with exhaustive energy consumption. Recently, new cellular/physiologic roles of G6PD have been discovered. By using a proteomic approach, it has been found that G6PD plays a regulatory role in xenobiotic metabolism possibly via NOX and the redox-sensitive Nrf2-signaling pathway to modulate the expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Since G6PD is a key regulator responsible for intracellular redox homeostasis, G6PD deficiency can alter redox balance leading to many abnormal cellular effects such as the cellular inflammatory and immune response against viral infection. G6PD may play an important role in embryogenesis as G6PD-knockdown mouse cannot produce offspring and G6PD-deficient C. elegans with defective egg production and hatching. This array of findings indicates that the cellular and physiologic roles of G6PD, other than the classical role as an antioxidant enzyme, deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Yang
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences , College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,b Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Wu
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences , College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ya Liu
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences , College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Arnold Stern
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Daniel Tsun-Yee Chiu
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences , College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,b Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,d Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Linkou , Taiwan
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Lin R, Elf S, Shan C, Kang HB, Ji Q, Zhou L, Hitosugi T, Zhang L, Zhang S, Seo JH, Xie J, Tucker M, Gu TL, Sudderth J, Jiang L, Mitsche M, DeBerardinis RJ, Wu S, Li Y, Mao H, Chen PR, Wang D, Chen GZ, Hurwitz SJ, Lonial S, Arellano ML, Khoury HJ, Khuri FR, Lee BH, Lei Q, Brat DJ, Ye K, Boggon TJ, He C, Kang S, Fan J, Chen J. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:1484-96. [PMID: 26479318 PMCID: PMC4628560 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) contributes to tumor growth, but the precise contribution of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), the third enzyme in this pathway, to tumorigenesis remains unclear. We found that suppression of 6PGD decreased lipogenesis and RNA biosynthesis and elevated ROS levels in cancer cells, attenuating cell proliferation and tumor growth. 6PGD-mediated production of ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru-5-P) inhibits AMPK activation by disrupting the active LKB1 complex, thereby activating acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and lipogenesis. Ru-5-P and NADPH are thought to be precursors in RNA biosynthesis and lipogenesis, respectively; thus, our findings provide an additional link between oxidative PPP and lipogenesis through Ru-5-P-dependent inhibition of LKB1-AMPK signaling. Moreover, we identified and developed 6PGD inhibitors, Physcion and its derivative S3, that effectively inhibited 6PGD, cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth in nude mice xenografts without obvious toxicity, suggesting that 6PGD could be an anticancer target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Lin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Shannon Elf
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Changliang Shan
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Hee-Bum Kang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Quanjiang Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Taro Hitosugi
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Jae Ho Seo
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Jianxin Xie
- Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (CST), Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, USA
| | - Meghan Tucker
- Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (CST), Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, USA
| | - Ting-Lei Gu
- Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (CST), Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, USA
| | - Jessica Sudderth
- Children's Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Lei Jiang
- Children's Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Matthew Mitsche
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Shaoxiong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Yuancheng Li
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Peng R Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Georgia Zhuo Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Selwyn J Hurwitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Sagar Lonial
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Martha L Arellano
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Hanna J Khoury
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Fadlo R Khuri
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Benjamin H Lee
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Qunying Lei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Daniel J Brat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Titus J Boggon
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Sumin Kang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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IGF-I regulates tight-junction protein claudin-1 during differentiation of osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells via a MAP-kinase pathway. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 334:243-54. [PMID: 18855015 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is expressed in many tissues, including bone, and acts on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts as an autocrine/paracrine regulator. Tight-junction proteins have been detected in osteoblasts, and direct cell-to-cell interactions may modulate osteoblast function with respect, for example, to gap junctions. In order to investigate the regulation of expression of tight-junction molecules and of function during bone differentiation, osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells and osteocyte-like MLO-Y4 cells were treated with IGF-I. In both MC3T3-E1 cells and MLO-Y4 cells, the tight-junction molecules occludin, claudin-1, -2, and -6, and the gap-junction molecule connexin 43 (Cx43) were detected by reverse transcription with polymerase chain reaction. In MC3T3-E1 cells but not MLO-Y4 cells, mRNAs of claudin-1, -2, and -6, Cx43, and type I collagen, and proteins of claudin-1 and Cx43 were increased after treatment with IGF-I. Such treatment significantly decreased paracellular permeability in MC3T3-E1 cells. The expression of claudin-1 in MC3T3-E1 cells after IGF-I treatment was mainly upregulated via a mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-kinase pathway and, in part, modulated by a PI3-kinase pathway, whereas Cx43 expression and the mediated gap-junctional intercellular communication protein did not contribute to the upregulation. Furthermore, in MC3T3-E1 cells during wound healing, upregulation of claudin-1 was observed together with an increase of IGF-I and type I collagen. These findings suggest that the induction of tight-junction protein claudin-1 and paracellular permeability during the differentiation of osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells after treatment with IGF-I is regulated via a MAP-kinase pathway, but not with respect to gap junctions.
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Zheng X, Dai X, Zhao Y, Chen Q, Lu F, Yao D, Yu Q, Liu X, Zhang C, Gu X, Luo M. Restructuring of the dinucleotide-binding fold in an NADP(H) sensor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:8809-14. [PMID: 17496144 PMCID: PMC1885584 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700480104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NAD(P) has long been known as an essential energy-carrying molecule in cells. Recent data, however, indicate that NAD(P) also plays critical signaling roles in regulating cellular functions. The crystal structure of a human protein, HSCARG, with functions previously unknown, has been determined to 2.4-A resolution. The structure reveals that HSCARG can form an asymmetrical dimer with one subunit occupied by one NADP molecule and the other empty. Restructuring of its NAD(P)-binding Rossmann fold upon NADP binding changes an extended loop to an alpha-helix to restore the integrity of the Rossmann fold. The previously unobserved restructuring suggests that HSCARG may assume a resting state when the level of NADP(H) is normal within the cell. When the NADP(H) level passes a threshold, an extensive restructuring of HSCARG would result in the activation of its regulatory functions. Immunofluorescent imaging shows that HSCARG redistributes from being associated with intermediate filaments in the resting state to being dispersed in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The structural change of HSCARG upon NADP(H) binding could be a new regulatory mechanism that responds only to a significant change of NADP(H) levels. One of the functions regulated by HSCARG may be argininosuccinate synthetase that is involved in NO synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zheng
- *National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Xueyu Dai
- *National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Yanmei Zhao
- *National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Qiang Chen
- *National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Fei Lu
- Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Deqiang Yao
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Quan Yu
- *National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Xinping Liu
- *National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Chuanmao Zhang
- Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaocheng Gu
- *National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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