1
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Cardozo M, Parmar AS, Rueda Prada L, Shweta F. A Case of Oral-Vancomycin-Induced Rash in a Patient with Acute Kidney Injury. Infect Dis Rep 2023; 15:180-187. [PMID: 37102979 PMCID: PMC10137931 DOI: 10.3390/idr15020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most common hospital-acquired infections. Its incidence has increased during the last decade in the community among individuals with no previous risk factors; however, morbidity and mortality are still considered high in elderly patients. Oral Vancomycin and Fidaxomicin are the first lines of treatment for CDI. The systemic bioavailability of oral Vancomycin is thought to be undetectable due to its poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract; therefore, routine monitoring is not warranted. Only 12 case reports were found in the literature that described adverse reactions associated with oral Vancomycin and its related risk factors. We present a case of a 66-year-old gentleman with severe CDI and acute renal failure who was started on oral Vancomycin upon admission. On day five of treatment, he developed leukocytosis associated with neutrophilia, eosinophilia, and atypical lymphocytes, with no evidence of active infection. Three days later, he developed a pruritic maculopapular rash in more than 50% of his body surface area. Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) was ruled out since the patient only had three inclusion criteria for this diagnosis. No clear inciting agent was found. Oral Vancomycin was stopped and supportive treatment was supplied for a presumed Vancomycin-induced allergic reaction. The patient had an excellent response, with complete resolution of the rash and leukocytosis in less than 48 h. By reporting this case, we want to raise awareness among clinicians to remember that, albeit rare, oral Vancomycin can be the cause of adverse drug reactions in patients with severe illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Cardozo
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, WI 54703, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Angadbir S. Parmar
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, WI 54703, USA
| | - Libardo Rueda Prada
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Fnu Shweta
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, WI 54703, USA
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2
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Feizi S, Roshandel D. Ocular Manifestations and Management of Autoimmune Bullous Diseases. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2019; 14:195-210. [PMID: 31114657 PMCID: PMC6504727 DOI: 10.4103/jovr.jovr_86_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune bullous diseases with ocular involvement consist of a group of systemic entities that are characterized by formation of autoantibodies against the proteins of the epithelial basement membrane zone of the conjunctiva. Mostly, the elderly are affected by these diseases. The characteristic patterns of mucocutaneous involvement and the specific tissue components targeted by these autoantibodies are differentiating features of these diseases. Ocular pemphigus vulgaris exhibits intraepithelial activity, whereas the autoimmune activity in linear immunoglobulin A disease, mucous membrane pemphigoid, and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita occurs at a subepithelial location. Given the increased risk for blindness with delays in diagnosis and management, early detection of ocular manifestations in these diseases is vital. The precise diagnosis of these autoimmune blistering diseases, which is essential for proper treatment, is based on clinical, histological, and immunological evaluation. Management usually includes anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive medications. Inappropriate treatment results in high morbidity and even potential mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Feizi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Danial Roshandel
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Garel B, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Afriat D, Prost-Squarcioni C, Tétart F, Bensaid B, Bara Passot C, Beylot-Barry M, Descamps V, Duvert-Lehembre S, Grootenboer-Mignot S, Jeudy G, Soria A, Valnet-Rabier MB, Barbaud A, Caux F, Lebrun-Vignes B. Drug-induced linear immunoglobulin A bullous dermatosis: A French retrospective pharmacovigilance study of 69 cases. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:570-579. [PMID: 30511379 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Linear immunoglobin A (IgA) bullous dermatosis is a rare autoimmune dermatosis considered spontaneous or drug-induced (DILAD). We assessed all DILAD cases, determined the imputability score of drugs and highlighted suspected drugs. METHODS Data for patients with DILAD were collected retrospectively from the French Pharmacovigilance network (from 1985 to 2017) and from physicians involved in the Bullous Diseases French Study Group and the French Investigators for Skin Adverse Reactions to Drugs. Drug causality was systematically determined by the French imputability method. RESULTS Of the 69 patients, 42% had mucous membrane involvement, 20% lesions mimicking toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), 21% eosinophil infiltrates and 10% keratinocytes necrosis. Direct immunofluorescence, in 80%, showed isolated linear IgA deposits. Vancomycin (VCM) was suspected in 39 cases (57%), 11 had TEN-like lesions, as compared with three without VCM suspected. Among the 33 patients with a single suspected drug, 85% had an intrinsic imputability score of I4. Among them, enoxaparin, minocycline and vibramycin were previously unpublished. For all patients, the suspect drug was withdrawn; 15 did not receive any treatment. First-line therapy for 31 patients was topical steroids. Among the 60 patients with available follow-up, 52 achieved remission, 10 without treatment. Four patients experienced relapse, four died and five had positive accidental rechallenges. CONCLUSIONS There is no major clinical difference between DILAD and idiopathic linear IgA bullous dermatosis, but the former features a higher prevalence of patients mimicking TEN. VCM, suspected in more than half of the cases, might be responsible for more severe clinical presentations. We report three new putative drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethsabée Garel
- Department of Dermatology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Henri-Mondor Hospital, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Saskia Ingen-Housz-Oro
- Department of Dermatology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Henri-Mondor Hospital, 94010, Créteil, France.,EA 7379 EpiDermE, Université Paris Est Créteil Val de Marne UPEC, Créteil, France.,Reference Center for toxic bullous diseases and severe drug reactions, Créteil, France
| | - Daniele Afriat
- Regional Center of Pharmacovigilance, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Prost-Squarcioni
- Dermatology Department, APHP, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France.,Pathology Department, APHP, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France.,Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Florence Tétart
- Department of Dermatology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Benoit Bensaid
- Drug Allergy Unit-CCR2A, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, CHU Lyon-Sud, Pierre Benite, France
| | | | - Marie Beylot-Barry
- Department of Dermatology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Descamps
- Department of Dermatology, APHP, Bichat Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris Diderot University
| | | | | | - Géraldine Jeudy
- Department of Dermatology, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Angèle Soria
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, APHP, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm, UMR 1135, Paris, France
| | | | - Annick Barbaud
- Reference Center for toxic bullous diseases and severe drug reactions, Créteil, France.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, APHP, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Caux
- Dermatology Department, APHP, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France.,Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Bénédicte Lebrun-Vignes
- EA 7379 EpiDermE, Université Paris Est Créteil Val de Marne UPEC, Créteil, France.,Reference Center for toxic bullous diseases and severe drug reactions, Créteil, France.,Regional Center of Pharmacovigilance, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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4
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Baldini E, Odorisio T, Tuccilli C, Persechino S, Sorrenti S, Catania A, Pironi D, Carbotta G, Giacomelli L, Arcieri S, Vergine M, Monti M, Ulisse S. Thyroid diseases and skin autoimmunity. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2018; 19:311-323. [PMID: 29948572 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-018-9450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the body, at the boundary with the outside environment. Primarily, it provides a physical and chemical barrier against external insults, but it can act also as immune organ because it contains a whole host of immune-competent cells of both the innate and the adaptive immune systems, which cooperate in eliminating invading pathogens following tissue injury. On the other hand, improper skin immune responses lead to autoimmune skin diseases (AISD), such as pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, vitiligo, and alopecia. Although the interplay among genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors has been shown to play a major role in AISD etiology and progression, the molecular mechanisms underlying disease development are far from being fully elucidated. In this context, epidemiological studies aimed at defining the association of different AISD with other autoimmune pathologies revealed possible shared molecular mechanism(s) responsible for disease progression. In particular, over the last decades, a number of reports have highlighted a significant association between thyroid diseases (TD), mainly autoimmune ones (AITD), and AISD. Here, we will recapitulate the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and pathogenesis of the main AISD, and we will summarize the epidemiological evidence showing the associations with TD as well as possible molecular mechanism(s) underlying TD and AISD pathological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enke Baldini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Odorisio
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Tuccilli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Sorrenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Catania
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Pironi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Carbotta
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Giacomelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Arcieri
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Vergine
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Monti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ulisse
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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5
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Pereira AR, Moura LHBD, Pinheiro JRS, Pasin VP, Enokihara MMSES, Porro AM. Vancomycin-associated linear IgA disease mimicking toxic epidermal necrolysis. An Bras Dermatol 2017; 91:35-38. [PMID: 28300888 PMCID: PMC5324987 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Linear IgA dermatosis is a rare subepidermal autoimmune blistering disease characterized by linear deposition of IgA along the basement membrane zone. In the last three decades, many different drugs have been associated with the drug-induced form of the disease, especially vancomycin. We report a case of vancomycin-induced linear IgA disease mimicking toxic epidermal necrolysis. The aim of this work is to emphasize the need to include this differential diagnosis in cases of epidermal detachment and to review the literature on the subject and this specific clinical presentation.
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6
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A Rare Case of Vancomycin-Induced Linear Immunoglobulin A Bullous Dermatosis. Case Rep Dermatol Med 2017; 2017:7318305. [PMID: 28168063 PMCID: PMC5259662 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7318305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) is an autoimmune vesiculobullous disease, which is typically idiopathic but can also rarely be caused by medications or infections. Vancomycin is the most common drug associated with LABD. Lesions typically appear 24 hours to 15 days after the first dose of vancomycin. It is best characterized pathologically by subepidermal bulla (blister) formation with linear IgA deposition at the dermoepidermal junction. Here we report an 86-year-old male with a history of left knee osteoarthritis who underwent a left knee arthroplasty and subsequently developed a prosthetic joint infection. This infection was treated with intravenous vancomycin as well as placement of a vancomycin impregnated joint spacer. Five days following initiation of antibiotic therapy, he presented with a vesiculobullous eruption on an erythematous base over his trunk, extremities, and oral mucosa. The eruption resolved completely when intravenous vancomycin was discontinued and colchicine treatment was begun. Curiously, complete resolution occurred despite the presence of the vancomycin containing joint spacer. The diagnosis of vancomycin-induced linear IgA bullous dermatosis was made based on characteristic clinical and histopathologic presentations.
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7
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Bullous Dermatosis in an End-Stage Renal Disease Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review. Case Rep Nephrol 2016; 2016:6713807. [PMID: 28003921 PMCID: PMC5143733 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6713807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease including ESRD patients may present with a wide spectrum of cutaneous abnormalities, ranging from xerosis to hyperpigmentation to severe deforming necrotizing lesions. Skin problems are not uncommon in this population of patients, with a clinical presentation that can be quite bizarre, mandating a long list of differential diagnostic possibilities, and subsequent rise of a puzzling diagnostic challenge. We describe an ESRD patient who presented with blistering, nonhealing ulcerative lesions with a diagnostic skin biopsy revealing a mixed pattern of linear IgA bullous dermatosis and dermatitis herpetiformis. A clinical remission could be achieved with pulse intravenous steroids followed by oral maintenance in combination with dapsone, with no evidence of recurrence.
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8
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Minhas JS, Wickner PG, Long AA, Banerji A, Blumenthal KG. Immune-mediated reactions to vancomycin: A systematic case review and analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 116:544-53. [PMID: 27156746 PMCID: PMC4946960 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vancomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic whose use may be limited by adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Although vancomycin toxic effects are known, there are limited data on vancomycin hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs). OBJECTIVE To understand the most commonly reported vancomycin HSRs through systematic case review. METHODS We performed a literature search for English-language case reports and series from 1982 through 2015 (last search July 31, 2015) on Ovid MEDLINE and PubMed. The search included the subject heading vancomycin with the subheading adverse effects and separate text searches for vancomycin with a list of specified HSRs. References of identified articles were reviewed to find additional articles. Clinical data were collected and summarized. RESULTS Of 201 identified articles, 84 were screened and 57 fully assessed; these 57 articles contained 71 vancomycin HSR cases that were included in analysis. Vancomycin HSRs were immediate (anaphylaxis, n = 7) and nonimmediate (n = 64). Nonimmediate HSRs included linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD, n = 34), drug rash eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome (n = 16), acute interstitial nephritis (AIN, n = 8), and Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN, n = 6). Median times of vancomycin therapy before HSR onset was 7 days (interquartile range [IQR], 4-10 days) for LABD, 9 days (IQR, 9-22 days) for SJS/TEN, 21 days (IQR, 17-28 days) for DRESS syndrome, and 26 days (IQR, 7-29 days) for AIN. Overall, 11 patients (16%) died, and 4 (6%) had deaths attributed to the HSR. CONCLUSION Vancomycin causes a variety of HSRs; the most commonly identified were nonimmediate HSRs, with LABD being most frequent. We observed a high frequency of HSR mortality. Further data are needed to understand the frequency and severity of vancomycin HSRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmit S Minhas
- Department of Medicine, Lahey Clinic, Burlington, Massachusetts.
| | - Paige G Wickner
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aidan A Long
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aleena Banerji
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberly G Blumenthal
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Edward P. Lawrence Center for Quality and Safety, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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9
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Hoffmann J, Hadaschik E, Enk A, Stremmel W, Gauss A. Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis Secondary to Infliximab Therapy in a Patient with Ulcerative Colitis. Dermatology 2015; 231:112-5. [DOI: 10.1159/000431172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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10
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Rubinstein E, Keynan Y. Vancomycin revisited - 60 years later. Front Public Health 2014; 2:217. [PMID: 25401098 PMCID: PMC4215627 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin is one of the older antibiotics that has been now in clinical use close to 60 years. Earlier on, vancomycin was associated with many side effects including vestibular and renal, most likely due to impurities contained in early vancomycin lots. Over the years, the impurities have been removed and the compound has now far less vestibular adverse effects, but still possesses renal toxicity if administered at higher doses rendering trough serum levels of >15 mcg/mL or if administered for prolonged periods of time. Vancomycin is effective against most Gram-positive cocci and bacilli with the exception of rare organisms as well as enterococci that became vancomycin resistant, mostly Enterococcus faecium. The major use of vancomycin today is for infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) and amoxicillin-resistant enterococci. In its oral form, vancomycin is used to treat diarrhea caused by Clsotridium difficile. With S. aureus, there are only a handful of vancomycin-resistant strains. Nevertheless, a "vancomycin creep" that is slow upward trending of vancomycin MIC from <1 mcg/mL to higher values has been noted in several parts of the world, but not globally, and strains that have MIC's of 1.5-2 mcg/mL are associated with high therapeutic failure rates. This phenomenon has also been recently recognized in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). While vancomycin is relatively a safe agent adverse events include the "red man" syndrome, allergic reactions, and various bone marrow effects as well as nephrotoxicity. Vancomycin has been a very important tool in our therapeutic armamentarium that remained effective for many years, it is likely remain effective as long as resistance to vancomycin remains controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Rubinstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
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11
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Onodera H, Mihm MC, Yoshida A, Akasaka T. Drug-Induced Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis. J Dermatol 2014; 32:759-64. [PMID: 16361722 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2005.tb00839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 69-year-old Japanese woman with multiple blistering lesions covering almost her whole body. Linear IgA and C3 depositions were seen at the basement membrane zone on direct immunofluorescence (IF). Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) is one of the autoimmune diseases resulting in subepidermal blisters. It is clinically similar to bullous pemphigoid and IF is required to distinguish the two diseases. In this case, the blistering lesions appeared after vancomycin treatment. This drug was strongly suspected as a cause of LABD in light of the clinical course of the patient even though a drug-lymphocyte stimulating test was negative. Among the various implicated causative drugs, vancomycin is the most commonly associated with LABD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Onodera
- Dermatopathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Warren 827, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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12
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Zenke Y, Nakano T, Eto H, Koga H, Hashimoto T. A case of vancomycin-associated linear IgA bullous dermatosis and IgA antibodies to the α3 subunit of laminin-332. Br J Dermatol 2014; 170:965-9. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Zenke
- Department of Dermatology; St Luke's International Hospital; 9-1 Akashi-cho Chuo-ku Tokyo 104-8560 Japan
| | - T. Nakano
- Department of Dermatology; St Luke's International Hospital; 9-1 Akashi-cho Chuo-ku Tokyo 104-8560 Japan
| | - H. Eto
- Department of Dermatology; St Luke's International Hospital; 9-1 Akashi-cho Chuo-ku Tokyo 104-8560 Japan
| | - H. Koga
- Department of Dermatology; Kurume University School of Medicine and Institute of Cutaneous Cell Biology; Kurume Fukuoka Japan
| | - T. Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology; Kurume University School of Medicine and Institute of Cutaneous Cell Biology; Kurume Fukuoka Japan
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13
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Kakar R, Paugh H, Jaworsky C. Linear IgA bullous disease presenting as toxic epidermal necrolysis: a case report and review of the literature. Dermatology 2013; 227:209-13. [PMID: 24135381 DOI: 10.1159/000353584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A 91-year-old female presented with widespread skin sloughing and bullae clinically mimicking toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). The patient was on multiple antibiotics, including vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam. Histopathology and direct immunofluorescence were consistent with a diagnosis of linear IgA bullous disease (LABD). In a PubMed review of the literature from 1975 to the present, there have been 15 cases of LABD presenting as TEN clinically and with characteristic linear IgA deposits on direct immunofluorescence studies. Vancomycin and phenytoin were the most commonly implicated medications. Twelve patients saw a resolution or healing of skin lesions after discontinuation of the implicated medication. There were, however, 5 patients who died of complications related to their comorbidities. It is important to include LABD in the differential diagnosis when evaluating patients who clinically present with TEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kakar
- Department of Dermatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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14
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Abstract
Following a motor vehicle accident, a 70-year-old white female was admitted with lower limb fractures that required operative repair. The postoperative course was complicated by sepsis. Vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam were initiated empirically. Five days later, she developed a pruritic maculopapular rash in the groin and axilla. The rash progressed to a non-hemorrhagic vesicles and bullae on an erythematous base and spread to involve the trunk, palms and the inner aspects of the lips. Skin biopsy and direct immunofluorescence testing were consistent with vancomycin-induced linear IgA bullous dermatosis. Vancomycin was stopped with complete resolution of the lesions in the subsequent 2 weeks. Being aware of vancomycin-induced linear IgA bullous dermatosis in patients who develop a blistering skin rash while receiving this antibiotic should lead to timely interventions. Stopping vancomycin promptly and encouraging early skin biopsy to confirm the diagnosis will prevent disease progression and avoid unnecessary costs and suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Selvaraj
- Faisal Khasawneh, MD, 1400 S. Coulter ST., Amarillo, Texas, United States, T: +806-354-5480, F: +806-354-5765,
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15
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Pastuszczak M, Lipko-Godlewska S, Jaworek AK, Wojas-Pelc A. Drug-induced linear IgA bullous dermatosis after discontinuation of cefuroxime axetil treatment. J Dermatol Case Rep 2013; 6:117-9. [PMID: 23329991 DOI: 10.3315/jdcr.2012.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linear immunoglobulin A (IgA) bullous dermatosis (LABD) is a rare autoimmune blistering disorder. The disease may be either idiopathic or druginduced. Over the past 30 years, approximately one hundred LABD cases have been described as induced by a wide range of drugs, chiefly antibiotics. MAIN OBSERVATIONS We report the case of 37-year-old woman who developed pruritic bullous lesions spread all over the body three weeks after her last dose of cefuroxime axetil. Antibiotic therapy was started due to rhino-sinusitis. CONCLUSIONS In most reported cases of drug-induced LABD, skin lesions occur within the time of drug administration. However, the onset of disease may be even after discontinuation of treatment. It seems that in such cases, other clinical conditions (like infection) act, as cofactors of immunologic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Pastuszczak
- Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Cracow, Poland
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16
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Abstract
Linear immunoglobulin A (IgA) bullous dermatosis, also known as linear IgA disease, is an autoimmune mucocutaneous disorder characterized by subepithelial bullae, with IgA autoantibodies directed against several different antigens in the basement membrane zone. Its immunopathologic characteristic resides in the presence of a continuous linear IgA deposit along the basement membrane zone, which is clearly visible on direct immunofluorescence. This disorder shows different clinical features and distribution when adult-onset of linear IgA disease is compared with childhood-onset. Diagnosis is achieved via clinical, histopathologic, and immunopathologic examinations. Two common therapies are dapsone and sulfapyridine, which reduce the inflammatory response and achieve disease remission in a variable period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Fortuna
- Department of Dermatology, Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
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17
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Pérez-Bustillo A, Sánchez-Sambucety P, Rodríguez-Prieto MÁ. A morbilliform variant of linear IgA dermatosis: a new case. Int J Dermatol 2011; 50:1528-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Selim MA, Hoang MP. A Histologic Review of Vulvar Inflammatory Dermatoses and Intraepithelial Neoplasm. Dermatol Clin 2010; 28:649-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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JIN K, NAKANO H, AKASAKA E, ROKUNOHE D, MINAGAWA S, ISHII N, HASHIMOTO T, SAWAMURA D. Linear immunoglobulin A bullous dermatosis possibly induced by mefenamic acid. J Dermatol 2010; 37:269-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Panasiti V, Rossi M, Devirgiliis V, Curzio M, Bottoni U, Calvieri S. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid-induced linear immunoglobulin A bullous dermatosis: case report and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 2009; 48:1006-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Ocular manifestations are a comorbidity of a group of chronic autoimmune blistering diseases that includes mucous membrane pemphigoid, linear immunoglobulin A disease, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, and ocular pemphigus vulgaris. Various diagnostic measures differentiate between the diseases and allow for appropriate treatment including a specific selection of immunomodulatory medications. New treatment modalities offer alternatives that may minimize disease severity and residual tissue damage and may reduce treatment-related complications.
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22
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Prey S, Sparsa A, Boumediene A, Bonnetblanc JM, Weinbreck P, Denes E. [Cutaneous drug reactions induced by glycopeptides]. Med Mal Infect 2007; 37:270-4. [PMID: 17434698 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycopeptides are a class of antibiotics used with a rising frequency because of the increasing number of infections due to Methicillin-resistant staphylococci. The dermatological adverse effect of vancomycin are well-known: "red man syndrome", maculopapular exanthema, etc., with some distinctive features such as Ig A linear dermatosis. Drug eruptions are less common but not insignificant when using teicoplanin, a more recent molecule. A given glycopeptide cannot be considered as an alternative for every patient "allergic" to another, because of cases of cross-reaction and the morbi-mortality of some cutaneous drug reactions. This emphasizes the importance to recognize early clinical signs. In this article, we review the various dermatological adverse drug reactions induced by glycopeptides, and suggest a possible management to clinicians who could be confronted with this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prey
- Service de dermatologie, CHU Dupuytren, 2, avenue Martin-Luther-King, 87042 Limoges cedex, France.
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23
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Imen A, Amal K, Ines Z, Sameh EF, Fethi EM, Habib G. Bullous dermatosis associated with gemcitabine therapy for non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Respir Med 2006; 100:1463-5. [PMID: 16434173 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 11/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine considered is to be a well-tolerated cytostatic drug with little known side effects. Cutaneous reactions are well known but still rarely reported. We report the case of a 75-year-old man with stage IV non-small-cell lung carcinoma treated with combination of gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 and cisplatin 75 mg/m2 repeated every 28 days, who developed bilateral cutaneous bullous lesions of lower limbs following gemcitabine administration. Histopathologic examination did not show any toxidermy aspect and there was not any sign of immunoglobulin deposit in direct immunofluorescence test. Chemotherapy was stopped and lesions disappeared without any treatment. Even delayed with regard to gemcitabine administration, the causal relationship of gemcitabine treatment with skin reaction is possible according to the Naranjo probability scale. Pathologists should be aware of this kind of side effect in managing chemotherapy drugs and report any dermatologic reactions in order to identify the cause of toxicity and avoid a misdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aissa Imen
- Respiratory Diseases Department, III, Abderrahman-Mami Hospital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia.
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24
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Waldman MA, Black DR, Callen JP. Vancomycin-induced linear IgA bullous disease presenting as toxic epidermal necrolysis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004; 29:633-6. [PMID: 15550142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) is a rare autoimmune vesiculobullous disorder characterized by variable clinical presentations that may mimic bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis, cicatricial pemphigoid and erythema multiforme. A few cases of drug-induced LABD that clinically resembled toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) have been reported. A subset of patients with LABD have been found to be drug-induced; the most common drug being vancomycin. The diagnosis of LABD is confirmed by the presence of a linear band of IgA along the basement membrane zone on direct immunofluorescence microscopy. We report a case of a 77-year-old man who presented to us with vancomycin-induced LABD that presented clinically as TEN. He had a complete recovery over a 3-week period following discontinuation of the vancomycin and the addition of oral dapsone therapy. It is important to be aware that drug-induced LABD can mimic TEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Waldman
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA
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25
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Shimanovich I, Rose C, Sitaru C, Bröcker EB, Zillikens D. Localized linear IgA disease induced by ampicillin/sulbactam. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 51:95-8. [PMID: 15243532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe a patient who developed an exclusively perianal-intergluteal vesicular eruption after receiving a course of ampicillin/sulbactam. Direct immunofluorescence microscopy of perilesional skin demonstrated linear deposits of IgA along the dermal-epidermal junction. Circulating IgA autoantibodies against the 120-kd soluble ectodomain of bullous pemphigoid antigen 180 (LAD-1 autoantigen) were detected by immunoblotting. Discontinuation of the antibiotics resulted in a rapid resolution of the skin lesions. This is a most unusual case of localized drug-induced linear IgA disease.
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26
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Abstract
Historically, the classification of the blistering disorders has been arbitrarily assigned by common clinical features (ie, vesicle, bullae), etiologic factors (ie, infectious, immunologic), or histologic parameters (ie, intraepidermal and subepidermal). There are distinct advantages to each of these classification systems, yet there remain a small number of either common conditions that rarely manifests as a blistering disorder or uncommon conditions that routinely blister, defying conventional classification. Such misfits comprise a miscellaneous group of blistering conditions that merit special consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Tran
- Department of Dermatology, Suncoast Osteopathic Dermatology Residency and Bay Area Dermatology Tampa, FL, USA
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27
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Lewis MD, Weinstock MA, Robinson-Bostom L. A 63‐Year‐Old Man with Skin Eruptions. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:398-9, 442-3. [PMID: 14727220 DOI: 10.1086/381036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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28
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Dellavalle RP, Burch JM, Tayal S, Golitz LE, Fitzpatrick JE, Walsh P. Vancomycin-associated linear IgA bullous dermatosis mimicking toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 48:S56-7. [PMID: 12734475 DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2003.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vancomycin is the most frequent trigger of drug-induced linear IgA bullous dermatosis. We describe a fulminant case of linear IgA bullous dermatosis in a 74-year-old man who experienced skin sloughing of 90% of his body surface after receiving vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Dellavalle
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, 90262, USA
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29
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Femiano F, Scully C, Gombos F. Linear IgA dermatosis induced by a new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2003; 95:169-73. [PMID: 12582356 DOI: 10.1067/moe.2003.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A 68-year-old female patient treated with benazepril for arterial hypertension developed oral and cutaneous blistering. Biopsy of the oral and cutaneous lesions showed neutrophilic microabscesses in the mesenchymal papillae, with epitheliomesenchymal separation. Direct immunofluorescence revealed linear immunoglobulin deposits at the epithelial basement membrane zone, consisting predominantly of IgA. The histologic results supported the clinical diagnosis of drug-induced linear IgA disease. The substitution of benazepril with a beta blocker resulted in complete resolution of all mucocutaneous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Femiano
- University of Medicine and Surgery, Eastman Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom.
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30
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Avci O, Okmen M, Cetiner S. Acetaminophen-induced linear IgA bullous dermatosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 48:299-301. [PMID: 12582411 DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2003.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Holló P, Preisz K, Nemes L, Bíró J, Kárpáti S, Horváth A. Linear IgA dermatosis associated with chronic clonal myeloproliferative disease. Int J Dermatol 2003; 42:143-6. [PMID: 12709006 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2003.01438_2.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Holló
- Department Dermato-Venerology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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32
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Serwin AB, Myśliwiec H, Laudańska H, Chodynicka B. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis in a diabetic patient with chronic renal failure. Int J Dermatol 2002; 41:778-80. [PMID: 12453003 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01620_1.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Beata Serwin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical Academy of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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33
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Maharshak N, Brenner S. Gender differences in vesiculobullous autoimmune skin diseases. Skinmed 2002; 1:25-30; quiz 31-2. [PMID: 14673233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-9740.2002.01739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune vesiculobullous skin diseases are a common occurrence in dermatology practice and do have gender differences. While most dermal antigens and autoantibodies in these diseases have been identified, the etiology and clinical characteristics of the autoimmunity remain obscure, such as why more than 70% of autoimmune diseases are more frequent in women. Researching gender differences and the mechanisms of autoimmune diseases will shed light on the answers to such questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitsan Maharshak
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
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34
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Neughebauer BI, Negron G, Pelton S, Plunkett RW, Beutner EH, Magnussen R. Bullous skin disease: an unusual allergic reaction to vancomycin. Am J Med Sci 2002; 323:273-8. [PMID: 12018672 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-200205000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe reactions due to vancomycin are uncommon. We describe a case of vancomycin-induced linear immunoglobulin A bullous disease and review the literature pertinent to this entity. This is a rare subepidermal blistering disorder, with a heterogenous clinical presentation. It is characterized by IgA deposition in a linear pattern along the basement membrane zone. It seems to be autoantibody-mediated and is not dose-dependent. Spontaneous and complete skin healing follows vancomycin withdrawal; rechallenge reproduces the disease with a more rapid and severe onset. Because vancomycin is almost never suspected to be the cause of such manifestations, awareness of this rare autoimmune reaction is crucial. Early diagnosis through direct immunofluorescence of the perilesional skin would avoid unnecessary laboratory investigations and therapeutic measures and would shorten significantly the pain and suffering of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan I Neughebauer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642, USA.
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35
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Palmer RA, Ogg G, Allen J, Banerjee A, Ryatt KS, Ratnavel R, Wojnarowska F. Vancomycin-induced linear IgA disease with autoantibodies to BP180 and LAD285. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145:816-20. [PMID: 11736908 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Linear IgA disease (LAD) is an acquired autoimmune subepidermal bullous disease characterized by the linear deposition of IgA at the basement membrane zone. A minority of cases are induced by drugs, of which the most frequently implicated is vancomycin. The target antigens in idiopathic LAD are heterogeneous, but have not previously been reported in vancomycin-induced LAD. We report three cases, and in two of these we investigated the target antigens. In both we identified IgA antibodies to LAD285 and IgA and IgG antibodies (dual response) to BP180.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Palmer
- Department of Dermatology, Royal South Hants Hospital, Southampton SO14 OYG, UK.
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37
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Brenner S, Mashiah J. Autoimmune blistering diseases in children: signposts in the process of evaluation. Clin Dermatol 2000; 18:711-24. [PMID: 11173206 DOI: 10.1016/s0738-081x(00)00154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Brenner
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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