1
|
Ajmal S, Keating M, Wilhelm M. Multifocal Soft Tissue Cryptococcosis in a Renal Transplant Recipient: The Importance of Suspecting Atypical Pathogens in the Immunocompromised Host. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2018; 19:609-612. [PMID: 29957160 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2017.0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcal infection has been documented in 2.8% of solid-organ transplant recipients, with the median time to disease onset being 21 months. Renal transplantrecipients accountforthe majority of cases. Most patients present with central nervous system or disseminated disease, with only a minority having cutaneous manifestations. We present the case of a 47-year-old female renal transplant recipient who presented with refractory acute cellulitis 7 months after transplant. She had received thymoglobulin induction and was on a maintenance immunosuppressive regimen oftacrolimus, mycophenolic acid, and prednisone (5 mg/d). She did not respond to broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy for presumed bacterial cellulitis. Skin and soft tissue biopsies subsequently showed the presence of yeast; Cryptococcus neoformans was recovered in culture. Blood cultures, chest radiography, and cerebrospinal fluid sampling were negative, which resulted in a diagnosis of multifocal soft tissue cryptococcosis, a form of disseminated disease. Serum cryptococcal antigen testing was strongly positive (≥ 1:2560). The patient's immunosuppression was reduced, and she received treatment with liposomal-amphotericin B and flucytosine for 2 weeks, which resulted in symptomatic improvement. This was followed by 1 year of consolidation and subsequent maintenance therapy with fluconazole. This case should increase awareness of the broader differential diagnosis of soft tissue infection in immunocompromised patients. Her case mimicked bacterial cellulitis, which delayed administration of effective therapy. Although our patient was initially diagnosed via biopsy, early clinical suspicion and serum cryptococcal antigen testing can lead to the correct diagnosis more rapidly. As transplant patients return to their community providers, heightened vigilance for unusual infections and presentations is warranted.The possibility of a cryptococcal cause for acute soft tissue infection should be considered, even in the absence of pulmonary or central nervous system involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saira Ajmal
- >From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota 55905, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kothiwala SK, Prajapat M, Kuldeep CM, Jindal A. Cryptococcal panniculitis in a renal transplant recipient: case report and review of literature. J Dermatol Case Rep 2015; 9:76-80. [PMID: 26512304 DOI: 10.3315/jdcr.2015.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptococcosis is a deep fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. The infection usually involves the lungs, the central nervous system as well as the skin, the bones and the urinary tract. Immunocompromised individuals, including solid organ transplant recipients, are at higher risk for cryptococcal infections. MAIN OBSERVATIONS We present a 40-year-old renal transplant recipient who developed a slightly painful, erythematous, indurated plaque on his thigh several years after a kidney transplant. Histopathology revealed cryptococcal panniculitis and cryptococcus neoformans subsequently grew from the tissue culture. There was no other systemic involvement. CONCLUSION The primary cutaneous form of cryptococcosis is extremely rare and early diagnosis and treatment is essential in view of possible dissemination and variable nonspecific clinical manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Kothiwala
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, SMS Medical College and Attached Hospitals, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Mahesh Prajapat
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, SMS Medical College and Attached Hospitals, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Chhitar Mal Kuldeep
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, SMS Medical College and Attached Hospitals, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Arpita Jindal
- Department of Pathology, SMS Medical College and Attached Hospitals, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Affiliation(s)
- N Singh
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. nis5+@pitt.edu
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gonzaga A, Medina A, Serrano M. Successful suppression of cutaneous cryptococcal infection in an immunocompromised patient with fluconazole. J DERMATOL TREAT 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/09546639909056018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
5
|
Singh N, Dromer F, Perfect JR, Lortholary O. Cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients: current state of the science. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:1321-7. [PMID: 18840080 PMCID: PMC2696098 DOI: 10.1086/592690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis remains a significant opportunistic infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Disease presentation and outcomes may be affected by, among other factors, the use of calcineurin inhibitor immunosuppressive agents. It is being increasingly recognized that rapid reversal of immunosuppression in transplant recipients treated for cryptococcosis incurs the risk of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, which resembles worsening disease or relapse. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding cryptococcosis in transplant recipients and highlights areas where future investigations are needed to further optimize outcomes for these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Singh
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Francoise Dromer
- Institut Pasteur, Molecular Mycology unit, National Reference Center for Mycoses & Antifungals, CNRS URA3012, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Lortholary
- Université Paris Descartes, Centre d'infectiologie Necker Pasteur, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Trope BM, Fernandes ALC, Halpern M, Maceira JP, Barreiros MDGC. Paniculite criptocócica em transplantado renal. An Bras Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962008000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Os autores relatam um caso de paniculite criptocócica em paciente transplantado renal inicialmente tratado como celulite bacteriana. O diagnóstico definitivo só foi possível pela impressão clínica dermatológica confirmada pelo exame micológico. O tratamento foi realizado a princípio com anfotericina B e posteriormente com fluconazol, considerando-se as interações das drogas imunossupressoras utilizadas para evitar rejeição. A regressão clínica foi alcançada no sexto mês de tratamento, que, no entanto, foi mantido por 12 meses. São feitas considerações a respeito dessa forma rara de criptococose cutânea em transplantado de órgão sólido e suas implicações diagnósticas e terapêuticas.
Collapse
|
7
|
Van Grieken SAH, Dupont LJ, Van Raemdonck DEM, Van Bleyenbergh P, Verleden GM. Primary Cryptococcal Cellulitis in a Lung Transplant Recipient. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26:285-9. [PMID: 17346632 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2006.11.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In organ transplant recipients there remains controversy whether cutaneous cryptococcal infection represents a primary infection or a manifestation of disseminated cryptococcosis. We describe a lung transplant patient who developed primary cryptococcal cellulitis in the immediate post-operative period. At presentation, disseminated disease was excluded. The patient was treated with liposomal amphotericin B and fluconazole and, in addition, a surgical debridement was performed. Shortly afterwards, computed tomography revealed dissemination to the brain. The patient died of cerebral edema. As there was no involvement of the central nervous system at presentation, we believe that cryptococcal cellulitis was the primary site of infection and origin of dissemination. In this study we review cryptococcosis, which should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of cellulitis in transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie A H Van Grieken
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Singh N, Lortholary O, Alexander BD, Gupta KL, John GT, Pursell KJ, Muñoz P, Klintmalm GB, Stosor V, Del Busto R, Limaye AP, Somani J, Lyon M, Houston S, House AA, Pruett TL, Orloff S, Humar A, Dowdy LA, Garcia-Diaz J, Kalil AC, Fisher RA, Heitman J, Husain S. Antifungal Management Practices and Evolution of Infection in Organ Transplant Recipients with Cryptococcus Neoformans Infection. Transplantation 2005; 80:1033-9. [PMID: 16278582 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000173774.74388.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic practices for Cryptococcus neoformans infection in transplant recipients vary, particularly with regards to antifungal agent employed, and duration of therapy. The risk of relapse and time to recurrence is not known. We assessed antifungal treatment practices for cryptococcosis in a cohort of prospectively followed organ transplant recipients. METHODS The patients comprised 83 transplant recipients with cryptococcosis followed for a median of 2.1 and up to 5.2 years. RESULTS Patients with central nervous system infection (69% vs. 16%, P = 0.00001), disseminated infection (82.7% vs. 20%, P = 0.00001), and fungemia (29% vs. 8%, P = 0.046) were more likely to receive regimens containing amphotericin B than fluconazole as primary therapy. The use of fluconazole, on the other hand, was more likely for infection limited to the lungs (64% vs. 14%, P = 0.00002). Survival at 6 months tended to be lower in patients whose CSF cultures at 2 weeks were positive compared to those whose CSF cultures were negative (50% vs. 91%, P = 0.06). Maintenance therapy was employed in 68% (54/79) of the patients who survived >3 weeks. The median duration of maintenance therapy was 183 days; 55% received maintenance for > or = 6 months and 25% for >1 year. Relapse was documented in 1.3% (1/79) of the patients. CONCLUSIONS A majority of the organ transplant recipients with cryptococcosis receive maintenance antifungal therapy for 6 months with low risk of relapse. These data can assist in trials to assess the optimal therapeutic approach and duration of therapy for cryptococcosis in transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Singh
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gupta RK, Khan ZU, Nampoory MRN, Mikhail MM, Johny KV. Cutaneous cryptococcosis in a diabetic renal transplant recipient. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:445-449. [PMID: 15096556 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A diabetic renal transplant recipient with cellulitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, serotype A, is described. The diagnosis was based on the demonstration of capsulated, budding yeast cells in the aspirated material and tissue from the cellulitic lesion and isolation of the aetiological agent in culture. The isolate formed well-developed capsules in the brain tissue of experimentally infected mice and produced cherry-brown colonies on niger seed medium. The patient's serum was positive for cryptococcal antigen (titre 1 : 4) with no other evidence of systemic infection. He was successfully treated with AmBisome, followed by fluconazole, resulting in the complete resolution of cellulitis and disappearance of the cryptococcal antigen. This report underscores the fact that patients with cutaneous cryptococcosis should be thoroughly evaluated, as it may be the first manifestation of a systemic disease. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important to improve survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R K Gupta
- Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, Kuwait 2,3Departments of Microbiology2 and Medicine3, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat, Kuwait 13110
| | - Z U Khan
- Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, Kuwait 2,3Departments of Microbiology2 and Medicine3, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat, Kuwait 13110
| | - M R N Nampoory
- Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, Kuwait 2,3Departments of Microbiology2 and Medicine3, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat, Kuwait 13110
| | - M M Mikhail
- Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, Kuwait 2,3Departments of Microbiology2 and Medicine3, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat, Kuwait 13110
| | - K V Johny
- Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, Kuwait 2,3Departments of Microbiology2 and Medicine3, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat, Kuwait 13110
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Transplantation is now currently and increasingly performed for the treatment of various acute and chronic diseases. Today the kidney, heart, lung, heart-lung, liver, pancreas, kidney-pancreas, small bowel and bone marrow are being transplanted. The immunological status of patients receiving such transplants exposes them to the risk of developing bacterial, viral and fungal infections. The etiological agents of mycotic diseases involving the skin of transplant recipients range from the common dermatophytes through yeasts such as Candida spp., Malassezia spp. and dimorphic fungi to the emerging molds Fusarium spp. and Pseudallescheria boydii. The very wide spectrum of fungi causing cutaneous disease produces equally varied clinical aspects. Lesions may be typical, but are very often aspecific or ambiguous. Cutaneous lesions may be the sign of a trivial mycotic disease or the marker of a disseminated, potentially lethal fungal illness, so great attention should be given to their early recognition. Cutaneous manifestations due to Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., dematiaceous fungi and Pityrosporum folliculitis are usually observed early after transplant, cryptococcosis more than 6 months later, while the frequency of dermatophytoses increases as time goes by. Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis may appear any time after transplantation. The management of the more severe forms of cutaneous mycosis in transplant recipients is difficult. Besides the fact that early recognition is not easy, there are also problems regarding the effectiveness and the toxicity of the therapy and drug-drug interactions. Prophylactic measures to avoid fungal contamination must be performed during hospitalization; patients should be taught how to avoid contamination, not only during the first period after transplantation, when high dosage immunosuppressive drugs are given, but also later when a normal lifestyle is resumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annarosa Virgili
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale - Sezione di Dermatologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Husain S, Wagener MM, Singh N. Cryptococcus neoformansInfection in Organ Transplant Recipients: Variables Influencing Clinical Characteristics and Outcome. Emerg Infect Dis 2001. [DOI: 10.3201/eid0703.017302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
12
|
Husain S, Wagener MM, Singh N. Cryptococcus neoformans infection in organ transplant recipients: variables influencing clinical characteristics and outcome. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:375-81. [PMID: 11384512 PMCID: PMC2631789 DOI: 10.3201/eid0703.010302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique clinical characteristics and other variables influencing the outcome of Cryptococcus neoformans infection in organ transplant recipients have not been well defined. From a review of published reports, we found that C. neoformans infection was documented in 2.8% of organ transplant recipients (overall death rate 42%). The type of primary immunosuppressive agent used in transplantation influenced the predominant clinical manifestation of cryptococcosis. Patients receiving tacrolimus were significantly less likely to have central nervous system involvement (78% versus 11%, p =0.001) and more likely to have skin, soft-tissue, and osteoarticular involvement (66% versus 21%, p = 0.006) than patients receiving nontacrolimus- based immunosuppression. Renal failure at admission was the only independently significant predictor of death in these patients (odds ratio 16.4, 95% CI 1.9-143, p = 0.004). Hypotheses based on these data may elucidate the pathogenesis and may ultimately guide the management of C. neoformans infection in organ transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Husain
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hamann ID, Gillespie RJ, Ferguson JK. Primary cryptococcal cellulitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in an immunocompetent host. Australas J Dermatol 1997; 38:29-32. [PMID: 9046650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-0960.1997.tb01095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Primary cutaneous cryptococcal infection is uncommon. The cutaneous manifestations are most often the result of dissemination from the central nervous system or lung, usually in an immunocompromised host; cellulitis is regarded as the rarest cutaneous form. Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis has occasionally been reported in the immunocompetent, the causative organism being Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans. We present a case of cellulitis of the right arm in a 75-year-old man caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, a fungus which is endemic in Australia and an important cause of infection in the immunocompetent. This is the first case described of a primary cutaneous infection due to Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. The interesting ecology of this organism is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I D Hamann
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sanchez-Albisua B, Rodriguez-Peralto JL, Romero G, Alonso J, Vanaclocha F, Iglesias L. Cryptococcal cellulitis in an immunocompetent host. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 36:109-12. [PMID: 8996275 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(97)70340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
15
|
Glassman SJ, Hale MJ. Cutaneous cryptococcosis and Kaposi's sarcoma occurring in the same lesions in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995; 20:480-6. [PMID: 8857342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1995.tb01383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A 34-year-old woman presented with a history of fever, malaise and skin lesions. A diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was established, and in addition, the skin lesion which was biopsied also demonstrated cryptococcal infection. Disseminated cryptococcosis was later confirmed and the disease ran a florid course. The co-existence of different diseases within the same lesion is a feature of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, this being the third documented case of simultaneous Kaposi's sarcoma and cutaneous cryptococcosis occurring at the same site in a patient with AIDS. The nature of this co-existence is discussed with reference to the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Glassman
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|