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Jimeno Ortega I, Stefanato CM. Telogen effluvium: a 360 degree review. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2023; 158:457-466. [PMID: 38015483 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.23.07579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Telogen effluvium (TE) is one of the most common presentations of diffuse non-cicatricial alopecia and is generally self-limited. Multiple causes are associated with TE onset and its maintenance, with stress being felt the most common factor. The multifactorial etiologies involved in TE makes it a complex disorder to diagnose and treat often placing this entity into a "waste basket" diagnosis. By critically assessing the available scientific literature we aimed to review the multifaceted aspects of TE. Our objectives were to review the pathogenesis with the role of stress (including Coronavirus 19-associated TE), as well as to describe the main clinical findings, its differential diagnosis and the current knowledge on TE treatments along with the future treatment's insights.
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The Probable Mechanism of Hair Loss in Patients With COVID-19. Am J Dermatopathol 2022; 44:539-541. [PMID: 35170474 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Fernandes MS, Bhat RM. Spectrum of mucocutaneous manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients and its correlation with CD4 lymphocyte count. Int J STD AIDS 2014; 26:414-9. [PMID: 25015936 DOI: 10.1177/0956462414543121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 100 HIV-positive cases (63 men, 37 women) with skin findings were included. The mean CD4 T cell count was 253 cells/mm(3). A total of 235 dermatological manifestations were seen. The common infectious dermatoses were candidiasis (21%), Staphylococcal skin infections (20%), dermatophytoses (14%) and herpes zoster (6%). Among the non-infectious dermatoses were papular pruritic eruptions (20%), xerosis/ichthyosis (20%) and seborrhoeic dermatitis (16%). Statistically significant association (p < 0.05) with CD4 T cell count was seen in pyodermas, dermatophytoses and papular pruritic eruptions. Adverse drug reactions, diffuse hair loss, straightening of hairs and pigmentary changes were also noted. Although there was an absence of Kaposi's sarcoma in our study, a case of verrucous carcinoma of penis was noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Fernandes
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore, India
| | - Ramesh M Bhat
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Fr Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
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Ameen M. The impact of human immunodeficiency virus-related diseases on pigmented skin types. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169 Suppl 3:11-8. [PMID: 24098897 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a significant problem globally. Early diagnosis and treatment with antiretroviral drugs has considerably improved health outcomes and decreased disease-related morbidity. HIV infection is associated with a wide range of skin disorders enabling dermatologists to diagnose HIV as well as associated opportunistic infections early in the course of disease. Despite concerted efforts by international health organizations to limit disease incidence, the prevalence of HIV infection remains high and is highest in sub-Saharan Africa. The diagnosis of HIV-related skin diseases is challenging as immunosuppression often results in atypical disease presentation. In addition, the clinical presentation will vary in pigmented skin types. The aim of this article is to describe disease variation in pigmented skin types.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ameen
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, U.K
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Faria HA, Farnese M, Rocha LP, Olegário JGP, Cavellani CL, de Oliveira Guimarães CS, dos Reis MA, Miranda Corrêa RR. Analysis of the scalp of women with AIDS subjected to autopsy: epithelial, follicular, and immunologic aspects. Ann Diagn Pathol 2012; 17:67-71. [PMID: 22921727 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Hair keeps the scalp warmer and slightly moister than the rest of the skin, which contributes to a favorable environment for mycotic, bacterial, and parasitic infections. It is well established that AIDS makes the patient more susceptible to opportunistic infections and cutaneous manifestations. Because of this, the aim of this study was to analyze scalp fragments of autopsied women with AIDS. Twenty-eight scalp samples of women aged between 18 and 46 years were observed. These women were divided into 2 groups: with AIDS (n = 14) and without AIDS (n = 14). We conducted histochemical (hematoxylin-eosin, Picrosirius, and Verhoeff), morphometric (Image J; National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, ON, Canada and KS-300 Kontron-Zeiss; Kontron Elektronik, Carl-Zeiss, Germany), and immunohistochemical (S-100) analyses of the scalp. In patients with AIDS, epithelial thickness, number of epithelial cell layers, number of immature Langerhans cells in the epidermis, and percentages of elastic fibers in the dermis were significantly lower, whereas telogen hair follicles were significantly higher. The percentage of collagen fibers in the dermis and the diameter of the epithelial cells were smaller in patients with AIDS, without significant difference. AIDS possibly causes immunologic and morphologic alterations in the scalp. This study may establish parameters for better clinical and morphologic diagnostic in patients with AIDS.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse alopecia occurs in almost 7% of HIV-1-infected patients. Telogen effluvium is the main pathogenic mechanism involved. Apoptotic keratinocytes in the outer root sheath at bulge level was described as the most characteristic histopathologic finding of this kind of hair loss. METHODS A case-control study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of apoptosis of follicular stem cells at the bulge in diffuse alopecia of HIV-1 infection. We applied a double-staining procedure to transverse scalp sections from 15 HIV-1-infected patients and 12 controls, with the monoclonal antibody anticytokeratin 19 as stem cell marker and TUNEL technique to identify apoptosis. RESULTS Eighty percent of cases and 25% of controls presented at least one double-stained follicle. The proportion of positive follicles per section was 48% (+/-7%) for cases and 26% (+/-13%) for controls. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that diffuse alopecia related to HIV-1 infection represents a hair cycle disturbance and that part of the follicular stem cell population become apoptotic in a higher proportion than normal subjects. We found no cytotoxic folliculitis. Owing to its cell-cycle interaction and caspase-induction capacities, we propose HIV-1 viral protein R as a possible follicular stem cell apoptosis inductor.
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Mirmirani P, Hessol NA, Maurer TA, Berger TG, Greenblatt RM, Price VH. Hair changes in women from the Women's Interagency HIV Study. ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY 2003; 139:105-6. [PMID: 12533186 DOI: 10.1001/archderm.139.1.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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8
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Green SL, Nelson DL. Straightening of the hair is not pathognomonic for HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:1276-7. [PMID: 12410493 DOI: 10.1086/344183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Kulthanan K, Jiamton S, Omcharoen V, Linpiyawan R, Ruangpeerakul J, Sivayathorn A. Autoimmune and rheumatic manifestations and antinuclear antibody study in HIV-infected Thai patients. Int J Dermatol 2002; 41:417-22. [PMID: 12121558 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been reports concerning an association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and autoimmune and rheumatic diseases. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine autoimmune and rheumatic manifestations in HIV-infected patients and their correlation with antinuclear antibody (ANA) tests. METHODS The clinical and laboratory results of HIV-infected patients attending the Department of Dermatology, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, from February 1999 to January 2000, were analyzed. Laboratory studies included serum CD4 lymphocyte count and ANA tests. RESULTS Sixty-two patients were enrolled prospectively in the study. Myalgia was the most common clinical presentation (50%). Others included photosensitivity (on history) (39%), arthralgia (26%), vasculitis (18%), sicca complex (10%), arthritis (7%), and Reiter's syndrome (2%). A history of hair loss was given by 23% of patients. A positive ANA test was detected in 3%. No cases of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, or dermatomyositis were seen. CONCLUSIONS Autoimmune and rheumatic manifestations were not uncommonly detected in patients with HIV infection. HIV infection may sometimes mimic systemic lupus erythematosus clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokvalai Kulthanan
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Prannok Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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Almagro M, del Pozo J, Garcia-Silva J, Castro A, López-Calvo S, Yebra-Pimentel MT, Fonseca E. Telogen effluvium as a clinical presentation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med 2002; 112:508-9. [PMID: 11959072 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Almagro Sánchez M, García Silva J, Fonseca Capdevila E. Manifestaciones cutáneas actuales de la infección por el VIH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0213-9251(02)72538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Hair loss (alopecia) occurs as a manifestation of numerous systemic diseases, but usually can be categorized into one of five general groups: telogen effluvium, anagen arrest, follicular destruction, hair miniaturization, and hair shaft defects. An excess of hair also can be evidence of internal disease, and there are two general categories of increased hair density: hypertrichosis and hirsutism. The basic categories of hair disease and the systemic conditions associated with them are discussed. The history, physical examination, and histopathologic data usually are sufficient to categorize the form of hair disorder and may provide a clue to the nature of the underlying systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Sperling
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Bofill M, Borthwick NJ, Simmonds HA. Novel mechanism for the impairment of cell proliferation in HIV-1 infection. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1999; 20:258-61. [PMID: 10354550 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(99)01471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of ribonucleotides is essential to cell proliferation. Defects in the relevant metabolic pathways have been demonstrated in stimulated T cells from AIDS patients and are associated with lymphocyte necrotic death. Here, Margarita Bofill and colleagues discuss the possibility that an impaired ribonucleotide metabolism might be common to all rapidly dividing cells and thus contribute to other recognized symptoms of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bofill
- Dept of Clinical Immunoloy, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK NW3 2QG.
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Abstract
In this two-part series we review the acquired scalp alopecias. A broad spectrum of diseases result in alopecia. In this first part we provide a framework for the assessment and diagnosis of scalp hair loss, and begin covering the individual conditions. The non-scarring alopecias covered include effluvium, androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, trichotillomania, and loose anagen syndrome. The scarring alopecias cause permanent pilosebaceous follicle loss; the lymphocyte-associated scarring alopecia described encompasses lichen planopilaris, discoid lupus erythematosus, pseudopelade, and follicular mucinosis. Part II will cover the neutrophil-associated and infiltrative processes causing scarring alopecia followed by the medical management of alopecia. There is particular reference to newly described conditions and progress in the understanding of older conditions. More recently characterized conditions include the loose anagen syndrome, chronic telogen effluvium, and the frontal fibrosing variant of lichen planopilaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Sullivan
- Skin and Cancer Foundation, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Harada T, Izaki S, Tsutsumi H, Kobayashi M, Kitamura K. Apoptosis of hair follicle cells in the second-degree burn wound unders hypernatremic conditions. Burns 1998; 24:464-9. [PMID: 9725689 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-4179(98)00034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Progressive burn wound necrosis is an important factor as a cause of delayed healing during clinical therapy of burns. Among the causes of progressive necrosis have been attributed an insufficient blood supply or a dehydration at the zone of stasis just beneath the zone of coagulation. In a previous study evidence was presented that hypernatremia, an osmotic injury, may act to promote progressive tissue or cell death of the superficial dermal wound resulting from a heat injury. To test this hypothesis pathological features of cell death in the second-degree burn wound in the rat with hypernatremia were investigated and evidence for apoptosis in hair follicle cells was observed. Rats in the hypernatremic group were administered 10 ml of hypertonic sodium solution (850 meq 1(-1)) and the control rats were treated with 10 ml of hyponatremic solution (100 meq 1(-1)) to prevent hypernatremia. After 24 h postburn the average incidence of hair follicles (ratio to the normal skin) in the hypernatremic group was 30.1 +/-11.6 per cent and significantly lower when compared with the control group (87.6+/-6.0 per cent). The numbers of hair follicles were studied by haematoxylin and eosin stain, and the apoptotic process was investigated by an immunochemical assay and electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Harada
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Saitama Medical Centre, Saitama Medical School, Kawagoe, Japan
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Elston DM, McCollough ML, Bergfeld WF, Liranzo MO, Heibel M. Eosinophils in fibrous tracts and near hair bulbs: a helpful diagnostic feature of alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37:101-6. [PMID: 9216531 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(97)70219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When biopsy specimens lack a "swarm of bees" peribulbar lymphoid infiltrate, the diagnosis of alopecia areata depends on the recognition of other histologic features of the disease. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the frequency of the presence of eosinophils in biopsy specimens of alopecia area'a in relation to the other major histologic features of the disease. METHODS Biopsy specimens from 71 patients with alopecia areata were studied. RESULTS Eosinophils were present in 38 of the 71 cases. A peribulbar lymphoid infiltrate was absent in 27 of the 71 cases. Eosinophils were present in 13 of these cases. Multiple catagen hairs and pigment casts (features which may lead to confusion with trichotillomania) were present in 39 cases. The presence of eosinophils was found to be a helpful diagnostic feature in cases with potential for misdiagnoses as trichotillomania. CONCLUSION Eosinophils are common in all stages of alopecia areata, both within the peribulbar infiltrate and within fibrous tracts. A "swarm of bees" peribulbar infiltrate may be absent. The presence of eosinophils is a helpful diagnostic feature of alopecia areata.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Elston
- Dermatology Service, Wilford Hall Air Force, TX, USA
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